National income consists of. Features of the formation of national income. Watch what is "National Income" in other dictionaries
National income (National Income) - calculated in monetary terms the cost of the newly created in the country during the year of the aggregate product representing the income, brought by all the factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship).
The national income of the country is equal to () and indirect taxes. On the other hand, national income can be determined as the amount of all revenues for the year in the form of wages, industrial and trade profits, the percentage of invested capital and land rent.
National income is one of the most important generalizing indicators economic Development countries. National income is made of:
- wages of workers and salary employees;
- additional payments;
- real revenue ownership owners;
- pure percent of PO consumer loans;
- corporate profits;
- revenues of owners.
National income - newly created (per year) in the industrial production sectors (interpretation adopted in Marxist literature). For many years, the national income in this interpretation was considered as a base for further expanded reproduction and growth of the material well-being of people and was the main indicator of Soviet statistics.
The growth of national income depends on two factors: the rate of productivity growth (intensive) and the growth rate of the number of people occupied in material production (extensive). The amount of pure products of individual industries of material production - produced National Income. If you calculate the amount of consumption funds and, we get the so-called used national income. It is less than produced in the amount of losses in the national economy (as well as the balance of foreign trade).
In the modern interpretation, the sources of national income are not limited to material production: they also include all the production activities, the role of which in recent decades is rapidly increasing. In this interpretation, the national income is the entire pure national product, differing from the gross national product on the volume of depreciation. It can be noted three approaches to the calculation of national income:
- An approach based actually on income (Income Approach) - National income as the amount of income from economic activity (profits, rent, wages); That is, it is - total incomeobtained by suppliers of resources for their contribution to the production of GNP. It is equal to GNP minus deductions that are not any income.
- Expenditure Approach). Here is the national income - the total cost of costs for and, accumulation of reserves, etc.; With this approach, the national income decays for payments:
- first, households ( wage, percentage, dividends and rent) spent on consumption (designated - FROM);
- secondly, the government (taxes less subsidies coming to government spending) - G.;
- thirdly, - owners of enterprises (profits investing in the economy) - I..
- Output approach (Output Approach). Here, national income acts as the cumulative value of all products of industries. national economy.
Thus, we obtain the main identity of many macroeconomic models (It is necessary to emphasize: closed models). This is a identity (or rather, approximate equality in terms of volume) of the national product, national income and national costs:
Y ≡ n ≡ c + i + g,where
Y. - national product;
N. - National income;
C. - consumption;
I. - Investments;
G. - State (governmental) costs.
Turning to an open model, it is also necessary to take into account the results of foreign economic activity (balance of foreign trade, import and export of capital, profits of transnational companies, etc.), and some other elements (usually adopted designation NX. With a corresponding sign - plus or minus).
Currently, in domestic practice, national income as an official summary indicator does not appear. However, it preserves, of course, analytical significance and in this capacity is used in the system of national accounts.
When analyzing the economic dynamics, the index of the physical volume of national income is applied; To calculate it, net products of different years are estimated at comparable prices (directly reduced to a specific date or - for a long period - calculated by the chain method). When analyzing in the statics of the distribution and redistribution of national income, it is necessary for its calculation in the actual (current) prices. The latter are used, however, and when analyzing the speakers, characterizing the value shifts for the period under study.
As a parameter in a number of economic and mathematical models of the development of the national economy, the relationship between the consumption foundation and the accumulation fund in national income is applied. It serves as one of the factors determining the effectiveness of economic development.
GNP.) - the cumulative value of the entire volume of final production of goods and services in current prices (Nominal GNP) or the prices of the base year (real GNP) produced in the territory of this country and abroad using the factors of production belonging to the country. In other words, the GNP is all the products produced by this country for a certain period of time, the cost of all goods issued and services rendered. Since the new system of national accounts, GNP is renamed to gross national income (GNI). However, national statistics of some countries continue to adhere to the previous terminology.GNP, along with the gross domestic product, is the basic, most holistic and generalizing macroeconomic indicator, since production volumes make it possible to estimate the economic power of this country. The higher the GNP, the, therefore, more products produce the sectors of the national economy.
Methods for calculating GNP
GNP \u003d GDP + Balance of primary revenues obtained from abroad or transmitted abroad (such first income is usually referred to pay, income from dividend property)
Nominal and real GDP
Due to the constant dynamics in the volume of GDP production of each country, as a rule, changes over time. If the volume of per capita GDP increases, then this indicates an increase in the standard of living of citizens of this society. On the contrary, the negative dynamics of the GNP indicates economic crisis. Consequently, comparing the GDP of two different years, you can find out in which of them the standard of living of citizens was higher.
However, with such comparisons, the following problem arises. The fact is that GDP is measured in monetary unitsah (rubles, dollars, euro, etc.), which in different years may have a different purchasing power due to price changes. For example, if GDP was 1000 monetary units in 2000 and 2005, and at the same time during this period of time the price level has increased, then in reality the standard of living has decreased, because at the same amount at the end of the period, it is possible to acquire less than at the beginning. Therefore, in order to be able to compare GDP in different years, it is necessary to take into account the dynamics of prices. For this purpose, the concepts of nominal and real GDP are introduced.
Nominal GDP - production volume in this year, expressed in prices of the current period.
Where Q. - volume of produced goods or service, P. - The cost of this product or services in the market.
Real GDP - Production volume in this year, but expressed in the prices of the base period (for example, the previous year, with which the GDP value is compared; allows you to more accurately compare the data, making amendments to price increases):
where P. b.a.s.e.
- The cost of this product or services on the market during the base period. To illustrate, consider the following example. Let in the economy in 2000, only two benefits are produced: product 1 and goods 2. At the same time, 80 pcs were released in 2000. Goods 1, the price of which was 5 monetary units, and 50 pcs. Goods 2 at a price of 12 monetary units per piece. Consequently, the nominal GDP 2000 amounted to: 80 x 5 + 50 x 12 \u003d 1000 monetary units. Let, further, in 2005 60 pcs were produced. Goods 1 at a price of 6 monetary units and 40 pcs. Goods 2 at a price of 16 monetary units. Nominal GDP 2005 is equal: 60 x 6 + 40 x 16 \u003d 1000 monetary units. Thus, nominal GDP has not changed over the years. However, due to the increase in prices, real GDP 2005, i.e. The volume of 2005 in prices in 2000, decreased: 60 x 5 + 40 x 12 \u003d 780 monetary units.
The ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP is called gDP deflator. For our example, the GDP deflator in 2005 is 1000/780 \u003d 1.282. GDP deflator shows what magnitude has grown general level prices in the economy (in this example, by 28.2%).
see also
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Watch what is "gross national product" in other dictionaries:
gross national product - - EN Gross National Product GROSS Domestic Product Adjusted for Foreign Transactions, I.E. - EN GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION To The Figure for Gross Domestic Product Must Be Added Any Income Accruing to Residents of ... Technical translator directory
Ground National Product (GNP) - (Gross National Product GNP) (Political Economy) General monetary value The final goods and services produced in the economy for the year, including income from foreign property ... Large Sociological Dictionary
Nominal gross national product - not adjusted with the price level of the product; reflects current prices, expressed in national currency At the current rate ...
Potential Ground National Product - (Economic potential) - the volume of production in full of resource employment. The full employment of resources involves maintaining the share of unloaded production facilities at the level of 10-20% of their total volume and natural level of unemployment ... Dictionary of Economic Theory
Gross domestic product - (GROSS Domestic Product, GDP) Definition of GDP, History of Origin and Calculation Methods Information about the definition of GDP, History of Origin and Calculation Methods Content\u003e Gross Domestic Product This is the definition of gross domestic,)
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