Profit in this case income. Simple words about revenue, income and profits. The concept of income and expenses of the enterprise

Any activity of the enterprise or individualWith the exception of charity, the goal of obtaining material remuneration is pursued. What is income in the economy? This is the sum moneyobtained for a certain period of time as a result of manifestation of financial activity.

Characteristic

Revenues and expenses are the main result of the relationship between market entities. According to economic theoryThere are two categories of income depending on how they are considered. If we take the processes taking place on the micro level as a basis, then the term will describe the receipt of material goods due to the execution of labor or economic activity individuals and legal entities. Total state incomeReceived as a result of relations in the international market is considered at the macro level.

Income of individuals

Each work involved in labor regularly receives wages. This is the easiest example of the acquisition of material benefits from work. Citizens who are not engaged in the labor sphere most often have no livelihoods, except social paymentsIf they rely.

Thus, any adult and capable person finds for itself the most appropriate conditions for the receipt of money remuneration. Salary is most often the only source of family financing or individual individual.

Types of income of the population

After the accrual of the employee wages The nominal income of the individual is formed, i.e., the amount that the employee is assumed for the work performed. But the legal acquisition of funds is obligatory taxable, not counting the contributions to the PF and others social funds. It turns out that the employee will give out a smaller amount. At the payroll payment stage, with which all were kept mandatory contributions to the budget is formed clean income individual.

The state of the market is constantly changing. For example, a year ago, a person earned 20 thousand rubles. and could afford to spend more money, than now. But the amount of payments remained the same. There is another variation of income - real, which is analyzed with amendments to change market prices.

Other personal income of citizens

Salary for many basic, but far from the only way to obtain cash. There are other types of income generation, for example:

• social benefits for health and motherhood;
• unemployment payments;
• pension and scholarships;
• sale of real estate objects;
• obtaining dividends percent of investments;
• enrichment personal finance Due to the content of livestock and cultivation of cultures.

What is personal individual index? These are all those material benefits that a person can get after the implementation of legitimate activities. The rational use of its own resources will help balance income and expenses, while receiving maximum benefit.

Confirmation of factory availability

To gain access to many state and commercial services, a physical person must confirm their capacity and self-sufficiency. In such cases, a document is used - a certificate of income of an individual. The content provides for the availability of the employee data, the indication of the period during which the income was received, the signatures of the chief accountant and the leader.

Income certificate is a strictly confidential document confirming the availability of regular cash payments Subject. Most often, the document is required when issuing loans and loans in banks, as well as for social assistance in government agencies.

What are income of legal entities?

The ultimate goal of any enterprise is to make the profit necessary to cover the cost and development of the business. In accounting under the income of the organization, the receipt of funds is understood, which leads to an increase in assets, not counting the material support of the founders. The enterprise's income is usually reduced to money listed by customers for the services sold or services rendered.

Types of income of the enterprise

In the main way to increase the property rights of the organization is the implementation of economic activities prescribed in accounting policies. The amounts obtained as a result of the provision of work, services or production and sales activity are referred to sales revenue. Received funds can not be called income, since they were not distributed under cost articles.

Legal entities can receive material benefit Not only from its main activity. There is still at least three groups of revenues:

• non-engineering;
• operational;
• emergency.

Cash operating receipts can also be considered a realization income. The only difference is that the company does not receive a material benefit from the sale of goods or services, but due to the transfer to the use of property rights. This also includes assets received after the sale of fixed assets and interest securities. Operating income in many ways characterize the activities of the organization in stock markets.

Revenues received by the enterprise outside the implementation

Positive sums on the account of the organization, the receipt of which is not related to the sale of goods or services (works), arise, as a rule, as a result of contractual relations with counterparties.

What are income out of implementation? These are sums:

• fines and contest for non-fulfillment of obligations under the contract of sale;
• compensation for a loss or material damage;
• profits of past periods that were recognized in the current period;
• gratuitous arrivals;
• positive course difference;
• surplus IPUs after inventory;
• increasing the cost of OS and NMA after their revaluation;
• obligations, the term of execution of which has expired;
• other revenues of this nature.

Insurance payments received by the enterprise include a separate category emergency revenueswhich, too, in essence, are non-dealerization.

Accounting income

The amounts arriving at the expense of the organization are subject to monitoring and fixing in credentials. Any income must be confirmed, otherwise the funds are considered illegally obtained. There are also those assets that are not included in income accounting criteria and are reflected in other accounts. These include amounts:

• incoming mandatory payments (VAT, export duties and other);
• commissions in favor of the Committee;
• advances and deposit payments;
• incoming property in the form of a pledge;
• aimed at repayment debt debtor.

The remaining types of income are distributed on accounts 90.1 and 91.1. The first of them collects information about the magnitude of revenue from sales, the second is created to take into account other revenues. Revenue value is reflected in the loan accounting accounts. To understand the principle of compiling wiring, consider typical examples:

• Dt 76 CT 91.1 - the other income is recognized as the amount of property rights to rent.
• DT 76 CT 91.1 - the amount received in connection with the sale of assets is adopted.
• Dt 62 CT 90.1 - Revenue from the sale of goods to buyers is recognized.
• Dt 51 CT 91.1 - the company is paid the sum of the contest.
• Dt 50 Kt 91.1 - reflected the amount of positive course difference.
• Dt 91.1 Kt 91.9 - the amount of income on other operations was revealed.
• Dt 91.9 Kt 99 - the amount of profit on non-realization activities amounted to N rubles.
• Dt 90.5 Kt 99 - the amount of profit is reflected for the products implemented.

Potting revenue primarily spends on paying accounts to suppliers and coating other production costs and sales. If, after making all the necessary payments, some amount of funds remains, it is recognized by a net income of the reporting month and write off on account accounting accounts.

Tax accounting assets

To form reporting containing information about the income of the enterprise during the period under review, the accountant consistently performs several operations, which are provided for by the accounting policy of the enterprise for tax purposes.

According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, there are income involved in the calculation of the taxable base and the amounts that are not included in the calculation. In the general case, we take realization and operational material revenues.

Enterprises working on USN, as well as most individual entrepreneurs reflect information on the receipt and disposal of funds in a special document, which is called the "Book of Revenues and Expenditure". Records are carried out in chronological order. Each of the operations must be confirmed by primary accounting registers.

Taking into account the essence of income, you can come to the final conclusion: equating the concepts of "profit" and "income" is incorrectly incorrect. Not always receiving material values \u200b\u200bleads to the formation of a positive financial results. This is only an intermediate indicator of this or that activity. As for individuals, income in any case will be assessed as a remuneration for performing certain duties.

What is profit and income and what they differ from revenue, in which criteria are distinguished by clean and gross profit and most importantly - for which such a journey of concepts need, in the first glance, seemingly identical, is the most "matching", which is necessary for each businessman. For what reason? If only because all the creators of state legislative acts, statistical authorities, authoritative accounting publicist editions operate with these terms, putting a certain meaning in each concept. However, and those who are not related to entrepreneurial activity, there will be no superfluous in the most important economic categories.

What is the company's revenue and what can it be?

In the first approximation, the essence of the concept of revenues seems obvious even at an intuitive level: when implementing goods individual entrepreneur Or a legal entity, some amount is reversed. However, this is not exactly like this: what exactly is recognized as a revenue, is characterized by a number of essential nuances.

Within the framework of the accounting method of accounting, the revenue implies real cash at the time of their receipt of the product. In other words, the amount of payment will become a revenue only when it turns out to be from the seller, and if it releases goods with a delay of payment, then the revenue will not be fixed until this money is at the current account of the implementer. It is curious that when using the cash method, there is a need to take into account as a revenue each received an advance, since in this case the relevant means are already on the current account.

But within the framework of another method of accounting - on accrual / on shipment - revenues are recognized immediately after the transfer of the goods to the buyer / signing the service on the provision of services, even if the cash in the payment / service has not yet been at the current account. As a result, the advances received are no longer recognized by revenue. This method of accounting is most common, especially in large companiesSince it is more convenient for large revs and a significant number of operations.

It is customary to highlight the gross and clean revenue. In commodity-cash calculations, the gross revenue is called all money received for the goods implemented / rendered. With barter transactions, gross revenue will be the total cost of the exchange agreement. In general, this indicator is little informative for the entrepreneur, since it includes taxes, excise taxes and duties that will need to return to the state.

After all the deductions from gross revenue are produced, the so-called net revenue is formed. This indicator is very important at least because it necessarily appears in the income statement - one of the main components accounting reporting Organizations.

What is the income: key aspects

The income of the organization is an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets and / or repayment of obligations leading to an increase in the capital of this organization. Simply put, this is the magnitude that the capital of the enterprise grows. At the same time, the increase in capital due to contributions of the owners (founders) income is not considered.

Since each enterprise maintains basic activities, it is logical to suggest that it is from her a company and receives income - otherwise the idea of \u200b\u200bopening the company looks inappropriate. In the simplest form of income from the main activity is a clean revenue from sales. However, as a rule, these indicators do not coincide: the overwhelming majority of firms leads a diverse activity that brings several types of income at once.

In addition to income from the main activity, the so-called other income, for example, penalties, recovered with counterparties, or bank interest For the placement of the deposit. This category of revenues also forms the profit of the organization is perhaps the most important company of all quantitative indicators of the company. In this regard, it is logical to ask the question of the company's profit.

Profit: What is it and what it happens?

The fact that profit maximization is the goal of any entrepreneur, it was also known to the classics of political economy. That is why profits are one of the generalizing estimated performance indicators of any company or institution.

In general, for profit, it is customary to understand the excess of income from the sale of goods / provision of services over the costs / capital.

You can designate some of the most important functions of the organization's profits:

• the indicator of the final financial result of the enterprise, the volume of its cash savings;
• the main source of financing the cost of development of the company;
• an integral source of the revenue part of the state budget (it forms, including the tax on the profit of commercial organizations).

Several concepts are distinguished directly related to profit.

1. Gross profit is the difference between the income of the enterprise from various activities and the sum of all costs associated with these activities, for example, between revenue and cost, if it comes to the main activity. However, gross profits from other activities are calculated in the same way. This indicator is very important: often it is with its help that organizations are compared economic efficiency. In addition, the assessment of gross profits is an integral element of calculating the company's creditworthiness by banks. For the same entrepreneurs themselves, the following parameter is most deeply analyzed.
2. Net profit is an indicator that is obtained by subtracting the amount of all expenses paid from it from the gross profit. Among these costs is the organization's income tax, all fines appropriate to pay, interest on loans and other operating costs. What is pure income in the context of assessing the economic efficiency of the enterprise? The resulting indicator reflecting the final effect of the organization's work appears in the balance sheet - the main reporting accounting document.
3. Finally, there is a concept as purified profits - EBIT and EBITDA. Both of these parameters are called to "lead to a common denominator" indicators of economic efficiency of enterprises in different countries. It is well known that tax systems of various states may not be at all similar to each other, respectively, and income tax rates (as well as the order of its collection) will be very different. Therefore, entered into EBIT's accounting practice, or profit before tax and interest, and EBITDA, or earnings excluding depreciation deductions, taxes and interest.

So, after studying what gross profit and net profit and what they differ from income and revenue (gross and clean) can be summarized.

1. Revenue - the value is positive (or equal to zero in degenerate cases), while income may receive and negative value (if the cost of receiving it does not cover it).
2. Income includes absolutely all cash receipts, while profit is what remains from this income after the work of all necessary deductions.

By the way, neoclassic economists were developed theoretical condition Maximization of the company's profits. In accordance with their conclusions, the profit value will be maximized, and the production volume is optimal, if the limit revenue (the increase in total revenue, obtained from the production and implementation of an additional unit of goods) is equal to the limit costs ( additional cost On the production of an additional product unit), that is, when the marginal profit is zero.

This definition gives a general idea of \u200b\u200bincome. In a private sense, under the income is understood as state revenues, incomes of organizations or income of the population.

General view of income

The universal and most common definition of income in economic science is the following:

Income this period of time is the amount of funds that a certain person can spend, leaving without change the cost of its wealth .

This definition shows that income is a capital service (or wealth). This is confirmed by the words of the French economist Jacques Ruef (Fr.)russian in his book "Public order" in which he calls capital any material or intangible object capable of producing services, and income From capital in a separate period - the flow of services, brought by him during this period. RYEF emphasizes the importance of the difference between capital, which is a source, and income that is a flow.

Sources of income formation

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Synonyms:

Antonyms:

Watch what is "income" in other dictionaries:

- (INCOME) 1. The amount that the individual can spend for a period of time without changing the size of its capital. For a person who does not have any assets, no debt, personal income can be defined as wages, ... ... Economic Dictionary

Financial vocabulary

- (Income, Yield) 1. The amount that a person or organization received as a reward for efforts (for example, earnings or trade profits) or as an income on investment (for example, a rent or percentage). From the point of view of tax income ... ... Business Terms Dictionary

Arrival, increase, benefit, purchase, resource, rent, pension, pension, scholarship, salary, salary, content, reward. The income of the annual, gross, medium, clean. This house brings 1000 rubles. per year (meant: income) .. cf. . See Barysh ... Synonym dictionary

Income, income, husband. Cash arrivals, Material acquisitions received by the state, some trade industrial institution or a private person from their enterprises, from their activities (ECON. Officer.). The rental house gave two thousand ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

income - Makes a subject, assessment, compliance income grow change, subject, a lot to receive income possession, continued to get income possession, began to exceed income many, NEG, assessment, compliance to generate income, ... ... Verbal combination of unforeseen names

Business * Bankruptcy * Poverty * Welfare * Wealth * Forest * Benefit * Money * Debts * Persistent * Gold * Game * Idea * Competition * Planning * Profit * ... Summary encyclopedia of aphorisms

Income, a, husband. Money or material valuesreceived from the enterprise or from any n. kind of activity. Million income. Annual d. National income Newly created over the year cumulative social product, material values, ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Income - (Lat. Fructus; English Revenue, Income) According to the laws of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees, the economic benefit in cash or natural form, taken into account if it is possible to assess and to the extent that such benefits can be assessed, and determined in ... Encyclopedia Rights

English Income; it. Einkommen. Part of the profit remaining after expenditures. Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009 ... Encyclopedia of sociology

Books

• Case for money and soul. Stable income without work in the office, Monin Anton, Lakoto Irina. This book is about how to turn your favorite thing into a source of stable and constant income. Take advantage of the author's system for building your business and start selling your products or ...

To figure out what income, profit and revenue in the economy, it is necessary to study a lot of special literature.

These knowledge should have not only an accountant or financial analyst, but also every entrepreneur.

This will allow you to organize a successful and profitable business.

Definition of income

Income is the difference of money and material costs.If you speak differently, it is defined as a totality of profit, as well as wages. Cash, which were spent on production defined type The goods or the provision of services are not taken into account.

It is divided into activities, as well as on other income. Here, under activities, there are any services that the company provides, and any items that it produces, i.e. in aggregate.

As for other options, here it is about making funds by passing the real estate for rent.

What is the difference from profit

As for the profit, it is indicated as the difference between the revenue received and all possible expenses of the company.

It is worth noting that the profit may occur, and maybe there is no.

If after expiration established period Profit is less expenses, the enterprise suffers significant losses.

To determine the net profit of the company, it is necessary to take the following values \u200b\u200bfrom revenue:

• the cost of acquiring materials necessary for production;
• labor payment;
• taxes on profit.

In some moments of its activities, the Company decides to refuse some of the revenue money. The reason for this may be to a new market, competition with other firms, promoting a new product and much more. In this case, we are talking about the redirection of profit on solving certain tasks.

Difference from revenue

Many know that revenues are cash that receives an enterprise as a result of their activities.

This includes the manufacture and implementation of certain goods or the provision of some services.

Also, revenue can be indirect. In this case, we are talking about investment.

Note: If the investor decided to make additional money in the development of the company, then these funds will also be determined as proceeds.

In the life and work of the enterprise, this concept is determined somewhat differently, as denoted by the theory. According to the latter, this money was obtained at the time of the sale or provision of certain services. But not always it is. For example, payment for goods can be carried out by parts. It happens when it comes to buying in installments.

Another option is to purchase goods on credit. In this case, the cash is transferred to the enterprise through the bank, which also gives money to the buyer. Thus, you can see that the reversed money can be diverse. But, nevertheless, the essence does not change.

As can be seen, revenue, profits and income are close and at the same time different concepts. Their difference must be understood by anyone who is going to do business.

See the video in which it clarifies what income is and its differences from profit:

Word Income English Letters (Translite) - Dokhod

The word income consists of 5 letters: d d o o x

Values \u200b\u200bof the word income. What is income?

Income income Authoritative sources give various definitions of the concept of `D.` For accounting purposes1. `The concept of` D. and `Profit` are defined as the amounts remaining as a difference between revenue or receipts from the main econ.

Banking Encyclopedia and Finance

Income - cash or material values \u200b\u200breceived by the state, a physical or legal person as a result of any activity for a certain period of time. This definition gives a general idea of \u200b\u200bincome.

ru.wikipedia.org.

The income is extremely common, widely used, and at the same time an extremely multi-valued concept used in a variety of values. In the broad sense of the word indicates any influx of cash or receiving material values \u200b\u200b...

Rezberg BA

The meaning of the word & lacko

Modern economic Dictionary. — 1999

Income (from a general economic point of view). Under income is understood or the well-known amount of income into the hands of any person, or the newly created amount of new real values.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - 1890-1907

Revenues, vectīgalia, in general means any income of both the states and individuals in the narrow sense - indirect taxes. all taxes, except for pillow and parmel; But because Word Vectigal ...

Classic antiquities. - 2007.

Budget revenues

Budget revenues (English Budget Revenue) - 1) on economic content - cash relations arising from the state (represented by authorized organs) with legal entities and individuals in the process of formation budget Fund country…

Budget revenues - gratuitous and irrevocable cash receipts to the budget. Revenues form a revenue proprietary part of the budget, acting at the disposal of state authorities.

ru.wikipedia.org.

Budget revenues - cash flowing in gratuitous and irrevocable order in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation At the disposal of state authorities of the Russian Federation ...

Norma income

Dictionary of Financial Terms

Income rate (income rate) Annual investment income, expressed as a percentage of value initial investments. This norm is of great importance in assessing the comparative advantages of various investments.

Dictionary of Financial Terms

RATE OF RETURN Annual income from investment, expressed as a percentage of the cost of initial investment. This norm is of great importance in assessing the comparative advantages of various investments.

Dictionary of Financial Terms

Income tax

Income tax on individuals - introduced from 1 Jan. 2001 (Ch. 23 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Payers: physical. Persons who are tax residents of the Russian Federation, as well as non-tax residents of the Russian Federation, but receiving income from sources ...

Financial and credit encyclopedic dictionary / under total. ed. A.G. Dirty. - 2004.

Income tax of individuals - federal tax on NK (chapter 23) and law on the foundations tax system. He charged from January 1, 2001, before that the income tax with individuals was charged.

Encyclopedia of taxation. - 2003.

The tax on income of individuals is the main tax paid by individuals. Among taxpayers, the legislator allocates tax residents of the Russian Federation and tax non-residents.

Large legal dictionary. - M., 2009

Effect of income

Income Effect (Income Effect) Part of the reaction in demand for goods in response to a change in its price, which is due to the increase in real income of consumers as a result of price reduction.

The effect of income is the impact that the product price change has been on the real income of the consumer and on the amount of product that the consumer will buy, accepting or not accepting the effect of substitution.

The effect of income is the part of the consumer's reaction to an increase or decrease in price level, which reflects the changes resulting from this in its real income.

slovar-lopatnikov.ru.

Gross income

Gross income The difference between the cash revenue from the sale of goods and material costs for its production. Gross income is equal to the amount of salary and net income. one.

Dictionary of Financial Terms

Gross income calculated in monetary terms The total annual income of the enterprise, the company obtained as a result of the production and sale of products, goods, services.

Rezberg BA Modern Economic Dictionary. - 1999.

Gross income - the total annual income of the enterprise, the company obtained as a result of the production and sale of products, goods, services.

Raisberg B., Lozovsky L., Starodubtseva E. Modern Economic Dictionary

Marketing income

Income income (Marginal Revenue) An increase in cumulative income occurs as a result of the fact that the amount of goods sold is increasing for a small amount and is measured per unit of sales growth.

Rezberg BA Modern Economic Dictionary. - 1999.

Margin revenue (eng. Marginal Revenue - MR), also margin income, extreme revenue - additional income received from the sale of an additional unit of goods.

ru.wikipedia.org.

Labor income Land revenue - additional income derived from the sale of an additional unit of products. The marginal income is equal to the change in the overall revenue divided into changes in the amount of sold product.

Dictionary of Financial Terms

National income

National income, newly created in the field of material production, or the corresponding part of the cumulative public Product In kind, calculated for the year.

BSE. - 1969-1978

National income of the national (folk) income - 1. Newly created (per year) in the industrial production sectors (interpretation adopted in Marxist literature).

Shovels. - 2003.

National Income (English National Income) - one of the generalizing indicators economic Development Countries newly created in material production cost. National income is consistent from: wages of workers and employees ...

ru.wikipedia.org.

Net income (net income)

Net income in general value: the amount remaining after payment or deduction of all expenses; Synonym Terms Clean arrivals (NetProfit), net profit (NetProfit), net loss (Net Loss) ...

Financial and investment dictionary. - 2002.

Net income (Net Income, Disposable Income) is the amount of income that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after paying from its gross income amounts of tax payments included in the product price.

slovar-lopatnikov.ru.

Net income (NET INCOME) The income of a person or firm minus all the costs produced during its receipt, as well as tax payments.

Externally Economic Dictionary

Russian language

Morphemno-spelling dictionary. - 2002.

Income, -a.

Orthographic dictionary. - 2004.

Examples of consumption of the word income

Clean commission income increased by 16 percent compared with 2011 / by 500 million rubles /.

However, the owner of the company did not find and the shares were facing the state's income.

Also insured margin income of the company with limit amount at 2.14 billion UAH.

Clean commission income in the reporting period increased by 23.7% and amounted to 44.3 billion rubles.

The head of the family, declared an income of 47.628 million rubles, earned most of the family.

Foreign money, they are then transferred to Yuan, which brings them income as part of the CARRY Trade strategy.

They paid less than nominal value Paper, and now get big income.

Such investments will provide a stable income of the country and private investors.

Clean interest income and net commission income from the bank increased.

What is the tax on the built-in income | BUILT-IN GAINS TAX

Integrated income tax – english BUILT-IN GAINS TAX, it occurs when the company transitions to the status of S Corporation, accrued on that part of the increase in the value of the company, which was not taken into account at the time of the transition. Obviously, the tax on the built-in income (BUILT-IN GAINS TAX) cannot be applied if the company was originally created as s Corporation. If the company decides to switch to the status of s Corporation, it must evaluate its fair market value At the date of entry into force of the new status compared to the tax base. The amount of unrecognized income is determined separately for each asset. The sum of all unrecognized income or losses for each asset constitutes unrecognized built-in income of the company. In the US, this amount is declared in the form of 1120s ( english Form 1120s.).

The most common asset that creates a built-in income is goodwill. But if the company uses cash method Accounting, T. accounts receivable At the date of entry into force of status s Corporation is also unrecognized built-in income. As receivables will be paid after the date of entry into force of the new status, the income received will be considered as a recognized built-in income. S Corporation pays tax on built-in income (Built-in Gains Tax) high rate Corporate taxation, which is taken from the amount of recognized embedded income. The amount of tax paid on the built-in income is tax deduction For shareholders.

Integrated income tax cannot be applied if more than 10 years have passed since the transition to the status of S Corporation. Accordingly, it is possible to avoid Built-in Gains Tax if an unrecognized built-in income is not recognized for 10 years from the date of transition.

What is revenue, profit and income: what is the difference and from which are formed

When carrying out tax planning in the event that the built-in income is recognized during the first ten years, then the corporation should show a net loss for this year. The rule is that the tax on embedded income (Built-in Gains Tax) is charged to a smaller one of two: the amount of recognized built-in income or taxable income Corporation, if s Corporation had previously status C Corporation. However, to show a net loss for 10 years can be a very difficult task. However, if the company recognizes the built-in income without having taxable income during the ten-year period, it can avoid tax on embedded income (Built-in Gains Tax).

Definition of the essence of the concept of "income"

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The economic category "income" is investigated over the centuries in close relationship with such terms as "economic activity" and "profit" in the works of A. Smith, K. Marx, J. Mill, J. Hicks, V. Pareto, L. Valras , F. Knight and others. Scientific achievements of scientists (the theory of relative fractions of production factors in income, the theory of decreasing profitability, the theory of limit income) entered the "Golden Fund" of the postulates of economic theory.

On the modern stage Research of the Economic Category "Income" The emphasis is on the deepening of theoretical and methodological aspects of the formation, distribution and use of income at the level of individual business entities. Interpretation of the category "income of the enterprise" in modern scientific literature is based on two principal approaches that determine its content in a wide and narrow sense. In turn, a broad understanding of the content of this concept includes an economic and accounting approach to its definition.

The basis of the economic approach to the definition of this concept is the term "revenue", that is, the volume of sales by the company produced by the company (works, services). Sometimes this term is identified with the concept of "enterprise income". An example of a simplified approach is the following definition of this category: "As an economic category of income (revenue) is a flow of funds and other revenues for a certain period received from the sale of products, goods, works, services". The identification of the income of the enterprise only with the revenue from the sale of products practically eliminates from it such elements inherent in it, as the resulting rent (in providing fixed assets for rent), royalties (payments received by the company for use, for example, innovative software Product, trademark, etc.), dividends and interest on a portfolio formed by the enterprise of financial investment in the securities of third-party organizations, etc. Obviously, the concept of "income enterprises" should be considered wider than "revenue from the sale of products (works, services)".

The most common among modern economists was the definition of the concept of "income enterprises" as the amount of revenue from the sale of products and property, as well as on the implementation of non-engineering operations. For an example of this approach, we present the interpretation of this concept of V.P. Georgian: "The income of the enterprise develops from revenue from the sale of products (works, services), fixed assets (unnecessary) and other property of the enterprise, as well as from income from non-engineering operations." A similar definition, according to its content, does not contradict the concept of "enterprise income", although it is not characterized by all of its parties, it can be found in the writings of other scientists.

The accounting approach to the concept of "enterprise income" is mainly based on the term "economic benefit". Such content of this category is defined in International Standa Financial statements 18 "Income": "Income is the gross receipt of economic benefits over the course of a certain period, which arises during the usual activities of the business entity, when its own capital increases as a result of this receipt, and not as a result of capital participants contributions." However, determining income as a "increasing economic benefits in the form of an assets or reduction of obligations" is criticized by scientists as not entirely correct. Obviously, you should agree with the comment that not every increase in assets or reduction of obligations is characterized by the moment of receipt of income. The receipt of income is evidenced by the payment of the account submitted by the company to the buyer of its products (goods, works, services). With regard to the obligations of the enterprise, then with their direct repayment, no growth in capital is actually happening. The growth of capital makes no repayment of obligations, but the creditor failure from its rights, that is, when the assets are obtained by an enterprise at no cost.

Unlike a wide interpretation of the concept of "enterprise income", both in accordance with the economic and in accordance with the accounting approach, the narrow interpretation of this concept significantly limits the contents of quantitative parameters. Economists who adhere to this approach reduce the concept of "enterprise income" only to the part of the gross revenue and the results of non-engineering operations, which includes only labor costs and profits. By definition M.S. Abromitin: "Income in economic sense - It is always the difference between the cost of output and production costs. " A similar meaning in this concept invests and Yu.I. Prodrug, which notes that "gross income characterizes the final result of production or commercial activities Enterprises and is calculated by excluding from gross revenue and results of non-engineering operations of all costs for the production and sale of products included in the cost, except expenses for labor costs. Thus, income is a revenue from sales of products (works, services) minus material costs. It is a monetary form of clean products of the enterprise, that is, it includes labor and profit. "

Apparently, it should not be limited to the definition of the concept of "enterprise income" solely to its part, which in terms of volume characterizes only the cost of labor and the amount of profit. In modern Western and domestic scientific literature, this part of the income received by the enterprise is determined by the concepts of "Economic added value (Economic Value Added, EVA) or" net products ". In its economic essence, "economic added value" ("net products") is one of the forms of income received by the company through production and implementation commodity products. This in this case is only about another (limited) composition of the elements that form this income. Thus, the full composition of these components forms "gross income"; With the exception of the element of "income taxes", "net income" is formed, and with the exception of elements of "income taxes" and " material costs"The income is formed in the form of economic value added (" pure products ").

Thus, the consideration of the concept of "enterprises' income" is widely understood both in accordance with the economic and in accordance with accounting approaches it allows you to determine the following main characteristics:

the income of the enterprise is one of the types of financial results economic activity for a certain period;

this financial result characterizes the receipt of economic benefits;

the main forms of economic benefits characterizing the income of the enterprise are proceeds from the sale of other property, as well as the receipt of funds from non-engineering operations;

economic benefits that form income enterprises are determined in monetary form.

These basic characteristics of the concept of "enterprise income" require a certain addition. From our point of view, one of these characteristics is a high degree of variation of the real value of the amount of economic benefit forming the income of the enterprise in time. This is due to the fact that the income of the enterprise is determined in cash (and the cost of money in time is constantly changing under the influence of inflation and other factors) and for a certain period (the longer this period will be, the higher the degree of change in the real value of the enterprise's income). Therefore, an objective assessment of the income of the business entity should be based on compulsory accounting of the time factor. In addition, an important characteristic of the enterprise income is its high risk dependence, inherent in the economic activity of a particular enterprise. This activity can be carried out in accordance with the selected enterprise by aggressive, moderate or conservative politics, which will affect the amount of economic benefits obtained (income).

What is "income"? Classification and complete decoding concept.

Consequently, the objective estimation of the enterprise income should be based on compulsory accounting of such a factor as risk.

Taking into account all the considered characteristics of the concept of "income enterprises", it is proposed to determine it as follows: "The income of the enterprise is one of the types of financial results of economic activities for a certain period, which characterizes monetary definition The volume of cash benefits in the form of revenue from the sale of manufactured products (works, services) and property, as well as funds from non-engineering operations, which are formed taking into account the factors of time and risks. "

C references used

Enterprise economy. - M.: Chemisma, 2001. - 304 p.

Enterprise economy. - M.: Ast, Owl, VKT, 2008. - 32 p.

V.V. Okrepilov. Dictionary of terms and definitions in the field of quality economy. - M.: Science, 2011. - 232 p.

Larkov V.N.1.

1Sibirsk Federal University, Institute for Business Process Management and Economics

Income - legal entity

Page 1.

Revenues of legal entities in the form of the difference between the purchase price and the sale price (repayment) of debt obligations are included in the total amount nonealization revenues organizations that are payers of income tax, and banks and credit institutions - to the composition of their other income, and are subject to taxation in common order.  

As for the income of legal entities on government bonds and other state securities, as well as the provision of services for their placement, they are excluded from gross profits, since they are not taxed at all.

In general, the harmonization of tax revenues of legal entities is aimed at solving the following tasks: a) the elimination of tax barriers to the concentration of European organizations and enterprises and stimulation, therefore, the creation of transnational European companies that can more successfully compete with third-party companies; b) adopting general approaches regarding methods for calculating the taxable tax base and elimination of double taxation.

Now consider the order of taxation of income of legal entities - shareholders from the implementation of the shares belonging to them.

Corporation tax - tax on income of legal entities (capital associations), charged in almost all developed countries.

Consideration of the issue of taxation of incomes of legal entities from the implementation of shares must begin with the question of the transition of ownership of shares.

Since 1994, income of legal entities on government bonds and other state securities are also excluded from gross profit from the gross profit, as well as the provision of services for the placement of state securities and reserves of the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation, not subject to income tax. The gross profit remaining after these adjustments is the object of taxation.

Taxes on the profits of companies are income taxes accrued on the income of legal entities. They relate to the category of direct taxes. Profit taxes determine the amount of mandatory payments of companies in the state budget.  

Nefelnable income - legislatively approved deductions from the total taxable income of the individual, as well as the income of a legal entity that is not subject to taxation in the general assessment.

Holdings registered and operating in countries applying a consolidated balance sheet in countries have the greatest advantage in taxation.

Among the gross profit is excluded income from renting and other types of use of property, as well as profits from mediation operations and transactions, the calculation of the tax on which is carried out in a different order. Revenues of legal entities on government bonds and other state securities, as well as the provision of services for their placement, are excluded from gross profits, as they are not subject to taxation at all.

The participation of the state in the structural and investment perestroika is expressed in direct budget allocations and in carrying out effective tax and credit policies. Reducing tax rates for legal entities leads to an increase in profits that can be directed to the update and development of production. But this measure is effective only at low inflation. At high rates of inflation, it threatens increasing non-taxable income in circulation.

The concepts of income, its types and calculation

As for direct budget allocations, they are sent to financing industrial highly efficient projects on a competitive basis, and not in the form of state preferential lending, and in the form of participation States in these projects. In the Republic of Bashkortostan is active public policy In the field of sales secured by state shares in order to obtain additional funds. State within the existing budget funds Provides guarantees to domestic and foreign investors.

To determine the tax base, the principle of territoriality and residence is important. In accordance with the principle of territoriality, the taxation in the state is subject to only those income of legal entities that are obtained in its territory. Accordingly, the revenues obtained beyond the limits of this state are not included in the taxable base. income tax. The principle of residency means that the tax is paid regardless of the place of receipt of profit in the state, the resident of which is entity.  

Pages: 1.

Odiplom // Economy // 04.03.2018

Bibliographic Description:

Nesterov AK

The difference between income, profit and revenue

Income and expenses of the enterprise // Educational Encyclopedia Odiplom.ru

The income and expenses of the enterprise are one of the indicators of the enterprise, they directly affect the process of forming a financial result and the final assessment of the profitability of economic activities. According to these indicators, rationality, efficiency, stability and prospects for the development of economic activity of the enterprise are determined.

The concept of income and expenses of the enterprise

As a special economic category, revenues of the company expressed in the form of an increase in assets or reduce the obligations of the organization, which entails growth own capital This enterprise. In this regard, it should be noted that income cannot be any receipts into the organization. This is confirmed by the legislative definition of the income of the organization, which is enshrined in the Regulation accounting 9/99 "Revenues of the Organization":

The income of the organization recognizes an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of obligations leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of increasing contributions by decision of the participants (property owners)

Thus, the income of the enterprise includes such arrivals of both funds in cash and other assets that correspond to the following list of criteria signs:

• irrevocable nature of these revenues;
• the possibility of transforming revenues to the property of the enterprise;
• receipts do not arise due to the contributions of the participants or owners of the enterprise;
• receipts are fully included in financial statements Enterprises and are subject to income tax.

Expenditures of the organization They are the inverse economic category in relation to income, representing them on the contrary, a decrease in assets or an increase in obligations, which in turn causes a decrease in equity of this enterprise. This is confirmed by the legislative definition of the income of the organization, which is enshrined in the accounting regulation 10/99 "organization expenses":

The expenses of the organization recognizes a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of obligations leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of reducing contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).

Thus, the costs of the enterprise will include the payments produced by them both in the form of cash and in the form of other assets that correspond to the following list of criteria signs:

• irrevocable nature of payments;
• lost ownership of payments made;
• payments do not arise as a result of reducing the contributions of participants or owners of the enterprise;
• payments are fully incorporated into the financial statements of the enterprise and reduce taxable profits.

It can be objectively argued that the process of forming income and expenses is of particular importance for the management of the enterprise in the context of adopting weighted and reasonable management decisions. For effective management of economic activities in the organization financial resources Must be used effectively. The formation of income and expenses of the enterprise should be carried out in accordance with the current legislation, accounting standards and within acting system taxation.

The structure of income and expenses of the enterprise

In the economic and economic activity of the organization, income and expenses are divided into two structural groups:

1. Income and expenses from ordinary species activities;
2. Other income and expenses.

Revenues and expenses from conventional activities are related to the implementation economic operationsattributable to ordinary activities, while other income and expenses include all other types of income and expenses, this is a principal sign of differences.

The structure of the organization's revenues is presented in the figure.

Structure of income commercial organization

The following fact should be noted:

For a number of commercial organizations, some types of other income in accordance with the criteria procedure for their definition, characteristic of most areas of economic activity, may refer to the main type of activity that implies a different approach to classifying income to the category of others.

Main article - Other income and expenses of the enterprise

Under normal conditions, enterprises income include mainly income from conventional activities, while other income is side for the enterprise. If ordinary activities of the Organization are such that relate under normal conditions to the other, then there is a reverse classification for them. For example, in accordance with the current classifier of the types of economic activity for some enterprises to income from conventional activities may include interest income, revenues from participation in other organizations, revenues related to the provision of asset for temporary use, including intellectual property facilities.

The structure of the organization's expenses is presented in the figure.

The structure of the expenses of a commercial organization

Thus, to other income and expenses of the commercial organization include such income and expenses that are not subject to conventional activities of this organization.

Classification of income and expenses of the enterprise for accounting purposes

For the purposes of tax, managerial, operational technical accounting, a categorical classification of income and expenses is also applied, which is shown in the figure.

The incomes and expenses of enterprises are recorded in the actual amount, the normative indicators of a mandatory nature are not applied to the amounts of income and expenses regarding which organizations are valid on the principle of maximizing income and minimizing costs. It should be noted that in the management and accounting and accounting systems, it is not allowed to establish reflection of income and expenses in any reference to standards or regulations, since this leads to the distortion of indicators, as well as this approach comes into an indirect contradiction with the principles of economic activities and organization accounting. However, the practice of determining is widespread planned indicators The income and expenses of the enterprise, in addition, the organization enshrines the list of income and expenses, the procedure for their formation and use.

Thus, the income and expenses of the company belong to the economic database of the formation of a financial result, affecting it towards increasing or decreasing. The impact of income and expenses for the financial result for most enterprises is essential, as there is an increase in and reducing the financial result to such an extent that is critical for all enterprises. In this regard, their detailed study is required to take appropriate management decisions on the basis of information generated in this section of the enterprise's economic activity.

Place of income and expenses in economic activities of organizations

Income and expenses of the enterprise As part of its economic activities and development, there are a consequence of objective operation economic mechanism In enterprises, as the basis of the economic activity of any production enterprise is a combination of economic operations, which are directly related to the flow and spending of money. Consequently, the data economic categories and analysis of the dynamics of their indicators in the enterprise is prerequisite To make management decisions on the basis of a reliably significant information painting for the management of the enterprise in modern conditions.

The importance of analyzing income and expenses is due to the need to take into account all economic operations, which are associated with the implementation of the enterprise of economic activity, including as part of the reflection of intra-economic processes in the form of final indicators in the income statement. The income and expenses of the company belong to the economic database of the formation of a financial result, affecting it towards increasing or decreasing.

The considered procedure for the formation and distribution of income and expenses of the enterprise indicates that this is the main issue. economic Policy Enterprises. Factors affecting the formation of the magnitude of the income and expenses of the enterprise are divided into forming and intercogilizing factors. The immediate distribution is subject to the amount of income of the enterprise, remaining at its disposal after the commission of all necessary payments and paying taxes, i.e. Net profit of the enterprise. At the same time, the income and expenses of the enterprise as special economic categories have a conceptual and methodological base, related to the formation of a financial result, so the formation and distribution of income and expenses on the basis of the activities of the enterprise for reporting period Must contribute to economic growth and progressive development of the economic entity.

Literature

1. Statement of accounting "Organization's revenues" (PBU 9/99). Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 06.05.1999 No. 32n (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.04.2015 N 57n).
2. Status for accounting "Organization's expenses" (PBU 10/99). Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia of 06.05.1999 No. 33n (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.04.2015 N 57n).
3. Lyubushin N.P. Economics of the organization. - M.: Knorus, 2016.
4. Mormul N.F. Enterprise economy. Theory and practice management. - M.: Omega-L, 2015.

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