As the economic policy of the Soviet state characterizes it. New economic policy in Soviet Russia. Education of the USSR. Financial reform of NEPA

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Today we disassemble such a difficult topic as the political and economic development of the USSR in 20-30 years.

Soviet state in the first half of the 20sXX century

Crisis of the late 1920s - early 1921

The state of the economic and social sphere of the RSFSR at the end of the civil war left much to be desired. Many plants and fields have suffered serious damage, the population has significantly decreased, the number of cultivated lands has decreased. In addition, the government did not immediately realize the policy of "military communism" politicians, since after the victory of the Bolsheviks "Producers" continued to withdraw products from the population, and the authorities made actions contrary to the requirements of workers and peasants (preparation for cancellation of money, strengthening distributional economic policy). All this led to hunger in 1921 and the beginning of strikes. After the suppression uprising sailors in Krondstadt (March 1921) The government began to take measures to restore the economy and meet the requirements of the people.

New Economic Policy

On the X. Congress RCP (b) (March 1921) Lenin offered a new economic policy. She consisted in creating a multi-storey economy while maintaining the main "levers" in the hands of the government (Foreign trade, centralized monetary system, public sector in industry).

The main goals of the NEP were:

• Elimination of social tensions
• Prevent destroying and out of crisis
• Creating a base for building a socialist society

And to achieve them, the government had to retreat from some of the provisions of the decrees adopted in October 1917, namely:

• Cancel universal nationalization
• Weaken the centralization in the economy
• Revive private trade

To quickly restore the economy, it was necessary to increase the number of funds in the state budget, as well as to provide citizens more opportunities to get these funds. For this purpose, the following activities were carried out:

• Replacing the exverser to the extended (less than 2 times)
• Resolution on sales of superplan
• Permission to open and rent minor and medium enterprises
• Providing concessions
• Selling state. enterprises for self-sufficiency
• Earth rental permit and use of hired labor

There have been some changes in the banking system:

• The appearance of private banks
• Release and forced distribution of state. Loan
• Monetary reform in 1922 - reducing the volume of paper money (emissions) and the introduction of Soviet bills of 10 rubles

Naturally, economic reforms did not cost without transformations in the social sphere:

• Adopting new code of Labor Law (1922) (cancellation of universal labor service, introducing free hire)
• Reform of the wage system - Introduction of the tariff mesh
• Termination of labor mobilization

New economic policy soon gave her positive results: The light industry has rapidly developed, the living conditions of the population have improved, the abolition of cards began. But all this solved only one of the tasks of the NEPA - overcoming the devastation.

NEP caused disagreements within the party, which threatened with its discharge. Some advocated the expansion of trade union economic rights and democratization of management ("Working opposition"). Others stood for the complete centralization of management and the elimination of trade unions (Trotsky). In order to avoid strengthening the forces of the opposition, the government conducted "cleaning" among the members of the party. Also, many cultural figures that did not support the Bolshevik policies were sent from the country (1922 "Philosophical Steamer").

Despite the decree on the separation of the church from the state, the Soviet government was trying to take control over the ROC and even eliminate it. In 1922, during a mass hunger, the church was withdrawn property. The propaganda of atheism increased, the persecution of priests and the destruction of temples began.

All these actions described above can be called in one phrase - elimination of the opposition of the ruling party. And the result of these events was the strengthening of a one-party system and the establishment of a dictatorship of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).

Results of the internal policies of the early 20s

At first, the NEP had a positive effect on the economy. But soon this policy has caused certain difficulties.

Agriculture continued to dominate industry. The country needed improving defense capability, the heavy industry required large investments. The government tried to solve this problem as follows: a very low purchasing price was installed on industrial goods, but at the same time the price of its sales is greatly overwhelmed. This actual discharge of money generated the problem of the emergence of expensive low-quality goods on the market, which the population refused to buy (sales crisis in 1923). This was added to this crisis of prices of 1924, when the peasants did not agree to sell grain to the state at low prices, wanting to receive more benefits in the market for the goods. All this led to a reduction in exports of agricultural products, as a result deprived the state of funds for the purchase of foreign industrial equipment.

In response, the state strengthened the centralization of management, restricted freedom of enterprises, increased taxes and prices, that is, it began to coagulate policies.

But the government could not just confess the people in their mistakes, so the party leadership announced the "enemies of the people" (wealthy peasants, agronomists, engineers, nonpmanns) The cause of their failures and began to pursue them.

Education of the USSR

Before the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics between some of the States entered into it, economic and political ties have already existed.

During the civil war, Russia has entered into an alliance with Ukraine and Belarus (1919), through which countries undertook to provide military and political assistance in confronting anti-Soviet forces. After the civil war between states, the political and economic ties have increased.

In 1922, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia formed the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federation. The principles of the Constitution of the ZSFSR were the same as the RSFSR.

For the joint recovery and development of the economy, improving the defense capability and strengthening the socialist relationship between the republics, they demanded a new level.

In December 1922, the congresses of Soviets were held in all republics who adopted the proposal of Lenin on the establishment of the Allied State of the Federation of Equal Republics.

On December 30, 1922, the first All-Union Congress, who approved the Declaration and the Treaty of Education of the USSR. The first to the Soviet Union included the RSFSR, ZSFSR, Ukrainian and Belarusian SSR.

In January 1924, the second congress approved the Constitution of the USSR.

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After graduating from civil war and intervention, our country experienced an economic crisis. The general damage caused to the national economy exceeded 50 billion gold rubles. Industrial production compared with 1913 decreased 7 times, and agricultural. by 38%. In large cities, breads began with bread. On Don, Urals, Kuban flared anti-Soviet peasant performances. In March 1921, Kondrat had an uprising of military sailors, speaking under the slogans "for advice, without the Bolsheviks", freedom of trade, the abolition of the exversman. A new economic policy (NEP) is accepted to exit the economic crisis. Instead of the privots, natural tax is introduced (there was less exversed 2 times). Trade was allowed. Part of small and medium-sized enterprises surrendered to individuals. To attract foreign capital, a law on concessions is adopted. Mixed joint-stock companies are being created. By 1923 there were 24. The universal labor service was replaced by free hire workforce through labor exchange. The equalization of labor has been canceled. Wages depended on the qualifications of the working and the number of products produced. In 1922, canceled the card system. In the fall of 1921, Gosbank was restored. At the end of 1922, monetary reform began with the release of the Soviet Chervon. In the NEPov economy introduced elements of long-term planning. The first plan of development of the Soviet economy was Plan Goello. In 1922, a new land code was adopted, according to which the peasants received the right to exit the community and the choice of land use forms. Leaving land for land. Various cooperations were created: Consumer, Financial, etc. Total about 50s. By 1927, agricultural. Cooperation covered 30% of all peasant yards. By 1925, using the NEP, it was possible to complete the recovery process. In 1925-26 and 1927-28. There were bakery crises. In 1929, food cards appeared again. In the villages, they switched to emergency methods of bilboovers. With NEP in the villages was completed. In industry, they also began to turn the lease, commercials. The period of the market economy was replaced by total aggravation.

Option 3.

Economic policy of the Soviet state in the 20s (military communism, NEP)

In March 1921 in the congress of the RCP (b), Lenin offered a new EC policy.

Essence: Restore a multi-storey ek and use the agrarian-technical operation of capitalist countries while maintaining "command heights". Ie politician and action levers of exposure:

frequency RCP (b)

state sector in prom

centralized EC

monopoly Externally Trade

Pouring the purpose of NEPA - erase the social stress, strengthen the social base of the owl of the Union with the peasants

Ek goal is to prevent further aggravation of destroying and get out of the crisis.

Socially intended favorable conditions for the construction of the Social. About

Achieving these goals led to a gradual coagulation of NEP

NEP implementation

The transition to the NEPU was legally executed by the Moscow State University and SNK at the 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets on December 1921

NEP - retreat from the principles of military communism

revival of private property

entering Freedom of Internal Trade

Replacing the exverser with a otlage (installed to the sowing company and 2 times less than the privacy

Land for rent and hiring workers (strengthening the private and small-handed sector) (new labor Zak-V)

Cancellation of universal labor service, eliminated equalization of labor

Allowed to foreign firms to create joint stock companies

Cancellation of strict centralization in supplying state enterprises replacement of the state-conditioning to the hostect

The territorial-sectoral administration of prom

The emergence of private cooperative banks, insurance companies

Charge charging for transport and utilities

Cancellation of the card system

In 1922 -1924 Monetary reform was carried out

reduced emission of paper money

soviet worm was introduced into the turnover (10 P)

The country has become a large market. A privately owned by the main figure of retailers. Military spending were also reduced.

The NEP was accompanied by 2 production crises in 1923 prices for promotional goods were 3 times higher than agricultural. And these "scissors of prices" reached the maximum of the "Sales Crisis" and 1927-1928 "Crisis of Bottles". Due to the fact that the peasants refused to give bread due to rumors about the ambulance. In 1928-1929, they switched to emergency measurements of the beneficiaries

Results:

NEP provided stabilization and restoration of host.

But in addition to success, difficulties were observed. Their occurrence is associated with 3 reasons:

imbalance prom and s / x

targeted class orientation in the government

strengthening the contradictions between the variety of social interests of different layers of society and authoritarianism of the Bolshevik leadership.

USSR education: the causes and principles of the creation of the Union. (Ticket 10)

Option 1

The agreement on the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was signed in December 1922 by representatives of the four Soviet republics: RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation (Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia).
These states have formed a military-political union during the civil war, concluding a system of interstate treaties and agreements. With the end of the war, efforts to search for future forms of economic and political association were intensified.
Causes of the creation of the USSR. The rapprochement of the republics, on the one hand, responded to historical traditions: the centuries the folded unified economy, fruitful cultural cooperation, participation in the protection of the country from external enemies. On the other hand, it relied on the similarity of political systems that occurred after October 1917, on party unity: National Commands that stood in these states were part of the RCP (b).
This process was not simple. The nationalist sentiment of the local elite part of the local elite, and the desire of the center (represented by the Russian governing bodies) to approve a single order of management, ignoring the opinion of the republics.
Principles of creating the USSR. In August 1922, on behalf of the Commission, established under the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), a plan for the entry of the Soviet republics was proposed to the RSFSR for the rights of autonomy (project of the autonomization I. V. Stalin). His authors argued that the association of the republics in real, as they called it, the federation (in counterweight fictitious, when official speeches about the independence of the republics cover the actual issues of the center) will lead to the fact that in a year it will be extremely difficult to preserve the unity of the Soviet republics.
The heads of republican compatures were opposed to this project. They argued that the real federation would be useful not only from the point of view of the interests of strengthening the international influence of the Soviet system, but also in the sense of the conquest of the confidence of the masses, solving economic problems, etc. The proposals were made to create a confederation that would allow the republics to remain completely independent in solutions. Internal politics issues.
The acute discussion ended with the approval of the federated project V. I. Lenin: the republic remains independence and on the terms of equality, an agreement on the formation of the Union (Federation) is concluded. It was about the "New Union, the New Federation", the "new floor, the federation of equal".
The USSR education was important historical importance. A new form of coexistence of peoples was found, for a long time part of a single state. At the same time, the federation principles of the device were gradually supplanted by other - unitary.

Option 2.

Education of the USSR. National policy in the 20s - 30th.

Disintegration in 1918-1918. A single, centralized Russian state was replaced by a unifying movement, which led to the formation of the USSR in 1922. During the civil war on the outskirts of the former Russian Empire, several Soviet republics arose, which were not developed in the framework of the RSFSR, and next to it, on their own. In June 1919, the military union was formed between them, to which in 1920-21. They joined the Caucasian, Soviet republics. At the same time, the military union was complemented by the Union of Economic. According to contracts, drug addicts, advice of the national economy, a single monetary system was introduced. In 1922, the diplomatic union was developing between the republics for the period of the International Conference in Genoa, where the Russian delegation represented and defended the interests of all Soviet republics. After the conference, the diplomatic union was strengthened and expanded. In 1922, the 3 Transcaucasian republics were united in ZSVSR. In addition, in all republics there was a single political system - Soviet power. The cementing force of the unifying process was com. The consignment. The Commission on the Unification of the republics was headed by Stalin. He put forward an idea of \u200b\u200bautomation: all republics are part of the RSFSR for autonomy rights. However, 3 of the 6th republics did not support the automation plan. Lenin proposed the creation of the state on the basis of equality, the voluntariness entry of all republics. On December 30, 1922, at the first All-Russian congress of the Council, the creation of the USSR was proclaimed, as part of the 4th republics: RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, ZSFSR, in addition, a declaration and an agreement on the formation of the USSR were adopted. Gradually, the USSR has grown: in 1924, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan entered its composition; 1929 - Tajikistan; 1936 - Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan. And instead of ZSFSR - Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan; In 1940 - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. The Soviet Union had its own constitution. In 1924, 1st, and in 1936, the 2nd Constitution, which secured the victory of socialism in the USSR. The USSR education led to the strengthening of Soviet power, strengthening the economic power of the country, the preservation of the culture of small peoples.

The period from 1917 to 1921 is a truly difficult time for Russia. The revolution and civil war strongly hit economic well-being. After the end of the alarming events, the country needed reform, since military innovations were helpless in peace times.

Historical prerequisites

NEP, or new was the need for time. The crisis "Military Communism", adopted during the Civil War, was unacceptable for the development of the country in a peaceful period. The exversman was an unbearable burden for ordinary people, and the nationalization of enterprises and the complete centralization of the Office did not give to develop. The introduction of NEP is the answer to universal discontent with "military communism".

Situation in the country before the introduction of NEP

By the end of the Civil War, the country was destroyed in all respects. The former Russian empire has lost Poland, Latvia, Estonia, part of Ukraine and Belarus, Finland. The territories of mineral development are injured - Donbass, oil areas, Siberia. Industrial production decreased, and in agriculture there were features of a serious crisis. In addition, the peasants refused to take bread, the situation was abandoned by the Protrequacy, the situation was glowed. The uprisings embraced the Donship, Ukraine, Kuban, Siberia. A wave of discontent moved to the army. In 1920, the question was raised about the abolition of the exversman. These were the first attempts to introduce NEP. Causes: The crisis state of the economy, destroyed industrial and agricultural sector, exertion, which lay on the shoulders of ordinary people, foreign policy failures, currency instability.

Proclamation of a new way in the economy

The transformations were started in 1921, when the X Congress of the RCP (b) adopted a resolution on the transition to the extension. Initially, the NEP was scheduled as a temporary event. The reforms were dragged for several years. The essence of NEPA is to carry out changes in industry, agriculture, financial sector, which will allow to relieve the tasks set by the authors of the project of economic transformations regarding the political, economic, social, foreign policy spheres.

It is believed that freedom of trade was the first innovation, but it is not. Initially, it was considered dangerous for power. The Bolsheviks came to the idea of \u200b\u200bentrepreneurship. The NEP period is the innovation time that was an attempt to combine socialist power with elements of a market economy.

Industry reforms

The first innovation was the creation of trusts. They were associations of homogeneous enterprises that had certain freedom of activity, financial independence. The introduction of NEP is the beginning of the full reform industry. New associations - trusts - could decide what to produce, from which to sell it. The scope of activity was wide: and the procurement of resources, and the production under state order. Trusts created a reserve capital, which should have covered losses.

NEP is a policy that envisaged the formation of syndicates. These unions consisted of several trusts. Syndicates of foreign trade, the provision of loans, sales of finished products, supply raw materials. Until the end of the NEP period, most trusts consisted in such associations.

The fairs operated for the organization of wholesale trade, the full-fledged market began to function, where they purchased raw materials, finished products. A peculiar progenitor of market relations in the USSR was NEP, the reasons for which wounded in the inorganization of the economy.

One of the main achievements of the period was the refund of monetary wages. NEP is the time of cancellation of labor service, the unemployment rate has decreased. During the period of the new economic policy, the private sector in the industry was actively developed. The process of denationalization of some enterprises is characteristic. Individuals received the right to open industrial factories and plants.

The concession became popular - the rental shape, when foreign individuals or legal entities are tenants. Part of foreign investment was especially high in metallurgy and textile industry.

Innovation in agriculture

NEP is a policy that has touched upon all sectors of the economy, including the agricultural sphere. The overall assessment of the consequences of innovations is positive. In 1922, the Land Code was approved. The new law banned private ownership of Earth, it was allowed only to use for rental rights.

The NEP policy in agriculture influenced the social and property structure of the residents of the village. The wealthy peasants were unprofitable to develop their farm, besides, they paid an increased tax. The poor managed to improve the financial position. Thus, the poor and the rich has become less - "middle peasants" appeared.

Many peasants have increased endings of the Earth, motivation to work intensified. In addition, it was on residents of the village lay taxes. And the waste of states were huge - to the army, to industry, to restore the economy after the civil war. Taxes from wealthy peasants did not help raise the level of development, so I had to use new ways to fill the treasury. So, the practice of buying grain from peasants at low prices appeared - it led to the crisis and the emergence of the concept of "scissors of prices". Culmination of economic depression - 1923. In 1924-25, the crisis repeatedly repeatedly - its essence was in a significant drop in the indicators of the amount of harvested grain.

NEP is a time of change in agriculture. Not all of them led to positive results, but there were features of a market economy. By the end of the NEP period, crisis phenomena only increased.

Financial sphere

For reforms, changes in monetary circulation were needed. The main task of NEPA is to stabilize the financial sphere and normalize currency relations with other countries.

The first step of the reformers was the denomination of a monetary unit. Currency reinforced with a gold reserve. The emergency emission was used to cover from financial changes in the state, they suffered mainly peasants and proletariat. There was a wide practice of state loans, increasing the luxury tax and lowering the essentials.

At the beginning of the NEP reform in the financial sphere were successful. This made it possible to hold the second stage of transformations in 1924. It was decided to introduce a solid currency. Treasury tickets were in circulation, and wormants used for international settlements. Popular was a loan, thanks to which the majority of purchase and sale operations occurred. On the territory of the USSR, several large banking structures were opened, which worked with industrial enterprises. At the local level, utility banks were provided at the local level. Gradually, the financial system has expanded. There were banks that worked with agricultural institutions, foreign economic structures.

Political development of the country of the days of NEP

Economic reforms were accompanied by a political struggle within the state. Authoritarian trends grew up in the country. The reign of Vladimir Lenin can be called "collective dictatorship." The government focused in the hands of Lenin and Trotsky, but from the end of 1922 the situation has changed. The opponents of Trotsky created Lenin, and Leninism became the direction of philosophical thought.

The struggle aggravated in the communist party itself. There was no homogeneity within the organization. An opposition has been formed, which advocated the empowerment of the workers' trade unions. This is connected with the emergence of a resolution, which proclaimed the unity of the party and the obligation to fulfill the solutions of the majority of all its members. Almost everywhere party positions occupied the same persons as workers of state structures. Belonging to the ruling circles has become a prestigious purpose. The party was constantly expanding, so over time, they began to conduct "cleaning" aimed against the "false" communists.

The crisis was after the conflict between the old and young parties intensified. The organization gradually stratified - more and more privileges received the top, which received the name "Nomenclature".

So, in the last years of Lenin's life, his "heirs" began to divide power. From management tried to push the leaders of the old sample. First of all, Trotsky. They fought with him in many ways, but most often just accused of various "sins". Among them is a bias, Menshevism.

Completion of reform

The positive features of the NEP, which manifested themselves at the initial stage of transformations, gradually erased due to unsuccessful and inconsistent actions of the party leadership. The main problem is a conflict between an authoritarian communist system and attempts to introduce a market model of the economy. These were two poles that did not feed, but destroy each other.

New Economic Policy - NEP - gradually fucked since 1924-1925. Market features were supplanted by a centralized control system. In the end, the planning and state leadership took the top.

In fact, the NEP ended in 1928, when the first five-year plan was proclaimed and the course for collectivization. Since then, the new economic policy has ceased existence. Officially, the NEP turned only after 3 years - in 1931. Then there was a ban on trade in private.

RESULTS

NEP is a policy that helped restore the destroyed economy. The problem was the lack of qualified specialists - this deficiency did not allow to build effective management of the country.

The industry managed to achieve high indicators, but there were problems in the agricultural sphere. She paid not enough attention and finance. The system was ill-conceived, so there was a strong imbalance in the economy. Positive trait - stabilization of the currency.

The new economic policy, proclaimed by the X Congress of the RCP (b), was a whole system of measures aimed at creating conditions for the revival of the Russian economy. These measures have been developed in the course of the declared new economic policy, which can be represented as a series of consistently implemented stages. The main efforts were required to send against the growing food crisis, eliminating which was possible only by lifting agriculture. In the absence of the state of the state, this it was necessary to liberate the manufacturer, give it incentives for the development of production. It was on this that the central event of the NEPA was sent - replacing the expersonal by the OLD. The amount of tax was significantly less than the scroll, it wore a progressive character, i.e. It was decreased if the peasant took care of the increase in production, and allowed the peasant to freely dispose of excessive products that he had after passing the tax.

In 1922, the measures of assistance to the peasantry were strengthened. The selling was reduced by 10% compared with the previous year, but most importantly: it was announced that the peasant was free in the selection of forms of land use and even permitted by the workforce and rental of land. Russia's peasantry has already been aware of the advantage of a new policy, the favorable weather conditions were added to this, which allowed to grow and collect a good harvest. He was the most significant for all the years past after the October Revolution. As a result, after passing the state of the tax, the peasant was formed surplus with which he could manage freely.

However, it was necessary to create conditions for the free sale of agricultural products. This was supposed to promote the commercial and financial parties of the new economic policy. On freedom of private trading was announced simultaneously with the transition from the scroll to the extension. But in the speech V.I. Lenin at x Party Congress Free TRADE was understood only as product exchange between the city and the village, within the local economic turnover. In this case, the advantage was given to exchange through cooperatives, and not through the market. The peasantry was such an exchange seemed unprofitable, and Lenin was already in 1921 in the fall, he admitted that the commodity exchange between the city and the village was broken and resulted in buying and selling at the prices of the "black market". I had to go to the removal of limited free trade, to encourage retail and put a private owner in equal terms in trade with the state and cooperatives.

In turn, free trade demanded order in the financial system of the state, which in the early 20s. There was only nominally, because in the concept of the Bolsheviks on the creation of a socialist state, except for the nationalization of banks, finance has not been given to any place.

The rapid rise in agriculture, the revival of trade and measures to strengthen the financial system allowed to switch to measures to stabilize the situation in industry, from the fate of which fate of the working class and the entire Soviet state depended. Industrial policy was not formulated immediately, since the rise industry depended on the state of affairs in other sectors of the national economy, primarily in the agricultural sector. In addition, to raise the entire industry was immediately unable to state and had to schedule a number of priorities, which should be started. They were formulated in the speech of V.I. Lenin at the XI Conference of the RCP (b) in May 1921 and were as follows: support for small and medium-sized enterprises with the participation of private and share capital; reorienting the production programs of the part of large enterprises to the release of extensive consumption and peasant products; Translation of the entire major industry on commercials when expanding independence and initiatives of each enterprise. These provisions were based on industrial policies that began to be implemented in stages.

New economic policy was a gradual, manifested itself in various sectors of the national economy in different ways and caused acute criticism and from the part of the working class, focused primarily at large industrial enterprises, the fate of which was to be resolved last of all, and from part The leadership of the Bolsheviks party who did not want to "have the principles". As a result, the new economic policy passed through a series of acute socio-political and economic crises, which kept the entire country in voltage in the 20s. The first crisis had already occurred in 1922, when successful successes in stabilization of the national economy were not yet visible, but there were some negative moments of the NEP: the role of private capital was intensified, especially in trade, the term "Napman" appeared, there was a revival of bourgeois ideology. Part of the Bolshevik leadership began to openly express dissatisfaction with NEP, and her Creator V.I. Lenin was forced at the XI Congress of the Party to declare that the retreat in the sense of concessions to capitalism was over and needed to put private capital in the proper framework and regulate it.

However, successes in the agricultural sector in 1922-1923. Somewhat reduced the severity of opposition in the manual and gave NEPA internal impulses for development. In 1923, the imbalance in the development of agriculture, which had already increased the pace for two years, and in the industry, which was still just beginning to get out of the crisis. The "crisis of prices" was the specific manifestation of this imbalance, or the price scissors. Under conditions, when agricultural production was already 70% of the 1913 level, and large industrial production is only 39%, prices for agricultural products decreased sharply, and the prices for industrial goods continued to remain high. On these "scissors", the village lost 500 million rubles., Or half of their solvent demand.

The discussion of the "crisis of prices" resulted in the party open discussion, and the output was found as a result of the use of purely economic measures. Protection prices fell, and a good harvest in agriculture allowed the industry to gain a wide and capacious market for the sale of their products.

In 1924, a new "crisis of prices" began, but caused by other reasons. The peasants, collecting a good harvest, decided not to take it (bread) by the state in solid prices, but to sell it in the market, on which private traders gave the peasants a good price. By the end of 1924, prices for agricultural products increased dramatically and the main profit went into the hands of the most prosperous peasants - bread holders. The party again broke out a discussion about the "crisis of prices", which was already more acute, as the party leaders split on supporters to continue the promotion of the development of the agricultural sector and further concessions to the peasantry and very influential force that insisted in strengthening the development of the heavy industry. And although formally defeated supporters of the first point of view and from this crisis also reached economic methods, but it was their last victory. In addition, hasty measures were taken to limit the private tracer in the market, which led to his disorganization and dissatisfaction of the working masses.

In the mid-20s. The successes of NEPA in the revival of the Russian economy were obvious. Especially they affected the field of agriculture, which practically restored the level of pre-war production. Public procurement of bread in the peasants in 1925 amounted to 8.9 million tons. In the village, funds were accumulated for the development of the industry as a result of the overpayment of peasants for industrial goods that continued to be sold at overstated prices. Strengthened the financial system of the Soviet state. Golden Chervonets, universally introduced in March 1924, became a stable national currency, quite popular in the global market. Conducting a tough credit and tax policy, the profitable sale of bread allowed the Soviet state to get a big profit. The growth rate of industrial production in 1922 - 1927. On average, 30 - 40%, and agriculture - 12 - 14%.

However, despite significant rates in development, the situation in industry and especially in heavy looked not too good. Industrial production by the mid-20s. Even significantly lagging behind the pre-war level. The difficulties in industrial development caused a huge unemployment, which in 1923-1924. exceeded 1 million people. Mainly unemployment hit the youth, which was no more than 20% of employed in production. These breaks in the development of the national economy began to be considered part of the leadership as undermining the social base of Soviet power.

These are these two reasons: Euphoria from the success in economics in economics and difficulties in the implementation of industrial policy led to the beginning of turning in the implementation of NEP, which came to the second half of the 20s. Already at 1925-26 hoz. The year Soviet government has noticed a huge export of bread for the purchase of foreign equipment for the refurbishment of the domestic industry. In addition, measures were envisaged to strengthen the centralized management of the economy and to strengthen the public sector in the national economy. Such a policy came across new economic difficulties. In 1925, the volume of harvestings was reduced and the government was forced to abandon their plans. The investments in the industry decreased, imports decreased, and the village again felt the deficit of industrial goods. It was decided to increase the agricultural machine into fists and at the same time consider the system of government price regulation measures. These measures were already administrative, not an economic character.

Despite the measures taken, the state billets of bread not only grew, but even declined. In 1926, 11.6 million tons of grain were harvested, in 1927 - 11, and in 1928 - 10.9. Meanwhile, the industry required an increase in investment. In 1927, the volume of industrial production for the first time surpassed a pre-war level. New industrial construction began. In 1926, 4 large power plants were built in the country and 7 new mines were built, and in 1927 - another 14 power plants and among them DniproNes and 16 mines. Money for industry was sought by emissions, which in 1926-1928. amounted to 1.3-1.4 billion rubles; by increasing prices; by exporting grain, which in 1928 amounted to 89 thousand tons; By looking for funds within the industry itself - already in 1925, the own savings of the large industries covered 41.5% of all its costs.

However, all these sources could not cover the deficit of funds for financing industry in conditions when the pace of its development began to increase. The fate of the industry was in the hands of the peasant, who had to be reappeared to give everything he made, the state. The fate of the NEP depended on the methods of solving the issue of relationships between the city and the village.

Meanwhile, the state of affairs in agriculture and the village was not easy. On the one hand, the rise of industry, the introduction of solid currency stimulated the restoration of agriculture. Sowing areas began to gradually increase: in 1923 they reached 91.7 million hectares, which amounted to 99.3% to the level of 1913. In 1925, the gross grain collection of almost 20.7% exceeded the average annual fee for 1909-1913 . By 1927, the pre-war level was almost reached in animal husbandry. However, the growth of large commercial peasant economy was held back the tax policy. In 1922-1923 It was freed from the agricultural age of 3%, in 1923-1924. - 14%, in 1925-1926. - 25%, in 1927 - 35% of the poorest peasant farms. The prosperous peasants and fists who were in 1923-1924. 9.6% of peasant yards, paid 29.2% of the tax amount. In the future, the proportion of this group in the tax increase even more. As a result, the pace of crushing of peasant farms was in the 20s. Twice higher than before the revolution, with all the negative consequences arising from here for the development of production and especially its resources. Sharing the farms, the wealthy layers of the village tried to escape from under the tax press. The low marketability of peasant farms held back, and then led to underestimated exports of agricultural products, and therefore imports, so necessary for the modernization of the country's equipment.

Already at the XV Congress of WCP (b) in December 1927 in the speech I.V. Stalin emphasized the need for a gradual, but steady association of individual peasant farms into large economic teams. In winter, the crisis in the winter of 1928 played an important role in the transition to another version of the country's development. After his trip to Siberia in January 1928, I.V. Stalin became a supporter of the use of emergency measures when carrying out the bilbo labels: applying the relevant articles of the Criminal Code, the violent seizure of grain from the peasants.

The results of the new economic policy can not be assessed unequivocally. On the one hand, its impact on the economy should be recognized as favorable. In the 20s It was possible to restore the national economy and even exceed the pre-war level at the expense of internal reserves. Successes in the revival of agriculture made it possible to feed the population of the country, and in 1927-28. The USSR overtook the pre-revolutionary Russia in terms of food consumption: the townspeople and especially the peasants became better than before the revolution, eat. Thus, the consumption of bread per capita peasants increased in 1928 to 250 kg (until 1921 - 217), meat - 25 kg (until 1917 - 12 kg). The national income at this time increased by 18% per year and by 1928 by 10% in terms of per capita exceeded the level of 1913 and it was not a simple quantitative increase. For 1924-1928, when the industry is not simply restored, but transferred to expanded reproduction, with an increase in labor force by 10% per year, the increase in industrial products amounted to 30% annually, which indicated the rapid growth of labor productivity. The strong national currency of the Soviet country made it possible to use export-import operations for the revival of the economy, although their scale was insignificant due to the disadvantage of both parties. Grew material well-being. In 1925-1926 The average duration of the working day for industrial workers was 7.4 hours. The share of workers worked overtime gradually declined from 23.1% in 1923 to 18% in 1928, all workers and employees had the right to an annual regular vacation of at least two weeks. The years of NEP are characterized by an increase in the real wages of workers, which in 1925-1926. On average, the industry amounted to 93.7% of the pre-war level.

On the other hand, the implementation of the NEP was difficult and accompanied by a number of negative moments. The main one was associated with the disproportionate development of the main sectors of the country's national economy. Successes in the restoration of agriculture and the obvious lag of the rates of the industry led by the NEP through the strip of economic crises, which were extremely difficult to solve that only economic methods. In the village there was a social and property differentiation of the peasantry, which led to an increase in tensions between different poles. In the city throughout the 20th year. Unemployment increased, which by the end of the NEP was more than 2 million people. Unemployment gave rise to an unhealthy climate in the city. The financial system was fixed only for a while. Already in the second half of the 20th. In connection with the active financing of the heavy industry, market balance was broken, inflation began, which undermined the financial and credit system. However, the main contradiction, which led to the collapse of a new economic policy, was not in the field of economics, which could develop on the principles of NEP and further, and between the economy and the political system designed to use administrative management methods. This contradiction became irreconcilable in the late 20s., And the political system allowed it by coagulation of the NEP.

It is necessary to emphasize that in specific conditions for the existence of the USSR at the turn of the 20s - 30s, in a situation where the country was surrounded by a ring of hostile states, when to solve the qualitatively new and superheavy task of modernizing the country with the purpose of decisive, and most importantly, Fast overcoming the backwardness of the USSR could not count on the inflow of foreign capital (the obligatory condition of industrialization is an example of France, the USA, Tsarist Russia and other countries), and the possibilities of the NEP were very limited.

At the same time, it should be noted that the Lenin NEP, as the famous American historian W. Davis wrote, gave the world three elements of the economy of the future: state regulation, mixed economy and private entrepreneurship. An example of today's China, which successfully solves the tasks of its economic development on the principles of neonap, indicates a large historical value of the Bolsheviks of the 20th GG.

Internartian struggle

As already noted, the new economic policy gave rise to a number of serious contradictions. Considerable share of their share was political in nature, because the "private revival of capitalism" was carried out by the party, the formation of which took place on the ways of compromise with capital, but in a tough and merciless struggle with him. A significant part of the Communists, as well as significant segments of the population perceived by the NEP as a return to private property, and together with it - to social injustice, inequality. Practically did not accept the new course "Working Opposition", which had a fairly wide support in the party and the working class. Her leaders A. Hatpnikov and V. Medvedev discovered that the NEP is incompatible with the principles of the dictatorship of the proletariat and contradicts the spirit and letter of the party program. They believed that the fruits of the victory of the working class took advantage of the peasantry, bourgeoisie and urban meshness, while the proletarians revealed to the exploited layers of society. The "Working Group" headed by A. Myasnikov, deciding this abbreviation as a "new exploitation of the proletariat", was against NEP. Party leadership could not discounted and forecasts of Russian emigration on the development of the Soviet state on the NEPA paths. At the beginning of the 20s. "Interchange" appeared, whose ideologues, in particular N. Offers, called on emigration to reconcile with the Soviet authorities and abandon the active struggle with her, because "Revolutionary Russia turns into its social being in the" bourgeois ", proprietary country." Such estimates have echoed with NEP estimates within the Bolshevik party, in which significant layers of the Communists associated the possibility of restoration of capitalism with a private patrony psychology of the peasantry capable of becoming a mass support of counterrevolution under favorable conditions. Many parties believed that the NEP did not move forward, but discarded back, preserving the routine and backwardness of the country.

Soviet Russia until 1921

During the Civil War, the Government of the Bolsheviks conducted policies " military communism" For this it:

Nationalized all enterprises, i.e. All enterprises were withdrawn from private property and transferred to the state's property;

All production is subordinate to the central leadership;

Made a complete ban on private trade and entrepreneurship;

Money is canceled, the distribution of goods was carried out by cards;

Universal labor service has been introduced.

Preparation of NEPA

After the end of the civil war, the peasantry did not want to put up with the policies of military communism. The violent seizure of food caused the refusal of peasants to engage in agriculture. In 1920-1921, mass peasant uprisings were held, the army was sent to suppress. In March 1921, the kronstadt sailors were rebuilt, which were supported by Mensheviks and Sours. In this situation, Lenin concludes: "Only an agreement with peasants can save the socialist revolution in Russia."

New Economic Policy (NEP)

In March 1921, in the congress of the RCP (b), Lenin proclaimed the NEP. To implement it, the government:

Allowed free trade;

Conducted a monetary reform;

Allowed freedom of entrepreneurship in the field of production of consumer goods and services;

Introduced a solid natural tax on the peasants.

However, all major enterprises remained in the hands of the state. Thus, during the NEP, the Bolsheviks tried to combine the emerging command-administrative system with free market relations.

Results of NEPA

As a result, the NEP quickly recovered the small industry. The heavy industry was recovered slowly. By 1927, the pre-war level of food production in agriculture, light industry, coal and electricity manufacturing was restored. but NEP could not solve problems:

Village poverty;

Unemployment in the city;

Heavy industry development

Economic lag from developed countries in Europe.

Sunset NEPA

Entrepreneurs felt the temporalness of the NEP and did not seek to develop production, and the richers on speculatory products. Foreign capital was afraid to invest (invest) money in the economy of the USSR. By the end of the 20s, economic growth rates significantly decreased. The economy has entered the crisis. Since 1924, the Bolsheviks have begun to create a command and administrative system in the economy. The government developed disputes on the further path of economic development. N. Bukharin He advocated the deepening and development of the NEP, which ultimately led to the restoration of capitalism. Preobrazhenskyhe made an active state intervention in the economy, state regulation of economic processes and for the development of industry by command methods. The side of Preobrazhensky supported I.V. Stalin. Since 1929, the struggle with NEP began.