Freight broker. Economic dictionary. Watch the value of the freight broker in other dictionaries
Freight broker
Broker protruding the mediator between the shipowner and the charterer at the conclusion of the Commission's contract. The right broker for the commission and its size is negotiated in the charter.
Single large legal dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, the meanings of the word and what is a freight broker in Russian in the dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- Freight broker
- Broker protruding the mediator between the shipowner and the charterer at the conclusion of the Commission's contract. Broker's right to receive the Commission and its size ... - BROKER
Freight - see freight ... - BROKER
(eng. Broker) - mediator in the market valuable papers (stock Exchange) or on the commodity exchange that performs functions on the purchase and sale of valuable ... - BROKER in the dictionary of financial terms:
a separate person or firm engaged in mediation when concluding transactions on stock, commodity and currency exchanges. Brokers conclude transactions, as a rule, ... - Freight in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
The market is the market on which transactions for chartering and the spraching of tonnage are performed. Monetary expression on F.R. Is the price of transportation, ... - Freight in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Orders - instructions for chartering tonnage issued by the charterer to his broker. The freight order contains all the information necessary for the conclusion ... - Freight in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Contract - a contract for which the charterer receives at its disposal a vessel for the carriage of goods on a specific route or to a certain ... - Freight in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Broker - a broker protruding the mediator between the shipowner and the charterer at the conclusion of the chartering contract. Broker's right to receive the Commission and its ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Customs - see Customs Broker ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Insurance - see Insurance ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Investment - see Investment Broker ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Discount - cm Discount broker ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
A billion - cm Bill -brocker, bill ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
Birzheva - cm exchanges ... - BROKER in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
(English Broker) - 1) In a broad sense, an intermediary promotes the commission of various transactions (commercial, | Fedite, insurance, freight, etc.) between ... - BROKER
(Broker), an intermediary at the conclusion of various transactions; See also Mediation Exchange ... - BROKER in the modern encyclopedic dictionary:
(English single Broker) (broker), mediator (individual or firm) when concluding transactions between buyers and sellers. Acts on behalf of ... - BROKER
[from the Broker broker] mediator between the buyer and the seller, the insurer and the insured, the shipowner and the charterer, usually at the same time crediting a foreign supplier, ... - BROKER in the encyclopedic dictionaries:
a, m., Odush. Mediator at the conclusion of transactions on the stock exchange specializing in certain types of goods or services. Brokerage - related to ... - BROKER in the encyclopedic dictionary:
Brokep, -a, m. Agent, intermedible when buying and selling securities, goods. Exchange b. * Insurance broker (special) - company or separate ... - BROKER in the big Russian encyclopedic dictionary:
Broker (English, units. Broker), a mediator (depicted individuals or firms) when concluding transactions between buyers and sellers. Acts on behalf of ... - Freight in the full accentuated paradigm on the link:
freight "New, Freight" Wai, Freight "Voe, Freight" Way, Freight "Vogo, Freight" Howl, Freight "Voyo, Freight" Out, Freight "Voma, Freight" How, Freight "Vom, Freight" Vim, Frehot " , freight "voy, freight" voya, freight "out, freight" vogo, freight "voya, freight" voya, freight "out, ... - BROKER in the dictionary for solving and drafting scanvords.
- BROKER in the new foreign word dictionary:
(English Broker) Mediator at the conclusion of transactions specializing in certain types of goods or services (eg, chartering courts, insurance, ... - BROKER in the dictionary of foreign expressions:
[English. Broker] Mediator at the conclusion of transactions specializing in certain types of goods or services (eg, chartering courts, insurance, fur trade and ... - BROKER in the dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language:
aviabroker, Agent, Bill Broker, Birzhevik, ... - Freight
arr. 1) related to the meaning. With S.: Freight associated with it. 2) Sophisticated freight characteristic of ... - BROKER in the new intelligent-word-formative dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
m. Mediator (face or firm) at the conclusion of various transactions operating on behalf and by ... - BROKER in the dictionary of the Russian language of Lopatina:
bronker, ... - Freight in the full spelling dictionary of the Russian language.
- BROKER in the full spelling dictionary of the Russian language:
broker, ... - Freight in the spelling dictionary.
- BROKER in the spelling dictionary:
bronker, ... - Freight in the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Ushakov:
freight, freight (mor. bargaining). Arr. to freight; cargo. The freight agreement concludes the charterer with ... - Freight
freight arr. 1) related to the meaning. With S.: Freight associated with it. 2) Sophisticated freight characteristic of ... - BROKER in the explanatory dictionary of Ephremova:
broker M. Mediator (face or firm) at the conclusion of various transactions operating on behalf and by ... - Freight
- BROKER in the new Russian English language dictionary:
m. Mediator - a person or firm - when concluding various transactions on the stock exchange, specializing in certain types of goods or services, ... - Freight
arr. 1. Soot. With land Freight associated with it 2. Sophisticated freight characteristic of ... - BROKER in a large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language:
m. Mediator - a person or company - when concluding transactions on the purchase and sale of goods, securities, etc., acting on behalf of ... - Bottles; "Peter Broker" in the Book of Records Guinness 1998:
Peter Broker from Goeshhatta, Germany, is the owner of the collection of 8131 non-refining bottles with beer from 110 countries ... - Freight Order in an altar large legal dictionary:
- Order on chartering tonnage issued by the charterer to his broker. F.O. Contains all the information necessary for the conclusion ... - Broker freight in an altar large legal dictionary:
- See Freight Broker ... - Freight Order in the Great Legal Dictionary:
- Order on chartering tonnage issued by the charterer to his broker. F.O. Contains all the information necessary for the conclusion ... - Broker freight in the Great Legal Dictionary:
- See Freight Broker ... - Freighty market in the Big Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE:
market (Eng. Freight Market), the sphere of international trade in the services of sea transport to move goods and passengers. These services are in various ... - Freight agreement in the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
he has a subject of return in the form in the form of fishery, in order to benefit, sea vessel for the transport of goods or goods. Vessel ... - Freight Exchange in an altar large legal dictionary:
- permanent market for frequency ships; It is organized by regional, international, certifying or other signs. They concentrate all information about ...
Large long-term contracts (tonnage trunk transactions) on the freight market are, as a rule, as a result of direct negotiations between the shipowner and the charterer or international trading. However, most transactions are performed through special intermediary firms, ship brokers.
On the field of activity, freight brokers differ, boking agents in linear shipping and brokers on the sale of vessels.
Freight brokers Specialize in the types of fleet - tanker, balcakes, tricks for chartering vessels for the transportation of heavy cargo, brokers operating in the refrigerated fleet market, forest transport, wellness multipurpose vessels, mixed and coastal ships. However, such a division conventionally and reflects only the main specialization of this broker.
In relation to the Principal-Shipowner or the charterer, an exclusive broker and a market broker differ.
An exclusive broker has a framework agreement with the principal, which in all its frenetum appeals, first of all, to this broker, providing him with the exclusive right to search for a partner for a certain period.
The principal charterer requires from his broker so that transportation is carried out by minimum rates The market so that the cargo is exported in accordance with the terms, which are provided for by the priced contract so that he does not have extractors - for storing the cargo in the port after the expiration preferential periodFor the extrastrachka of the cargo due to the use of the ship at the age of over 20-25 years, in the form of the payment of Demreceda or Dead Freight Shipowner. The exclusive broker should give its principal the forecast of the freight market, which it takes into account the conclusion of trading contracts (charterer) or when planning the repair of ships and delivery of vessels in a time charter (shipowner).
The market broker works on one-time assignments of various principals (shipowners and charterers) or on suggestions received from other brokers.
In practice there is no strict border between two groups of brokers: an exclusive broker, in addition to freight orders of its principle, performs individual instructions of other customers or brokers.
In each particular transaction, two brokers usually participate - from the charterer and from the shipowner. Large shipowners and industrial companies (petroleum, forest, coal) are in their composition freight departments, the so-called "House Broker", and enter the market on their own, without intermediaries.
The broker receives two types of orders from the principal: to the market quotation (indication) and the freight order. The market quotation is usually requested for 3-5 weeks ahead. The principal charterer requests the market quotation relative to the bets and conditions for the transportation of a particular cargo to a specific country or several countries before signing the trading contract or want to choose optimal option Transportation.
The Principal-Showner requests a quotation in order to determine the possibility and effectiveness of writing his vessel after completing the current flight, time charter or repair.
To prepare the answer, you need to request a shipowner, which cargoes and in which directions it may be interested in, and also receive data from it about the vessel (capacity, capacity, the number of decks, age).
The market quotation (indication) is based on the own experience of a brokerage company, information obtained by it from partner companies, and according to major international transport areas - from publications in special reference publications and on the Internet - "Indications of large brokerage companies".
The freight order is a firm order of the Broker's principal to conclude a transaction on chartering (writing) the vessel on the conditions set forth in the Orders. In order for a broker to negotiate with a partner, the freight order must contain a number of mandatory information.
- charteres warrant: clause, his transport characteristics, number, martin; Is this sending a one-time or part of a long-term contract; ports of loading and unloading; Date of cargo readiness to loading; truck standards; Idea betting and freight terms; special requirements to the ship (age, the presence of trucks, etc.).
- argument order: The name of the vessel, its technical and operational characteristics, the flag and age of the ship (for ships older than 20 years - the duration of the register documents), the port or the area of \u200b\u200bthe ship's liberation for the alleged flight, the release date of the vessel, the list of unwanted goods and shipping destinations (flights through Suezsky Channel, scrap metal, coal).
Having received a freight order, the broker starts chartering (writing) the vessel. This work can be divided into three stages: preparation of negotiations; conduct of negotiations; Registration and control of the execution of the transaction.
Trading companies are medium in size and weakly familiar with the freight market in their freight order Brokero stipulate only those charter conditions that arise from the product purchase and sale agreement: the genus and the amount of cargo, its readiness for shipping, ports of loading-unloading, freight operations.
In response to such a firm offer of shipowner in deadlines Direct the charter of the detached contention, which contains all commercial conditions of the charter: shipowner, operator, name, type and technical and operational characteristics of the vessel; amount of cargo; loading ports (unloading); the number of berths in each port that can use the charterer; requirements for them; Rolls of trucks or the duration of the steel time in the ports of loading and unloading; The procedure for accounting for steel time; Demmere and Disparch rates and their calculation; Freight rates and basic conditions for payment of trucks and others.
The shipowner (his broker) also establishes the response period - to a certain hour of the date specified by them, according to Greenwich or other temporary belt. With urgent transactions, or for pressure purposes on a partner, the response period can be set in hours after receiving a sentence.
The exchange between the charterer and shipowner of solid deployed proposals completes the first stage of negotiations. As a result, his partners clearly declared each other their initial positions and determined the discrepancies between them.
The next stage is "Usorving" a transaction, a joint search for a compromise that satisfies both sides. These negotiations can be sufficiently long and conditionally called Accept / Except.
If the shipowner's suggestion is in principle acceptable to the charterer, he directs him a response, which begins in words: "The charterer accepts the proposal of the shipowner, excluding ...". Charterer comments may include:
The requirement to clarify or supplement the information given in the proposal of the shipowner.
A new wording for those conditions that are unacceptable for the charterer.
The new conditions not provided for in the proposal of the shipowner, which the charterer considers it necessary to introduce into the contract.
After receiving the charter response, the shipowner may, in turn, do not take part of his proposals and send his comments, and such a cycle can repeat several times. The subject of multiple discussion is: Freight rate; The form of indication of the charter of the amount of cargo, the norms of trucks, etc. Each counter-application is given with an indication of the response period, which at this stage, as the controversial positions decreases, is gradually cut from 3 hours to 1 hour or even up to 15-30 minutes.
Each of the parties at any stage can abandon further negotiations. However, brokerage ethics demands to state this partner and indicate which of its conditions is unacceptable. In this case, the partner may repeat its proposal, replacing the appropriate article in it.
The last stage of the negotiation process is that the charterer or his broker must compose to the minimum time and send the shipowner (its broker) full of fixture recapitulation (i.e. "recorded without the right of change"), including all the conditions that were agreed upon in the negotiation process.
Postfixing is a special range of operations that are performed by brokers after the conclusion of the transaction.
The trouser broker in full accordance with Rekap prepares the charter and the addentum to him; Signs two original charters from both partners. In the presence of a power of attorney, each of the brokers can sign a charter on behalf of its principle. Signatures and printing parties are desirable to have on each page of the charter and the addundum to it. Sometimes one of the partners requires the charter to be sealed.
The broker of the shipowner on his instructions at the appropriate stages of the vessel flight is invoice for freight payment, makes a calculation and bills the charterer for Demrerezh and Demmed Freight, makes an assessment of the flight efficiency (calculation of the time charter equivalent).
Broker is one of the leading professions in the maritime business. It requires deep and versatile knowledge, a high sense of responsibility, good business qualities, the ability to negotiate. The broker should know the features of various types of vessels, the transport characteristics of goods, the conditions for processing ships in ports; To be able to negotiate briefly and clearly, without spending unnecessarily or its time or the time of their partner.
The broker must be the most punctual, contact, negotiate in respectful-friendly form, without pressure on the partner. You should always try to answer the partner's questions, give it the necessary certificate. Be sure to know every partner by name, remember the content of previous negotiations, not to confuse partners with each other.
The broker must know all the reduction applicable in the freight correspondence, freely use them, but without deliberation, not inventing new abbreviations.
Golden Rules of Broker:
1. Act only within the authority obtained from the principal. Never give and not accept proposals without confirming the principal if the principal is not given complete powers to conclude a transaction.
2. All information received from the partner in writing (fax or telex) to direct the principal. All instructions of the principal accept from him also in writing. It is very important in the event of future claims on the basis of the principal.
3. In the absence of a second broker, it is clearly defined to adhere to it and strictly.
4. Do not fight against the market. If the conjuncture is currently in favor of the partner, do not try to impose his terms of the contract.
5. Do not give a firm proposal to more than one partner and disagree to those conditions that you can't do. This will lead to the breakdown of the transaction and loss of reputation.
Broker is not only a mediator, but also a consultant of the principal. This is especially true of the charterer broker, as many trading companies are weakly familiar with the sea carriage. Broker consultations will allow the charterer to more competently enter into trade contracts and avoid extractors.
A shipowner is usually well understood in all matters related to the maritime carriage of goods, and the obligations of his broker consist in informing the principal about the market situation and in the negotiations on the charter.
Brokerage activity as a professional occupation formed by the end of the last century. By this time, the development of international trade reached such a level when owners of cargo and carriers turned out to be unable to monitor continuous conjunctural fluctuations in the global freight market and organize delivery of goods for their intended purpose. Therefore, in the current system of relationships of the "cargo shipholder", the need for the linking links of brokers - special intermediaries with information on the presence and nature of cargoes, the size of freight rates, proposals for the peculiarity of the courts and ensuring the docking of the interests of the two sides. In addition, there are tens of thousands of subjects in the freight market as shipowners and cargo owners (charterers), which are distant from each other, and sometimes quite significantly, that is, they do not have the possibilities of regular communication, they do not know each other thoroughly. To all of the time, the geographical freight diversity of freight transactions, their numerous, the speed of imprisonment and execution - do not give opportunities to see the parties, examine each other even during the execution of the transaction. Hence, such a specificity opens up ample opportunities for all sort of fraud, which is expensive by the victim. Under these conditions, the charterer and shipowner cannot independently find each other to conclude a transaction. Therefore, everyone addresses its broker with widely established business ties, which helps to find a suitable counterparty, partner for its principal (shipowner or cargo owner). At the same time, it is fundamentally important, brokers come to each other and, accordingly, before partners in the transaction, as guarantor of the business integrity of partners and their financial consistency. Failure to comply with these guarantees undermines the business reputation as a brokerage company. Therefore, the study of the principals is an important element of brokerage work and is the key to its success in the constant risk.
The main types of brokerage activities in the commercial seaflock are: chartering and purchase and sale of ships. Brokerage firms engaged in chartering ships, usually specialize in freight and linear shipping in certain areas or even types of goods (types of ships). However, this division conventionally and reflects only the main specialization of this company and, accordingly, broker.
In the field of activity distinguish:
- * Freight broker (Chartering Broker), acting as an intermediary between the shipowner and the charterer in freight shipping at the conclusion of the contract for the transportation of the shipment by the sea ship;
- * Broker-Akvizizer (Acquirer), which besides other brokerage functions, attracts (aquance) of new cargoes and shippers for loading vessels in linear shipping;
- * Broker for the sale of ships (Purchase and Sale). Brokers-Aquationors in some cases are organizational and in the state of linear companies or operate on the basis of the General Agreement with Linear companies concluded for a certain period of time.
However, most often, universal brokerage firms operating in many directions are engaged in intermediation and perform all types of brokerage activities.
Depending on whose interests are a broker, they are distinguished:
- * Shipowner Broker S Broker);
- * Charterer broker (Charterer "s Broker).
The traditional duties of the broker when chartering courts are diverse, but they all subordinate to one goal: to achieve the most acceptable conditions for their principal.
The Principal-Showner is interested in order to work with the maximum time charter equivalent ( financial results The flight), without downtime, waiting for the next flight, so that the charterers will pay the freight and other payments due to the ship, that is, in obtaining maximum payment for mining services.
The principal charterer requires from his broker so that the cargo is exported in accordance with the deadlines, which are provided for by the contract of sale so that he does not have extractors: for storing the cargo in the port after the expiration of the grace period; for the extrastrachka of the cargo due to the use of the vessel at the age of more than 20 years; For the payment of demo or dead freight to the shipowner, that is, receiving a maximum of services for minimal payment.
Responsibilities broker. The traditional duties of the broker are very numerous. And although the relationship between the broker and the principal is not issued by the contract, they are built on well-established traditions and are supported by competition, which makes any brokerage firm achieve a good business reputation, one of prerequisites Its existence, by providing the principles of the maximum of services. As noted, the broker during the negotiations should be achieved for his guarantor best Terms within the limits of their powers.
With the conclusion (signing) of the charter, the responsibilities of the broker are far from being completed. He assists the charterer and shipowner in the execution of the transaction; in case of misunderstandings between the parties; when filing notes; nominating ports; use of options, etc. Often he charges the collection and freight payment and the subsequent settlement of mutual claims of the parties if they arise.
Unlike ship agents who work at the commission basis, that is, the guarantors pay all its costs associated with the execution of orders and agency fee (Agency Fee), the broker works at its own expense, receiving only the brokerage commission (Brokerage) if the transaction took place From which he independently "pays all its expenses, including very significant costs due to communication (telephone, fax, e-mail, etc.).
Having received an assignment from the charterer or shipowner to the peculiarity, the broker is primarily exploring the situation in the freight market, assists the charterer or, accordingly, the shipowner in determining the idea of \u200b\u200ban acceptable freight rate. For this, it uses current information coming through electronic and printed publications, through the instructions of other brokers with which it supports constant business contact.
This work requires a broker of universal knowledge in the field of commercial shipping. It should have comprehensive information regarding: the conjunction of the freight market, its trends, the level of freight rates in various directions; imagine the deployment of free vessels in the area of \u200b\u200binterest to them and the level of demand for them; To know the sources and ways to obtain freight quotes and cargo themselves and much more depending on the specific situation.
The daily duty of the broker includes: be aware of the latest transactions enrolled in the market; know the conditions of transportation of cargo trees in the market; technical and operational characteristics of ships, features of their design and operation; Commercial conditions of many charter pro form, especially the conditions of those oppforms that are most common in practice and the nature of the modifications of the standard conditions.
The broker should be aware of the activities of its competitors, have reliable information on the financial situation and solvency of shipowner firms and charterers from their business circle. Finally, he must be well focused in terms of contracts for sale, in particular, in their transport terms, in the methods of calculation of freight rates, fast transformations of some rates to other, for example, a freight rate on a large batch of cargo in a batch for a smaller party, etc.
Possessing all these knowledge that shipowners and charterers are not always owned, the broker often becomes a decisive figure in the negotiations, since the other side listens to his skilled council. Broker's ability to give the faithful advice along with the ability to successfully negotiate, giving favorable results, determine the reputation of a broker in the freight market and the volume of its business relations, which is the decisive circumstance of the competitive activity of the company in market conditions.
The swiftness of freight negotiations is based on the character of the volatile speed of the freight market itself, and the fact that the shipowner is unprofitable to put the vessel, waiting for the successful end of long negotiations with charterers, causes a broker to resort to the fastest species with their counterparties that often Are in other countries and even on other continents. Freight negotiations are carried out at least for a telex connection that can operate in telegraph mode, and in real time with direct contact between the parties leading negotiations. High speed has facsimile communication, the connection of the E-mail type. He came out of practice and direct contact between the parties by phone.
None of the parties have the right to retreat from the word given by her in solid negotiations if it is accepted by the other party. This circumstance requires special care, accuracy and accuracy brokers, because in the negotiations, literally one word can solve the success of the case or failing it. No wonder the motto of British brokers serves as a phrase: "Our Word Is Our Bond", which means: "Our word is a bill."
No side has the right to give misinforming information regarding the actual position of the vessel, the level of freight rates on transactions concluded by it with other persons and their conditions. But on all these issues, the parties have the right to avoid response. It is not allowed to disclose the terms of the transaction, in particular, the freight rate, if one of the parties asks for its confidentiality. Therefore, many freight transactions are not included in the stream of market information, not published in the press.
To establish professional training brokerage services, as well as appropriate advertising in a number of countries, there are various kinds of organizations, providing knowledge test and certification of brokers as specialists.
For example, in the UK, only members of the London Institute of Freight Brokers, which are considered graduated by specialists can be engaged in the UK. The activities of the Institute of Freight Brokers are to verify the qualifications of brokers through exams, developing and publishing special norms and customs related to the provision of intermediary services, etc. The sustained exam acquire the right first to membership as a junior specialist, and later on full membership.
In the US, the association of ship brokers and agents with a place of stay in New York has been functioning. It develops and publishes the relevant rules and recommendations on brokerage activities, the Code of Professional Ethics, members of the members, tariffs for payment of brokers services, etc. Similar organizations (alliances) exist in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Japan and other countries.
In addition to the listed organizations, in many countries there are various kinds of federation of national associations. The establishment of such federations is dictated by the need to protect the interests of its members, improving, developing and unifying freight documents, exchange information between shipboards and agents. An example of such an organization may be the Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents - Fonasba. Founders Members of this Non-Profit International Organization - National Associations: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Holland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Great Britain and Germany.
The largest international organization playing an important role in brokerage activities is BIMCO - non-governmental international professional organization Shipowners, brokers, agents, charterers, mutual insurance clubs and other similar associations, which places their main goal to protect the interests of world shipping and the global shipping community.
The success of the work of brokers on the freight market depends largely on how much full information About the presence of goods to be transported and free tonnage it has. Fullness
awareness makes it possible, on the one hand, to evaluate the relationship between supply and proposal for services of maritime transport, and on the other - to look for the most acceptable suggestions. For this purpose, brokers support constant relationships with cargo and shipowners and among themselves. Bimco in its bulletins prints lists of brokers, their postal and email addresses, phone numbers, faxes. However, the most extensive and valuable information can be obtained and promptly used on freight exchanges - centers of focusing such information that serve the exchange places of relevant information between brokers. The most famous of them are located in London, New York, Hamburg, Paris, Tokyo.
Technique freight operations
Transactions on chartering tonnage are performed on the freight market.
Large long-term contracts are usually as a result of direct negotiations between the shipowner and the charterer or international bidding (International BID). However, most transactions are performed through special intermediary firms, ship brokers.
On the sphere of activity vary freight brokers, Book-agents in linear shipping and brokers on the purchase and sale of vessels.Freight brokers specialize in the types of fleet - tanker, balcakes, truncation brokers for the transportation of heavy cargo, brokers working in the refrigerated fleet market, forest transport, well-fight multi-purpose ships, mixed and coastal ships. However, such a division conventionally and reflects only the main specialization of this broker.
In relation to the principal - shipowner or charterer - vary exclusive brokerand market broker.
Exclusive brokerhe has a framework agreement with the principal, which in all its frenetum appeals primarily to this broker, providing him with the exclusive right to search for a partner for a certain period. The broker, however, should be borne in mind that the principle constantly monitors the market and if the level of rates or the quality of the broker's services will stop satisfying it, may at any time interrupt the agreement. The proposal principal is interested in order to work with the maximum time charter equivalent, without downtime, waiting for another flight, so that the charterers will pay for freight and other payments due to the ship. The principal charterer requires from his broker so that transportation is carried out at the minimum market rates so that the cargo is exported in accordance with the deadlines, which are provided for by the priced contract, so that he does not have extractors - for storing the cargo in the port after the expiration of the grace period, for the extrastrach of the cargo from - The use of the ship at the age of over 20-25 years, in the form of the payment of Demreceda or Dead Freight Shipowner. An exclusive broker should give its principal the forecast of the freight market, which he takes into account when concluding trading contracts (charterer) or when planning the schedule for the repair of ships and delivery of vessels in a time charter (shipowner).
Market brokerworks on one-time assignments of various principals (shipowners and charterers) or by proposals received from other brokers.
In practice there is no strict border between two groups of brokers:
An exclusive broker, in addition to freight orders of its principle, performs individual instructions of other customers or brokers. In fact, it matters only what the broker acts on this particular transaction: as an exclusive (straight) or as a market broker.
In each particular transaction, two brokers usually participate - from the charterer and from the shipowner. Large shipowners and industrial companies (petroleum, forest, coal) are in their composition freight departments, the so-called House Broker, and enter the market on their own, without intermediaries.
The broker receives two types of orders from the principal: to the market quotation (indication) and the freight order. The market quotation is usually requested by 3-5 weeks ahead. The principal charterer requests the market quotation relative to the betting and the conditions for the transport of a particular cargo to a specific country or several countries before signing the trading contract or want to choose the optimal transportation option. Giving such a quotation, the broker must clarify the client the dependence of bets on the size of the cargo parties; method of transportation and type of packaging of goods (in big runs, on pallets, separate places, in bulk); season of carriage; total and long-term contract. It is also necessary to draw the attention of the client to the fact that the freight rates specified to it are approximate and can change significantly depending on the state of the conjuncture at the time of entering the market.
The shipholder's principal requests a quotation to determine the possibility and efficiency of chartering its vessel after completing the current flight, time charter or repair.
To prepare the answer, you need to request a shipowner, which goods and in which directions it may be interested in, and also receive data from it about the vessel (load capacity, capacity, the number of decks, age).
Information on the market quotation (if this is not a detailed study or regular service) is not paid, but deep and comprehensive certificate can be the basis for the subsequent freight order or even a framework agreement.
The market quotation (indication) is based on his own experience of a brokerage company, information obtained by it from partner companies, and on major international transport areas - from publications in special reference publications and on the Internet - (indication of large brokerage companies, see Appendix No. 10) .
Freight Order- a firm order of the Broker principal to conclude a transaction to chartering the vessel on the conditions set out in the order. In order for a broker to negotiate with a partner, the freight order must contain a number of mandatory information.
Chartere warrant: clause, its transport characteristics, number, martin; Is this sending a one-time or part of a long-term contract; ports of loading and unloading; Date of cargo readiness to loading; truck standards; Idea betting and freight terms; Special requirements for the ship (age, the presence of trucks, etc.).
Shipowner Order: The name of the vessel, its technical and operational characteristics, the flag and the age of the vessel (for ships older than 20 years - the duration of the register documents), the port or area of \u200b\u200bthe ship's liberation for the alleged flight, the release date of the vessel, the list of unwanted goods and shipping destinations (flights Through the Suez Canal, scrap metal, coal).
For the deadlines, three groups of freight orders differ:
Normal position - when the order is issued 2-3 weeks before the deadline for filing the ship's shipment (Laydays dates);
Prompt position - a warrant is issued for 3-7 days before the date of Laydays;
Speedprocroft position (Sokr.spot.) - When the ship or cargo is needed immediately.
Obviously, only if the order is issued in a normal position, the broker has enough time to carefully prepare the transaction, choosing a partner, "Usorring" the freight rate. This is especially important if the market is unfavorable for the principal (shipowner or charterer).
On the other hand, if the supply of tonnage exceeds the demand and freight rates decrease, the charterer may decide to enter the market in the industrial position. A similar tactics will also hold a shipowner - if the demand for tonnage and freight rates tend to grow.
Having received a freight order, the broker starts chartering the vessel. This work can be divided into three stages: the preparation of negotiations (prefixing); negotiations (Fixing); Registration and control of the execution of the transaction (postfixing).
When preparing for negotiations, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto obtain from the principal all additional information that may be required in the negotiation process; Select the market for the market (see above); Select possible partners and determine the form of a suggestion for each of them, determine the sequence of negotiations, information that should be reported in its original proposal, and information that should be received from the partner.
When chartering the vessel, first of all, it is advisable to offer the goods with original shipowners or ship operators. This allows you to speed up the negotiation process, eliminate or cut to a minimum size of the brokerage commission and due to this reduce the freight rate. The following group of possible partners are exclusive shipowner brokers, and only least least need to contact market brokers.
The offer to each of the possible partners can be one of two species. Firm Offers - This is a commitment to conclude a deal if a partner is due to a conditional period (date, hour) will report on its willingness to penetrate the vessel on the proposed conditions. Brokerage ethics requires only one solid proposal for each transaction. The charterer can simultaneously offer to its constant and most reliable partner to send another or more simple sentences (OFFERS). Sometimes they are called conditional (SUBJECT OPEN - "If I am free"). The charterer declares that negotiations with this shipowner will continue if it is free, that is, it will not have obligations to other partners. The SUBJECT OPEN proposal system should be used very carefully, since a large number of proposals makes this load widely known in the market, which reduces interest in it from shipowners. Accordingly, the rates on such a cargo are rising.
In the hard sentence, the broker reports all information about the planned transportation, which he received from the principal in the freight order and on an additional request, and, in addition, indicates the size of the brokerage and address commission. However, the name of the charterer company and any data about it are not given so that the shipowner cannot lead further negotiations directly, bypassing the broker. Instead, a first-class charterer is usually given in the formula (First Class Charterer, sokr.FCC), sometimes clarified: Russian, foreign, German. The freight rate may not be indicated, then the shipowner must offer it in his answer. Either it is offered as "the idea of \u200b\u200bthe charterer bet", in order to emphasize its readiness for negotiations. Such a bet is usually indicated by 5-10% below the one that the charterer is actually ready to go. This is done because the shipowner is always confident that the initially named idea of \u200b\u200bthe charterer's bet is underestimated and will strive to increase it in the negotiation process. If negotiations go through the shipowner broker, then he, raising the rate, demonstrates its principal ability to protect his interests.
After examining the firm proposal of the charterer, the shipowner (or his broker) can give one of the three answers: the proposal is taken except ... (Accept / Except); A shipowner as a negotiation database makes its counterpart (Counter); The proposal of the charterer is not accepted without counterping (Offer's Decline Without Counter), i.e., the shipowner considers negotiations inappropriate. Only in very rare cases, the proposal is made immediately, without comment (Clear).
Trading companies are medium in size and weakly familiar with the freight market in their freight order Brokero stipulate only those charter conditions that arise from the product purchase and sale agreement: the genus and the amount of cargo, its readiness for shipping, ports of loading-unloading, freight operations.
In response to such a solid proposal, the shipowner directs the charter to the charter of the detachable concern, which contains all the commercial conditions of the charter: shipowner, operator, name, type and technical and operational characteristics of the vessel; amount of cargo; loading / unloading ports; the number of berths in each port that can use the charterer; requirements for them (for example, GSAAAAAB); Dates of Layeyas / Kalklingling; Rolls of trucks or the duration of the steel time in the ports of loading and unloading; The procedure for feeding NOR and metering of the steel time (SSHEX, SHEX, SHINC); accounting procedure in excellent periods (for example, UU IUATUTC); Demmere and Disparch rates and their calculation; freight rate and basic conditions for payment of trucks (for example, FIOS L / S / D); The timing and scheme of payment of freight - completely either less than the brokerage commission and / or expenses on the Dzer-Master and / or Cash to Master); payment of taxes and duties from the vessel, cargo and freight; agents in loading and unloading ports; The size of the brokerage commission and charter prooform, in accordance with which all other conditions of transportation (chartering of the vessel) are defined. The norms of freight work are indicated by the executive officer or other offered by the shipowner. The founder also provides the full name of the charterer (if it was in a solid offer) or it is indicated that it must be reported (Appendix No. 11).
A shipowner in his cone, as a rule, overestimates freight bid by 5-10%. However, if the vessel is in Spot, and the market is low, such a tactic is risky, as it can lead to the fact that the cargo will "leave" to another carrier.
The shipowner (his broker) also establishes the response period - to a certain hour of the date specified by them, according to Greenwich or other temporary belt. With urgent transactions (Prompt, Spot-Prompt) or for the purpose of pressure on the partner, the response period can be set in hours after receiving the offer.
If the conferer with a broker of the shipowner directs the customer to the charterer or his broker, then in order to preserve its commercial secrecy, it often does not indicate the names of the company of the shipowner, limiting the FCO - First Class Owner formula. For the same reason, it does not indicate the name of the vessel reports only a type (for example, "peaceful", "Varnenende") is either limited to the TBN formula - "to be nominated", i.e. will be reported later.
The firm proposal of the charterer and / or the crawler side owner may contain reservations (subject) or abbreviated SUB. The following "Saby" are most common: sub Details - subject to the coordination of the parts of the charter (addundum); STEM, i.e., subject to confirmation of the shipper readiness by Laycan; Subject Board of Directory Approval - Bod, i.e., subject to confirmation of the company's management of a shipowner or charterer; The reservation "subject to the captain of the possibility of accommodating cargo." Once the stated "Suject" should then repeat this partner during all negotiations, otherwise it will be reckoned that they are "raised", i.e., removed.
The exchange between the charterer and shipowner of solid deployed proposals completes the first stage of negotiations. As a result, his partners clearly declared each other their initial positions and determined the discrepancies between them.
The next stage is "Usorving" a transaction, a joint search for a compromise that satisfies both sides. These negotiations can be sufficiently long and conditionally called Accept / Except.
Large industrial and trading companies that are constantly working on the freight market have their own type of charter, which their broker includes a solid proposal. A shipowner who received such a proposal is limited only to individual comments on the charter project, that is, negotiations immediately go to the ACCEPT / EXCEPT stage.
If the proposal of the shipowner is in principle acceptable for the charterer, he sends him a response that begins in words:
"The charterer accepts the offer of the shipowner, excluding ..." ("Charterers Accept Owner's Offer Except"). Charterer comments may include:
The requirement to clarify or supplement the information given in the proposal of the shipowner. For example, specify full data on shipowner and / or vessel operator; Specify the flag of the vessel, its age, the validity period of the register documents, where the vessel on the body and the machine is insured and how much; In which P & I consists; The dimensions of the holds, which loads transported the vessel in the 2nd flights, the availability of slings and other special supply and equipment.
A new wording for those conditions that are unacceptable for the charterer.
The new conditions not provided for in the proposal of the shipowner, which the charterer considers it necessary to introduce into the contract.
Examples of reservations, which, after the coordination, are made to the addentrum to the charter, are given in Appendix No. 12.
After receiving the charter response, the shipowner may, in turn, do not take part of his proposals and send his comments, and such a cycle can repeat several times. The subject of multiple discussion is: Freight rate; Form of instructions in the charter of the amount of cargo, the dates of Laycan, the norms of trucks, etc. Each counter-application is given indicating the answer to the answer, which at this stage, as the controversial positions decreases, is gradually cut from 3 hours to 1 hour or even up to 15-30 minutes .
Each of the parties at any stage can abandon further negotiations. However, brokerage ethics demands to state this partner and indicate which of its conditions is unacceptable. In this case, the partner may repeat its proposal, replacing the appropriate article in it. In the case of a positive result of negotiations, the party that takes the last partner's proposal is completely, without any changes, should notify it, for example, as follows "Charterers Confirm the Fixture". Good brokerage practice recommends that the partner for his part confirms this, responding to "Reconfirm". After such an answer, negotiations are actually completed, and the vessel "Zafikhikovano" for this transportation.
The last stage of the negotiation process is that the charterer or his broker must compose to the minimum time and send the shipowner (his broker) full of fixture recapitulation (i.e., "recorded without the right of change"), including all the conditions that were agreed in the negotiation process. If a part of the reservation is saved, then it is necessary to specify how long they need to be "raised" ("Fixture Recap on Main Terms, SUBTUT TO BE LIFTED W / I 24 HRS) C.O.B. (Close of Business) London ... DD ... mm ... yy "). Only after raising all the "sabs" fixing is clean (Clear Fixture), and this date becomes the date of the charter (Appendix No. 13).
Completely unacceptably, if, when compiling a "recap", a broker will change any conditions, additional or will exclude compared with the actual results of the negotiations. In this case, the partner will immediately require correction, referring to the relevant negotiation documents (fax, e-mail), indicating the date and number of each document.
Postfixing is a special range of operations that are performed by brokers after the conclusion of the transaction. The trouser broker in full accordance with Rekap prepares the charter and the addentum to him; Signs two original charters from both partners (Appendix No. 14). In the presence of a power of attorney, each of the brokers can sign a charter on behalf of its principle. Signatures and printing parties are desirable to have on each page of the charter and the addundum to it. Sometimes one of the partners requires the charter to be sealed. It should be noted that when working with a permanent partner, a charter can not be drawn up on short maritime flights, the transaction is made only by FixRecap.
The broker of the shipowner on his instructions at the appropriate stages of the vessel flight is invoice for freight payment, makes a calculation and bills the charterer for Demrerezh and Demmed Freight, makes an assessment of the flight efficiency (calculation of the time charter equivalent).
The calculation of the time charter equivalent is made by the formula:
E \u003d nf - (R T. + R. P) / T. Rdollars / day.,
where NF is net freight for the flight (freight minus brokerage commission), dollars;
R. T. - the cost of fuel for the flight (on the go and in the parking lot), dollars;
R. P - shipowner expenses for paying port fees, services, stevedoring and other operations in loading and unloading ports, dollars;
T. R - Total flight duration, day.
The time charter equivalent shows the income that receives a shipowner per day of operation of the vessel, minus variable costs (port and fuel). It allows you to compare the effectiveness of the vessel's steaks in various flights (or on various offers).
Comparing the average time charter equivalent for a certain calendar period (half a year, year) with a time charter rate on ships of this size during the same period, the effectiveness of operator activity can be evaluated. Obviously, the timecharny equivalent must be at least at an IO-15% time charter rate, since, operating a vessel, the owner assumes a number of additional risks: unpaid downtime (for weather appliances, waiting for stealth, holidays ); the possibility of damage to the ship in the process of trucks or when following the icebreaker; The probability of presenting claims by charterers for the incomplete delivery of cargo, during the high freight conjuncture, a time charter equivalent may exceed a level of the time charter rate of 1.5 or more times.
Knowing the value of the time charter equivalent at the main direction of the work of this type of vessel, one can calculate the freight rate, which will ensure the same transportation efficiency in any other direction:
f \u003d E. B. X T. R + (R. T. + R. P) / Qdom. / T,
where E. B. - Time charter equivalent when the vessel is working on the basic direction of transportation;
T. RR. T.R. P , Q - respectively, the estimated duration of the flight, the cost of fuel, port costs and the amount of cargo at the planned direction of transportation.
Such a calculation allows the shipowner to establish the original idea of \u200b\u200bthe freight rate in the case when the non-traditional stealth is offered for him by the nature of the load or the direction of transportation.
Broker is one of the leading professions in the maritime business. It requires deep and versatile knowledge, a high sense of responsibility, good business qualities, the ability to negotiate. The broker should know the features of various types of vessels, the transport characteristics of goods, the conditions for processing ships in ports. Therefore, the Brokerage Company must have relevant reference books and benefits: register of ships, rules for the carriage of goods by sea, tariffs and customs of ports, directory of world ports, directory of brokerage, agent and shipowner companies. If necessary, find out the situation in one or another port of the broker must contact one of the port agents, and on the transportation of goods - with a survey company. The broker must constantly track the current information on all issues that influence the level of freight rates: the costs and risks of shipowners for the operation of ships and at the occasion of this port, the presence of tonnage of various sizes, the factors on which the volume of foreign trade depends, and therefore Demand on tonnage: political situation in the country; disposal of the authorities in the field of export and import, customs duties and procedures, taxation; Industry situation agriculture, social sphere; the ratio of world and domestic prices for the main products; International conflicts, etc.
Broker must very carefully approach the selection of a partner. Having received a proposal from a little-known charterer or shipowner (operator), information should be collected about its solvency, business decency, level of competence, the main field of activity. To this end, the shipowner broker can request the charterer with the name of shipowners who transported its goods (in two-three last shipments), and the charterer broker is to request a shipowner company from the ship operator. The partner's financial position can be verified through the bank. If the proposal entered through the previously unknown broker, it should be checked to the market reputation.
Each brokerage company in one form or another must be the database of companies operating in the market, shipowners, charterers, brokers, constantly expand it and replenish information about each company. It is necessary to know what this company specializes is specialized with which charterers and / or shipowners have close ties, which fleet and / or the goods it controls. This will allow, if necessary, almost unmistakably turn to the desired company, which reduces the time and costs of correspondence; almost completely eliminates the risk financial losses Due to the inconsistency or unscrupulousness of the partner. With regular work with the same partner, the degree of confidence in each other increases, which makes it possible to count on the maximum activity of the partner and reduces the periods of negotiations.
The broker must be able to negotiate briefly and clearly, without spending unnecessar than its time, nor the time of his partner. It is impossible to handle several times in a row on the same issue, even giving additional information. Therefore, a young broker before the negotiations should be a brief plan, determining in advance and the composition of their own information, and the questions that the partner must ask. It is impossible to urge various quotes repeatedly, never giving a solid proposal. It is necessary to constantly monitor its reputation in the market: the fame of an empty, chatty, dishonest, unqualified broker will spread quickly and will significantly interfere with work.
The broker must be the most punctual one. After obtaining a solid proposal, further negotiations should be conducted only by e-mail, since only such a message is legal. In the absence of email, you can use fax. All correspondence on a specific deal, both incoming and outgoing, should be carefully maintained until the flight will be completed and all disputes relating to this flight (contract) will not be resolved. With unfavorable conjuncture, it is unacceptable to delay the answer in excess of the term specified in the partner's proposal, as this gives him the right to interrupt further negotiations. It is unacceptable if, in the preparation of Rekapa or Charter, one of the parties will try to change the conditions already agreed upon in the negotiation process.
The broker must be contact, negotiate in a respectable form, without pressure on a partner. You should always try to answer the partner's questions, give it the necessary certificate. It is important to know every partner by name, remember the content of previous negotiations, not to confuse partners with each other.
The broker must know all the reduction applicable in the freight correspondence, freely use them, but without deliberation, not inventing new abbreviations. The main cuts in the terms used in the correspondence of brokers at the conclusion of a flight charter are given in Appendix No.. one.
"Golden P. ravila »Broker:
1. Act only within the limits of the powers received from the Principal. Never give and not accept proposals without confirming the principal if the principal is not given complete powers to conclude a transaction.
2 All information received from the partner in writing (fax or telex) to direct the principal. All instructions of the principal accept from him also in writing. It is very important in the event of future claims on the basis of the principal.
Z. In the absence of a second broker, it is clearly defined to determine its status and stick it to it.
4
Do not struggle against the market. If the conjuncture is currently in favor of the partner, do not try to impose his terms of the contract.
Do not give a firm proposal to more than one partner and disagree to those conditions that you can't do. This will lead to a breakdown of the transaction and loss of reputation.
Broker is not only a mediator, but also a consultant of the principal. This is especially true of the charterer broker, as many trading companies are weakly familiar with the sea carriage. Under these conditions, the broker must clarify its principal that, offering a long-term contract, he will get more low bid.than stating every time only a separate cargo batch; that the vessels work in each direction of several basic sizes and, accordingly, it is necessary to choose the partionality of polling and shipping; that the type of packaging and the way of carriage (separate places, in big runs, packages or bulk) significantly affects the readiness of the port and the vessel to take the goods and at the freight rate; that if you install the date of laydays until the cargo is fully readily (including the browse in the port and customs clearance), it may lead to Demereceda pay for a simple ship; What, agreed with the port or with its trading partner, high vessel processing standards in the loading / unloading ports, the charterer will soon be able to find the ship and at a lower rate. Such consultations of the broker will allow the charterer to more competently enter into trade contracts and avoid extractors.
A shipowner is usually well understood in all matters related to the maritime carriage of goods, and the obligations of his broker consist in informing the principal about the market situation and in the negotiations on the charter.
The freight broker is a mediator between the shipowner and the owner of the cargo. He reduces the part of the transaction, but does not appear in the contract itself. For services, the broker receives a reward as a percentage of freight amount.
"Why resort to the help of an intermediary? After all, you can independently find the ship "- so people think that they have not come across a water freight. To make a deal you need to possess professional knowledge and contacts.
What a broker should know
To charter the ship, the Broker must explore the legislation of shipping. If we are talking about international transactions, the knowledge of regulatory acts of foreign countries and intergovernmental agreements is additionally required. In addition, such transactions are in English. So, the broker must own them perfectly.
To find the ship you need to know the conditions of ship traffic. Requires flexibility and an extensive base of business contacts. The latter will help in organizing a combined freight when the ship "River-Sea" is required.
Broker must follow technical progress on sea transport. It is important to know the design of the courts, the possibility of transporting certain goods, the specifics of transportation of various categories of goods.
On the shoulders of brokers lay the calculation of transport costs. The owners of the cargo intermediaries help charthen the ship. Captains with brokers find goods under the existing tonnage.
That is why you need to contact professionals. The mediator will save time, nerves and will take on orgvopros. The value of services with interest justifies the fee.
Freight broker services from Inter Marine Service
Our company will act as an intermediary in imprisoning a freight transaction and will help to find a ship. The search is carried out on the three components:
- by the type of vessel (dry cargo or bulk),
- by type of cargo (grain, building materials),
- in the direction of transportation.
An integrated approach to the selection of tonnage provides a quick search for the vessel. We help in organizing domestic and international marine, river and combined freight. In the second case, we find the ship "River-Sea".
Extensive business communications covers the ports of the Black, Azov, Baltic, Mediterranean and other seas. In the face of Inter Marine Service you will get a reliable mediator who will contribute to the development of trading business. Contact us to find out the details of cooperation. Call!
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