In the aggregate number of the working-age population. Who is included in the economically active population. Employed and unemployed
Developing an effective government demographic policy in order to influence the processes of reproduction of the population and ensure its employment requires the study of labor resources.
Labor resources - this is a part of the working-age population that has the physical and mental abilities and knowledge necessary to carry out useful activities.
Labor resources are a category that occupies an intermediate position between the economic categories "population" and "total labor force".
To understand the essence of the concept of "labor resources", you need to know that the entire population, depending on age, is divided into:
Persons under the working age (from birth to 16 years inclusive);
Persons of working (working) age (in Ukraine: women - from 16 to 59 years old, men - from 16 to 64 years old inclusive);
Persons over working age, upon reaching which an old-age pension is established (in Ukraine: women - from 60, men - from 65).
Depending on the ability to work, a distinction is made between able-bodied and disabled persons. Disabled persons of working age are persons with disabilities of the 1st and 2nd groups, and able-bodied persons of nonworking age are adolescents and working retirees.
Labor resources include:
Working-age population, except for non-working disabled persons of the 1st and 2nd groups and non-working persons receiving a pension for preferential terms(women who have given birth to five or more children and raise them up to eight years old, as well as persons who retired earlier due to difficult and harmful working conditions);
Working persons of retirement age;
Employed persons under the age of 16.
They also include persons of working age who are potentially capable of taking part in work, but who are employed in household and personal subsidiary plots, on-the-job studies, and in military service.
Labor resources are divided into the following features (Fig. 2.3):
Rice. 2.3. Classification signs of labor resources
In the structure of labor resources from the standpoint of their participation in social production, two parts are distinguished: active (functioning) and passive (potential).
Concept "labor resources" wider than concept "economically active population", since it also includes able-bodied unemployed people and full-time students. Really behind the concept "Labor resources" is the amount of the population that can be made to work, that is, which is physically capable of working.
The size of the labor force depends on the officially established age limits - the upper and lower levels of the working age, the share of the working-age population among the working-age population, the number of people involved in social labor and those outside the working age.
Age limits are established in each country by applicable law. In Ukraine, the working age is considered: for men - 16-65 years, for women - 16-60 years. Working age limits in different countries are not the same. In a number of countries, the lower limit is set for 14-15 years, and in some countries - 18 years. The upper limit in many countries is 65 for all or 65 for men and 60-62 for women.
Life expectancy and retirement age in individual countries are shown in table. 2.1.
Table 2.1
Life expectancy and retirement age IN SEPARATE COUNTRIES
|
Country |
average life expectancy |
Retirement age (general) |
||
|
men |
women |
men |
women |
|
|
Germany |
||||
|
United Kingdom |
||||
|
Australia |
||||
The leading role in the labor force is played by the working-age population.
Able-bodied population - this is a set of persons, mainly of working age, capable of participating in labor activity, according to their psychophysiological data.
In practice, a distinction is made between general and professional performance. General working capacity assumes that a person has physical, psychophysiological, age data that determine the ability to work and do not necessitate special training. Professional ability to work is the ability for a specific type of work, acquired in the process of special training.
The number of labor resources can be increased due to the natural growth of the working-age population, reducing the proportion of the disabled among working-age people, viewing the age limits of working capacity.
V modern conditions the main sources of replenishment of labor resources are: young people who are entering the working age; servicemen dismissed from the armed forces in connection with the reduction in the size of the army; forced migrants from the Baltic countries, Transcaucasia, Central Asia.
Quantitative changes in the number of labor resources are characterized by such indicators as absolute growth, growth rates and growth rates.
Absolute gain determined at the beginning and end of the period under consideration. This is usually a year or longer.
Growth rate is calculated as the ratio of the absolute number of tinder resources at the end of a given period to their value at the beginning of the period. If the rates for a number of years are considered, then the average annual rate is determined as the geometric mean by the formula:
where T pr. ser. - Average annual growth rate.
A quantitative assessment of trends in the state and use of labor resources allows one to take into account and determine the directions for increasing their efficiency.
Able-bodied population a population capable of fully participating in social work due to its physical capabilities. Age boundaries T. n. in each state, due to different socio-economic conditions, are practically associated with some traditional and legal (see Work Ability) norms - age qualifications, educational qualifications, etc. Share of T. n. depends on the age structure of the entire population of a given country. In developing countries this share is the least of the total population, in developed capitalist countries it reaches 65%. In world statistics, it is customary to consider T. n. at the age of 15-64 years, in 1970 it amounted to 58.2% of the total population of the world. The concept of T. n. close to the concept of Labor resources, but the latter not only presupposes an age characteristic, but also takes into account qualifications, the composition of professions, etc. V.V. Pokshishevsky.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "able-bodied population" is in other dictionaries:
Glossary of Social Statistics Terms
EMPLOYED POPULATION IN WORKING AGE- - the population of working age, with the exception of non-working disabled persons of I and II groups and non-working persons receiving a pension on preferential terms ... Social statistics. Dictionary
The population of the Yaroslavl Region, according to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, is 1,272,468 people. The population density is 35.2 people / km². Urban population 1,045,526 people (82.2%), rural population 226 942 ... Wikipedia
Population. Economically active population- Statistics refer to the economically active population of Latin American countries all employed, unemployed and job seekers for the first time (the able-bodied population, in accordance with the conventionally established age limits, in Latin America ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America"
The population of Tuva, according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia as of January 1, 2012, is 309347 inhabitants, including the urban population of 165756 people (53.58%). General statistics The population of Tuva as of the beginning of 2011 ... Wikipedia
The total population of Ethiopia is 88.0 million. (estimate for July 2010, 14th place in the world). (most live in countryside). Year Population 1 2 200 000 500 1 600 000 1000 2 400 000 1500 3 600 000 1800 8 000 000 1900 11 901 000 ... ... Wikipedia
working population- The totality of people capable of participating in social labor activities [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] EN able bodied population DE Bevölkerung im arbeitsfähigen Alter FR population apte au ... ... Technical translator's guide
POPULATION OF EMPLOYED AGE, EMPLOYED- the population of working age, with the exception of non-working disabled persons of the 1st and 2nd groups and non-working persons receiving a pension on preferential terms ... Big Dictionary of Economics
The totality of people able to participate in social labor activities (Bulgarian; Български) able-bodied population (Czech; Čeština) práceschopné obyvatelstvo ( German; Deutsch) Bevölkerung im arbeitsfähigen Alter ... ... Construction vocabulary
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION- ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, a part of the population engaged in socially useful activities that bring them income. The concept of E. a. n. plays an important role in a comprehensive analysis of the role of human resources in the economy. development. E.A.'s share n. depends on the share ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary
human; in 1979 - 5546.4; in 1989 - 5685.0; in 1999 - 5752.1; in 2000 - 5809.3; in 2001 - 5872.4; at the beginning of 2002 - 5918.0 thousand people. However, not all of the population of working age is able to work. The exception is non-working invalids of war and labor of the 1st and 2nd groups; men 50–59 years old and women 45–54 years old, receiving pensions on preferential terms.
Working age population includes all persons 16-59 years old (16-54 for women) with the exception of non-working people with disabilities of labor and war of the 1st and 2nd groups, as well as men (50–59 years old) and women (45–54 years old) receiving pensions on preferential terms.
Able-bodied population- this is a set of persons, mainly of working age (16–54 for women, 16–59 for men), who, according to their psychophysiological data, are capable of participating in the labor process. The able-bodied population is a narrower concept in comparison with the concept " working age population ", since the latter includes both able-bodied and disabled persons of working age.
In the working-age population by gender predominantly female or male population is distinguished. In areas dominated by industries with predominantly male labor, as a rule, there is an unemployed female able-bodied population (for example, the mining industry in the city of Soligorsk). Conversely, the predominance of female labor (at the Orsha flax mill) raises the problem of a shortage of the male population. This problem is demographic and social at the same time, because it gives rise to difficulties in creating and strengthening a family, leads to a decrease in marriage and fertility, an increase in divorce rates, increases staff turnover, which reduces their qualifications.
By degree economic activity distinguish between economically active and economically inactive part of the working-age population.
in our country - this is a part of the population that provides their labor for the production of goods and services. The economically active population includes the entire employed population, the unemployed and women on maternity, maternity and childcare leave.
To the economically inactive working-age population includes students and pupils, people who are engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives, and other persons who are not employed economic activity as well as military personnel.
The share of the economically active population calculated for certain age groups is called labor activity of the population. The economically active population in the republic was: in 1990 - 5150.8 thousand people; in 1995 - 4524.2; in 1999 - 4542.0; in 2000 - 4537.0; in 2001 - 4537 thousand people; the economically inactive population in 1995 was 1324.5; in 2000 - 1467.6 thousand people; in 2001 - 1560 (Table 2).
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Economically active population
By the degree of employment in the composition of the able-bodied population, the working (or employed) able-bodied population and the non-working (unemployed) are distinguished. The employed population of the Republic of Belarus was 4410 thousand in 1995, and 4441 in 2000; in 2001 - 4435, which is respectively 97.5%; 97.9%; 97.7% of the economically active population. Consequently, the main issue in the management of labor resources is the question "what and how the employed population is employed".
The number of unemployed in 1995 was 114.6 thousand people; in 1999 - 100.0; in 2000 - 96.0; in 2001 - 102 thousand people, which amounted to 2.5 percent of the economically active population; 2.2; 2.1 and 2.3%.
In other words, the economically active population is the part of the population employed in the economy of the country, including those employed in the personal economy, i.e. the overwhelming majority of the working-age population. In accordance with UN recommendations the economically active population includes not only actually employed persons, but also the unemployed seeking paid work.
Economically active population combines:
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1) the entire able-bodied population of working age, with the exception of students with a break from work, serving in the Armed Forces;
2) persons who are beyond the working age, but are employed in social production;
3) persons employed in subsidiary, cooperative and household, personal farming.
In foreign publications the concept of economically active population is similar to the concept of labor force. In Russian literature, labor is a qualitative characteristic that expresses the presence of the ability to work, a special kind of product.
Within the economically active population, labor statistics distinguish the concept industrial population(as a set of people employed in industry and construction) and the agrarian (or agricultural) population. In accordance with this, there are concepts: an industrial country (for example, Belarus); agricultural country (for example, Bulgaria).
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Thus, the concept of the able-bodied population does not coincide with the concept of labor resources, since the latter include not only the working and non-working able-bodied population, but also the working disabled population.
Labor resources of the Republic of Belarus (thousand people)
At the same time, not only the able-bodied population is employed. In addition to the working age population, two groups of the population outside the working age are involved in work in our society: the working population is younger than the working age (up to 16 years) and the working population older than the working age (men 60 years and older, women 55 years and older) ... Persons of the last age groups (disabled by age, but employed) are included in the labor force.
The number of labor resources of the Republic of Belarus was in 1995 - 5848.7 thousand people; in 1999 - 5927.9; in 2000 - 6004.6; in 2001 - 6097 (Table 3). As part of labor resources by work ability there are two groups: the able-bodied working-age population and the working disabled population (older people and adolescents). The shortage of the first group is compensated by the workers of the second group.
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Able-bodied population.
Working age: Men 16-59, Women 16-54. This is a collection of people capable of work by age and health.
The size of the working-age population minus the disabled persons of this age who are not working, minus the number of pensioners at this age.
Labor resources. This is the part of the country's population that is employed in the economy or not, but capable of age and health. This is the able-bodied working-age population, working adolescents under 16 years of age, persons over working age, employed in the economy or unemployed.
Also taken into account balance of pendulum migration. Natural movement- change in numbers excluding migration. Replenishment - the entry into the working age of adolescents and the involvement of disabled persons. Retirement - mortality, retirement, retirement and termination of work and disability. To characterize the intensity, the following are used: the coefficient of natural increase and the coefficient of migration growth.
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Workforce balance- statistical table.
Section 1 - The number and reproductive composition of the population (the number of labor resources in total, including:
a) able-bodied population of working age,
b) working adolescents,
c) working pensioners.
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Section 2 - Distribution of labor resources by type of employment in total, including:
a) the number by industry,
b) students of working age, studying with a break from work,
c) able-bodied population of working age not employed in the economy).
Economically active population- the part of the country's population that provides the supply of labor (employed + unemployed). Employed- having an occupation that generates income. Unemployed- over 16 years old, had not recently had a job, were looking for it, were ready to start it. Economically inactive population- non-working and not looking for work (children, housewives, students and other persons).
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Distribution by age and employment.
Disabled and preferential pensioners (D)
1. Population of working age = B + D + D + E
2. Able-bodied population = B + G + E
3. Labor resources = B + C + G + E + F + W
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4. Employed in the economy = B + C + F
5. Unemployed = G + W
6. Economically active = B + C + D + H + F
7. Economically inactive = A + D + E + I
7.1 Economically inactive population of working age = D + E
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7.2 Economically inactive population of non-working age = A + I
8. Labor resources = 6 + 7.1 -D
1. Coefficient of working capacity of the population - the share of the working population in the total number.
2. Coefficient of working capacity of the working-age population - the share of the working-age population in the working-age population.
3. The employment rate of the entire population - the share of the employed in the total number.
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4. Employment rate of the working-age population.
5. Coefficient of total workload - the number of persons of incapable working age per 1000 persons of working age.
6. Replacement rate of working-age resources - the number of children and adolescents per 1000 people of working age.
7. Retirement load ratio - the number of pensioners per 1000 people of working age.
8. Unemployment rate - the proportion of the unemployed among the economically active.
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9. Coefficient of economic activity - the share of economically active among the total population.
Section 44. People and Labor
Determine how the proportions between the age groups of Russians have changed.
According to the data in the table, we can say that since 1997 the number of the working-age population has been decreasing, while the working-age population and older is increasing.
questions and tasks
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1. Explain the meaning and content of the concepts of "economically active population" and "labor resources".
Labor resources are part of the country's population capable of working on the farm. These include the able-bodied population of working age, as well as retirees employed in productive work and some adolescents from 14 to 16 years old (for them, a reduced working day is established and hard work is prohibited).
Economically active population - includes people employed in the economy and the unemployed.
2. What population is able to work?
In our country, men between the ages of 16 and 60 and women between the ages of 16 and 55 are considered able-bodied.
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3. How is the population of working age, younger than working age and older than working age determined?
In our country, the population under the working age includes children under 16 years of age. Able-bodied men are considered to be between the ages of 16 and 60 and women between the ages of 16 and 55. People over working age include women over 55 years old and men over 60 years old.
4. What does unemployment depend on? In which areas and why is it high enough?
The main reason for unemployment in Russia is a deep socio-economic crisis, which led to a sharp decline in production not only at individual enterprises, but even in entire industries: the military-industrial complex, agriculture, mechanical engineering, light industry, etc. The unemployment rate depends from the provision of labor resources with jobs. Unemployment is high in the republics of the North Caucasus. The republics of the North Caucasus have a high natural population growth, the proportion of people below the working age is 3 times higher than the proportion of people above the working age. This means that every year thousands of young people enter the working age and require new jobs that are in short supply. Another factor in the growth of unemployment is associated with the concentration in a number of districts and cities of enterprises and industries that are experiencing a decline in production. These are the centers of the military-industrial complex and other industries. The decline in production entails a reduction in jobs and even the closure of some enterprises.
FINAL TASKS ON THE TOPIC
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1. Natural population growth is:
a) the proportion between the number of births and deaths;
b) the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths;
c) the number of births during the year;
d) the number of people who entered the country during the year.
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b) the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths
2. In terms of population, Russia is inferior to:
a) India; e) China;
b) Ukraine; f) Indonesia;
in the USA; g) Pakistan.
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a) India, c) USA, e) China, f) Indonesia, g) Pakistan.
3. How and for what reasons has the population of Russia changed in recent years?
The population of Russia is declining. This is due to the natural decline in the population, which is no longer covered even by mechanical growth. Now in all regions of Russia the natural increase is negative. Now mechanical growth can no longer make up for the losses associated with natural population decline.
4. What types of population migrations were typical for the former USSR? How did their character and direction change after its collapse?
The former USSR was characterized by active internal migrations. Often they were forced: associated with collectivization, repression, etc. External migrations at different times of the existence of the USSR had a different direction. During the Civil War (1917-1924) and in the post-war period, there was a significant forced (for political reasons) emigration. She also amounted to about 5 million people. During the Great Patriotic War, Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians and Germans emigrated from the USSR. 450 thousand former Soviet citizens who did not want to return to the USSR after the end of the Great Patriotic War became emigrants.
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In the post-war period, waves of ethnic emigration began, although a small number of “defectors” - political emigrants - also left. A significant number of Jews, Germans and representatives of other peoples emigrated. Since 1989 the emigration of Germans, Jews and Greeks has been allowed. After the collapse of the USSR, the nature and direction of migrations changed. They leave Russia mainly for the CIS and Baltic countries (52%). Mainly to Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. From other countries of the world, the largest flows of immigrants from Russia are directed to Germany, Israel and the United States. The bulk (95%) of those entering Russia are residents of the newly independent states that were formed during the collapse of the USSR. At the same time, the main flow of arrivals (67%) falls on Kazakhstan and Ukraine. After the collapse of the USSR, Russians began to leave the CIS and Baltic countries for Russia in large numbers.
5. What are the features of the two main zones of settlement in Russia?
According to the peculiarities of the settlement of people in Russia, two main zones are distinguished. The main settlement zone covers almost the entire European part of the country, with the exception of the North. In Asian regions, it narrows and stretches in a narrow strip along the south of Siberia and the Far East. Its natural conditions are among the most favorable and most favorable for human life. Therefore, the development of this territory began long ago. There is a high population density (on average 50 people / km2), all cities with more than 500 thousand inhabitants and the largest urban agglomerations are located.
The North Zone extends north of the main settlement zone. It occupies 64% of the country's territory. Natural conditions here are not favorable and unfavorable for the life of the population and its economic activity... But the most important natural resources are concentrated here. Settlement in the North zone is focal: near large deposits raw materials and ports, along transport routes and along river valleys. Compared to the Main Zone of Settlement in the North zone, more costs are required for development, construction, and wages.
Main categories of the population
In the total population, there is a category able-bodied population, which includes people over 16 years old. The working-age population is divided into two parts: included in the labor force (L) and not included in the labor force (NL).
To category not included in the labor force include people who are not employed in social production and do not seek to get a job. People fall into this category:
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firstly, supported by state institutions and therefore called institutional population, which are excluded from the labor force automatically, since they are not considered potential components of the workforce:
serving sentences in prisons,
in psychiatric hospitals,
secondly, who, in principle, could work, but do not do it for various reasons, i.e. which do not want or cannot work and are not looking for work:
full-time students(because we must learn);
retired(both for age and health reasons - because either they have already worked their way, or they can no longer work);
housewives(since, although they work full time, they are not in social production and do not receive payment for their labor);
tramps(because they just don't want to work);
people looking for work but desperate to find her and therefore stopped searching(since those desperate to find a job are counted in the non-labor force rather than the unemployed, despite the fact that they would like to work, then their presence in the economy underestimates official unemployment rate).
To category included in the workforce refer to people who either have a place of work in social production, or do not have a job, but want to work and they are actively looking for work. Therefore, the total workforce is divided into two parts:
employed(employed - E) - these are people having a job in social production, and it does not matter whether a person is employed full-time or part-time, full-time or part-time (in this case, he is considered incomplete or part-time). A person is also considered to be employed if he does not work for the following reasons: on holiday; sick; is on strike; due to bad weather or natural Disasters. However, this category does not include people employed in the shadow economy, since they are not officially registered anywhere and are not recorded by statistical services;
unemployed(unemployed - U) - these are people of working age, not having a job, but actively looking for it, those. making special efforts to find a job and ready to start work immediately, or waiting to start working from a certain date. Job search is the main criterion that distinguishes the unemployed from people who are not included in the labor force.
Thus, the total labor force is equal to the total number of employed and unemployed:
(In this case, the military, although formally refer to the employed, as a rule, when calculating the unemployment rate indicator, are not taken into account in the total labor force. This indicator is usually, if not specifically stated, calculated only for the civilian sector of the economy.)
So, you should distinguish between the categories "Able-bodied population" and "Total labor force"... The category of the able-bodied population also includes a part of people who do not belong to the total labor force.
Indicators of changes in the number of employed and unemployed, the size of the labor force and the number of those not included in the labor force are indicators of flows. Moving between these categories is constantly taking place.
Some of the employed lose their jobs and become unemployed. Some of the unemployed find work by becoming employed. Some of the employed quit their jobs and leave the public sector of the economy (some retire, some become a housewife), and some of the unemployed, in despair, stop looking for work, which increases the number of those who are not included in the labor force. At the same time, a part of people who are not employed in social production begins an active search for work (non-working women; students who graduated from higher educational institutions; wanderers who have changed their minds). In a stable economy (in a state of equilibrium), the number of people losing their jobs is equal to the number of people finding jobs.
The main unemployment rate is an indicator of the unemployment rate. Unemployment rate (and) represents the ratio of the number of unemployed to the total labor force(the sum of the number of employed and unemployed), expressed as a percentage:
Another important indicator labor statistics stands for indicator labor force participation rate, which is the ratio of the labor force to the total working-age population, expressed as a percentage:
and reflects the share of the working-age population present in the labor market.
able-bodied population
The Russian-Italian Dictionary of Finance and Economics. - "Russian language-Media". P. Galland. 2005.
See what the "working-age population" is in other dictionaries:
Able-bodied population - a population capable of fully participating in social work due to their physical capabilities. Age boundaries T. n. in each state, due to different socio-economic conditions, are practically associated with some ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
WORKING POPULATION OF WORKING AGE - - population of working age, with the exception of unemployed invalids of I and II groups and unemployed persons receiving pensions on preferential terms ... Glossary of terms on social statistics
WORKING POPULATION IN WORKING AGE - - population of working age, with the exception of unemployed invalids of I and II groups and unemployed persons receiving pensions on preferential terms ... Social statistics. Dictionary
Population of the Yaroslavl Region - The population of the Yaroslavl Region, according to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, is people. The population density is 35.2 people / km². Urban population people (82.2%), rural population ... Wikipedia
Population. Economically active population - Statistics refer to the economically active population of Latin American countries all employed, unemployed and job seekers for the first time (able-bodied population, in accordance with the conventionally established age limits, in Latin America ... ... Encyclopedia of Latin America
Population of Tyva - The population of Tyva, according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia as of January 1, 2012, is inhabitants, including the urban population of people (53.58%). General statistics The population of Tuva as of the beginning of 2011 ... Wikipedia
Population of Ethiopia - The total population of Ethiopia is 88.0 million. (estimate for July 2010, 14th place in the world). (most live in rural areas). Year Population ... ... Wikipedia
able-bodied population - The totality of people able to participate in social labor activities [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] EN able bodied population DE Bevölkerung im arbeitsfähigen Alter FR population apte au ... ... Technical translator's guide
POPULATION IN WORKING AGE, EMPLOYED - the population of working age, with the exception of unemployed invalids of the 1st and 2nd groups and unemployed persons receiving pensions on preferential terms ... The Big Economic Dictionary
POPULATION WORKABLE - a set of people able to participate in social labor activities (Bulgarian; Български); able-bodied population (Czech; Čeština) práceschopné obyvatelstvo (German; Deutsch) Bevölkerung im arbeitsfähigen Alter ... ... Construction dictionary
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION - ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION, part of the population engaged in socially useful activities that bring them income. The concept of E. a. n. plays an important role in a comprehensive analysis of the role of human resources in the economy. development. E.A.'s share n. depends on the share ... ... Demographic encyclopedic dictionary
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Disabled citizens - who are they? Payments to this category of the population
Disabled citizens are people who are unable to work. Also, this category includes people who cannot work on a regular basis as a result of past illnesses, injuries, or due to congenital or acquired pathologies.
Disabled dependent citizens
Disabled citizens are conventionally divided into several categories:
- children under the age of majority;
- pensioners receiving monetary allowance and not engaged in labor activities;
- disabled people;
- persons who have lost their guardians.
Disabled citizens are all those who are unable to work due to health conditions or because of age restrictions.
The status of a disabled citizen can be assigned to the following categories of people from the above categories:
- Minors under the age of sixteen. From this age, there comes a period when a teenager can get a job.
- All students enrolled in institutions until the age of majority.
- Students who receive higher professional education in full-time form until the age of 23 years.
- All citizens who have received disabilities of the first and second groups. In the third group, all persons receive the status of a disabled citizen.
- All retirees who do not engage in work after the award of retirement benefits.
- Persons who are unable to perform labor activities for various reasons, including health problems, old age.
Benefits for caring for a number of disabled persons are received by those citizens who do not work and have not been assigned any other types of benefits: unemployment, pensioners, etc.
A social pension for disabled citizens is assigned under different circumstances. It is received by minors upon the loss of a breadwinner, upon obtaining a disability, as well as upon reaching the retirement age, at which there are not enough pension points for appointment insurance type pensions.
Disability concept
There is a concept of disability that was introduced back in the Soviet era in 1966. The document explains who belongs to this category of people. According to him, disabled citizens are all pensioners who have reached retirement age and receive benefits. Also, this category includes people who have the first, second and third groups of retirees, regardless of whether they have been assigned a retirement benefit or not. Disabled citizens include children who have not reached the age of majority.
Disability is confirmed by a notary after the presentation of a document confirming the identity of a citizen, a pension certificate and a certificate of the SEC.
Disabled heirs
The legislation establishes the rules of inheritance for disabled citizens. Many changes have been made to them lately.
Article 1148 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that heirs who at the time of inheritance have the status of a disabled citizen can legally inherit property together with their successors. At the same time, it is not necessary to live with the testator.
Pensioners as a disabled population
The law states that disabled citizens are pensioners receiving benefits. Despite the fact that some retirees are employed, some experts believe that it is necessary to recognize such people as disabled. To some extent, they are right. Every person who has reached retirement age must rest, receiving the status of a disabled person. However, the size of pension payments, the lack of specialists - all this forces people to work for quite a long time, even after reaching retirement age.
Caring for a disabled citizen
The legislation stipulates who and until what time should take care of an unemployed citizen. Thus, children must be looked after by parents or parent, guardians until they reach the age of majority. If the child goes to study abroad, then the status of a disabled person is extended to 23 years.
Caring for disabled citizens falls on the shoulders of able-bodied relatives: parents, children and other family members. If an unemployed citizen has no relatives who can take care of him, then he is taken into the care of the state. Such people are assigned an allowance, which is calculated individually for each person.
Disabled different groups need varying degrees of care. Some are taken into public care: they are assigned a monthly allowance, as well as various benefits.
Funding for the payment of benefits for the disabled population comes from federal budget... For these purposes, a fixed amount is allocated annually.
Payouts
According to the decree of the head of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2006 No. 1455 "On compensation payments", There are several options for benefits.
- Benefits to citizens living in the territory of the Russian Federation and caring for a disabled citizen, namely, a disabled person of the first group, disabled children, elderly people who need outside care.
- Pension compensation, which is assigned for payments to disabled people.
- Caring for a disabled citizen is paid.
All payments are established by the department, which carries out the distribution and payment of pensions to the disabled population.
The procedure for assigning payments
In order for payments to be assigned to disabled citizens, the following documents must be provided:
- A statement from a disabled person giving consent to take care of him. If a person is recognized as incapacitated, then the application is submitted from a legal representative. The document must be accompanied by a paper confirming guardianship.
- A statement from the person who will be caring or leading the caring.
- Certificate confirming that the pension has not been assigned. It is taken to the PF RF at the place of stay.
- Certificate confirming that no unemployment benefits are being received.
- Extract from the certificate of examination of a disabled citizen.
- Conclusion, which confirms that the person needs constant care.
- Passport.
- Carer's employment record book.
- Certificate of full-time education of the caregiver.
Conditions for terminating payments
The pension for disabled citizens does not stop being paid, even if caring for him stops. A caretaker stops receiving benefits, if the unemployed person starts receiving a pension, unemployment benefits are assigned. If the unemployed person is assigned the first disability group and its term has expired, then the payments are also terminated.
Features of the appointment of payments
Provision of benefits to disabled citizens can be paid for the past time, but not more than three years. Such payments are claimed by those who have not applied to special agencies for the appointment of benefits for a long time for one reason or another.
In the event of the death of a disabled person, his caretaker receives his pension and other benefits.
Support and care for the disabled
All caregivers for disabled citizens receive a certain allowance. For each category of citizens, a certain support is calculated. So, for children who have not reached the age of majority, a monthly allowance is paid. For those who have reached retirement age, a pension is assigned. Its size depends on the retirement record and the size of the salary. These categories of citizens are looked after by able-bodied parents, children or other relatives. If there are none, then the state provides for minor children and pensioners.
A caregiver must be appointed for the disabled. However, if he goes to work or is assigned some kind of allowance, then he is removed from leaving. Your decision to stop caring for a citizen must be reported within five working days from the onset of an event that resulted in the receipt of other monetary allowances... If the caretaker does not report within the specified period in Pension Fund Russian Federation on going to work, then the PF has the right to demand the return Money, received unlawfully, being listed as caring for a disabled citizen.
People with disabilities fall into a separate category. They belong to disabled citizens, but often they cannot look after themselves and lead a life. Such people need the help of an able-bodied person.
An unemployed person is paid if he takes care of:
- a disabled child under the age of eighteen;
- a citizen who has reached 80 years of age;
- elderly people who, for health reasons, cannot take care of themselves.
Economically active population
Economically active population - provides a supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services. This requires work, but at the same time it can work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number employed in sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.
The economically active population is part of the workforce. The number of economically active population changes in individuals due to a certain period of time.
The number employed in sectors of the economy is an indicator characterizing the labor demand in the labor market. The labor demand is higher, the employment rate in the economy is higher. Every economy strives for indicators of full employment of the population.
The number of unemployed is the surplus of labor demand in the labor market. Usually the supply exceeds labor demand to objectively cause the availability of unemployment. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain areas of the labor market (regional by type of activity).
The economically active population (as defined by the International Labor Organization) is that the portion of the population between the ages of 15 and 72 who offers work to produce goods and services is considered.
As part of the economically active population, the categories of the population occupied by economic activity and the category of the unemployed are distributed.
Persons belong to the population engaged in economic activity for 16 years, which during the considered period are more recent:
1) work performed for remuneration, money or paid with them in natural form;
2) were temporarily absent from work due to illness, problem, research and other reasons provided for by law;
3) work performed without payment in a family business.
In the case of referring this or that person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used, according to which it is enough work for one hour in the reporting period in the field of economic activity that this person was included in the number of employed.
The persons belong to the unemployed population of 16 years, which during the considered period are more recent:
1) don't have any job;
2) are busy looking for work (independently or through employment services);
3) ready to get to work immediately.
The structure of unemployed connections is also a person who is trained towards employment services. As unemployed pupils and students, disabled and retired people are considered if they are actively looking for work and are ready to start.
The long duration of unemployment is the period during which the unemployed looks for work, from the start of the search until the considered period (duration of incomplete unemployment) or until employment is considered (duration of full unemployment).
The economically inactive population is made up of persons between the ages of 15 and 72 who are not considered to be engaged in economic activity or unemployed during the deliberate period.
The number of economically inactive population can be calculated as the difference between the number of the total population and the number of labor.
Economically active population, part of the population is occupied with socially useful operations that enter their income. The concept of “economically active population” plays an important role in a complex analysis of the role of human resources in economic development. The share of the economically active population depends on the share of the working-age population in the entire population, and also on the degree of employment of certain age groups.
The level of economic activity
The labor force participation rate in developing countries is lower than in economically developed ones. The differences would be more significant if economically active populations in developing countries did not join the children and women of rural areas, who to a very small extent participate in agricultural work.
The term "economically active population" is used in the system of the international standard of concepts, however, in capitalist countries, it is not strictly statistically defined, which complicates the comparison of data. According to the UN recommendations, the economically active population joins not only the actual workers, but also the unemployed, who are looking for paid work in this regard, the working economically active population is distributed. In foreign issues, the concepts of “economically active population” (economically active population) and “labor force” (labor force) are used interchangeably. At the international level, data on the economically active human population are statistically the most comparable. The share of the economically active person employed in agriculture serves as an indicator by which countries are divided into industrial (less than 35%), semi-industrial (35-59% in international statistics) and agrarian (60% or more). In the analysis of the age of the economically active population and gender, vocational, educational and qualifications structure, are important.
In the USSR and other socialist countries, the economically active population is united:
1) the entire working-age population of working age, with the exception of apprentices with a division from production, serving in the Armed Forces and employed in the household;
2) persons who are outside working age and employed in social production;
3) persons are engaged in personal auxiliary agriculture.
Indicators of the economic activity of the population, calculated for certain age groups, are called the labor activity of the population; they vary significantly across countries and regions depending on the level of social economic development... The activities of the human population remain on high level over a long period of working life, it decreases slightly only in the pre-retirement decade; the activity of the female population in most industrialized countries, as a rule, has two maximums, while the second (after the birth of children) is much lower.
Active population groups
The population now active (ie, during the considered period) includes all persons who worked or were unemployed during a short period (for example, one week or once). This category is also called labor force. Changing current activities allows you to get an impression of the condition of the economically active population over time.
Typically, the active population includes persons whose status (employed or unemployed) has been of certain origin for a longer time (eg years).
The economically active population is distributed by the following types of occupations: employed in the economy; attending religious cults; military personnel; unemployed.
Employed in the economy belongs to working under employment (regardless of whether it was permanent, temporary, seasonal, strange or one-off work), not under employment in all sectors of the economy. Thus, among those employed by persons of economic activity, the following are considered: work in state-owned enterprises and organizations; in cooperatives of all types, in private enterprises and in enterprises with a mixed form of ownership; in the farmer (country) farm; self-employed, in a personal auxiliary farm and in private individuals, and also employed without pay in the family business.
Religious attendants - persons employed in the area of religious worship (for example, a priest, pastor, priest, rabbi, mullah, etc.). Military personnel - personnel service of persons and conscription. Persons who are in the service of law enforcement as a private or command structure, which gave special ranks to the militia, internal services, justice, do not concern them. Military personnel who are trained in full-time military educational institutions are not considered to be employed. Unemployed - persons who have reached a certain age, adopted in national legislation as lower related from the working age, who, during a reasonable period, did not have a job (profitable occupation) were engaged in searching for it through employment services or independently (i.e. placed advertisements in the press addressed directly to the management, or took steps to organize a business), and were ready to start work immediately or during the period specified by national legislation. Pupils, students, retirees and people with disabilities are considered unemployed if they have been looking for work and are ready to start.
Absolute and relative measures
In the case of the peculiarities of the economically active population in international practice, differentiate: usually the active population and the population that is currently active.
The system of absolute and relative measures is applied to the characteristics of the economically active population and its use. To compare this part of the population to the total population or labor force, coefficients having independent cost v economic analysis, are calculated.
In the structure of the economically active population of the Russian Federation, 90% are employed in the economy. The number of this category of the population during the period of economic transformations is constantly decreasing due to the decline in production, reducing investment in the economy, the destruction of developed economic communications. Labor force (economically active population) or able-bodied population at working age - provides supply in the labor market, includes employed and unemployed.
The most important group of the economically active population is its division into the employed and the unemployed.
Employed and unemployed (economically active population) component of the region's labor force. Therefore, in the literature quite often the levels of employment and unemployment are defined as the share of employed and the share of unemployed in total amount work force.
Employment status
This covers that part of the economically active population that has found itself in a difficult financial situation due to the general or partial absence of work or low level of its payment.
Here 36% of the economically active population are employed with a prom page do not provide.
The employment status is determined for the economically active population, depending on the degree of economic risk. An element of this risk is the relationship of the person given authority with other workers and businesses. For unemployed persons who previously had a job, the status is determined by their previous employment.
The number of unemployed, the number of economically active population and the number employed in the ILO method are determined only by the data of sample checks. Depending on the specific features of the employment model in certain countries, the ILO method can be transformed, adapting the model of taking into account the employment of this country. But, general principle remains constant: the unemployment rate, the number of the unemployed population and the economically active population are determined by the data of random checks. These differences may affect, in particular, who is considered as unemployed according to these checks, what is the working age. Using the ILO method, the working age limit is from 15 to 72 years. As for Russia, all these indicators are now defined by three methods: the first method is the ILO method based on random tests; the second - on the balance of the labor force; and the third method - according to the registration of the unemployed in the employment service. The balance of the labor force is published by the results of the processing of statistical reports of enterprises, which they send to the organization of state statistics. As employed in it, only those employed in enterprises of this region, about which data were provided by statistical organizations, are considered. The third method is the main one now. He considers as unemployed only persons of officially registered unemployed. These data were obtained from the federal employment service, its regional and local centers. It should be noted that the data on the number of unemployed registered with the employment service differ significantly from each other. So, for example, in St. Petersburg the number of officially registered unemployed persons for the end of 1997 was 31 911 people, the real unemployment rate was several times higher. Accordingly, the calculations of the unemployment rate are also different.
The peculiarities of the formation of the economically active population from monetary incomes are reflected in the change in their structure depending on the sources. Changes in the structure of monetary incomes of the population have been observed throughout the entire period of the reforms, however, the structure of monetary incomes has changed most significantly. The changes are associated, and their feature is in it, with a significant increase in the share of income from entrepreneurial and similar types of activities. Although it should be noted that the stability of the share of social transfers in cash, the income of the population is usually maintained by replenishing the contingent of recipients.
Active population
The most important component of socio-economic statistics is labor statistics. Its indicators characterize the number, composition, regional distribution and use of labor resources; use of working time; the level and dynamics of labor productivity; labor costs, labor costs, conditions, labor protection and labor safety and other phenomena and processes. Labor statistics are covered in full in the industry statistics course. This topic discusses the indicators of the number of labor resources and working hours.Labor resources are the part of the population capable of working (in accordance with labor legislation).
They include:
Able-bodied population of working age (men from 16 to 59 years old inclusive, women from 16 to 54 years old inclusive, minus disabled people);
working adolescents under 16 years of age and persons over working age.
In the Soviet period, under the conditions of the universal obligation to work and the official absence of unemployment, the main task was to ensure full employment of the labor force. Since the end of the 50s. in our country, the annual balance sheet development on labor resources has been introduced into statistical practice. The balance development program expanded, improved, received regional development... The main place belonged by right to the balance of labor resources, which comprehensively combined information from statistics bodies, other ministries and departments, statistics of economic sectors on the number, composition and use of labor resources. Labor force balances were developed for the country as a whole and for the regions. On the basis of these balances, the sources of the formation of the labor force, real connections and proportions in the distribution of labor resources in the regions of the country, sectors of the economy, forms of ownership and other characteristics were studied.
In a market economy, instead of the universal obligation to work, the voluntariness of socially useful labor is proclaimed. Unemployment is officially recognized. Along with the market for goods and services and the market valuable papers the labor market is being formed as one of the sectors of the market economy. The labor market is becoming the main tool for the formation of demand and supply of labor, its distribution and redistribution among industries and sectors of the economy, regions of the country. The most important problems of the market economy are employment and unemployment, their correlation. For adequate reflection and study of the ongoing processes on Russian market A system of labor market statistics indicators has been created.
Population of the country = Economically active population + Economically inactive population.
Economically active population = Labor force = Employed + Unemployed
The main tasks of labor market statistics are:
Collecting information on the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the labor force;
study of the state and trends in the Russian labor market using indicators of the level of employment and unemployment;
study of the composition of the employed and unemployed according to different criteria (sex, age, industries and sectors of the economy, by regions of the country and other criteria) in order to regulate the labor market, develop programs to increase the level of employment, employment of the unemployed, their professional retraining, etc.
EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED
The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.
The economically active population is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.
The economically active population (also called labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.
Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:
Carried out work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; vacations initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;
performed work without pay in a family business.
When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country - from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.
The unemployed are persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:
Did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);
looking for a job;
were ready to get to work.
This definition is consistent with the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO). When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE POPULATION
Economically active population - provide labor supply in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of those employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.
The economically active population is part of the labor force. The number of the economically active population changes in individuals in relation to a certain period of time.
The number of people employed in sectors of the economy is an indicator that characterizes the demand for labor in the labor market. The higher the demand for labor, the higher the employment rate in the economy. Every economy strives for indicators of full employment.
The number of unemployed is the excess of supply over demand for labor in the labor market. Usually, the supply exceeds the demand for labor, which objectively determines the presence of unemployment. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain sectors of the labor market (regional, by type of activity).
ECONOMICALLY INACTIVE POPULATION
The economically inactive population is persons capable of work (they are included in the labor force), but in a market economy they cannot be classified as either employed or unemployed.
An economically inactive population is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.
The categories of economic activity of the population considered above do not imply that once having entered a group, a person remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, therefore, one should consider not only the size of each group for a certain period of time, but also the movement (flows) of people between different groups. The diagram below illustrates a dynamic labor market model.
In a market economy, the possibility of unemployment of the able-bodied population is allowed. The reasons for the economic passivity of this part of the population are social status, material security, housekeeping, raising children, or the hopelessness of employment. In Russia, this category of the population is several million people. The primary task of statistics is to study employment, that is, the degree of satisfaction of the supply of labor. The study also examines the number, composition, territorial distribution and reasons for economic passivity.
The indicators of population employment and unemployment rate relate to the main characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the country and the state of the labor market.
Unemployed economically active population
1) do not have a job;
7) other persons.
The able-bodied population is considered to be the totality of people capable of work by age and state of health. In the Russian Federation, the age for men is considered to be able-bodied - from 16 to 59 years and for women - from 16 to 54 inclusive.
Active population rate
Employment is the activity of the population, which is associated with the satisfaction of personal and social needs, does not contradict the legislation and brings, as a rule, earnings, labor income.Unemployment is understood as a socio-economic situation in which the proportion of the proactive, able-bodied population is not able to find a job that these people can do. Unemployment is determined by the excess of the number of people seeking to find a job over the number of available jobs that correspond to the profile and qualifications of applicants for these jobs. The unemployed are able-bodied citizens who are looking for work, are at the labor exchange and do not have a true opportunity to get a job according to their education, work skills, profile. Many countries in the world today have unemployment rates of about 5% of the total employed.
According to the ILO recommendations, statistics considers the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the economically active population, that is, the labor force. Its measurement makes it possible to carry out macroeconomic monitoring and develop an employment strategy.
The labor force (economically active population) is understood as the part of the population of working age from 16 to the accepted age of retirement, employed or unemployed, with the exception of the incapacitated. It provides labor supply for the production of goods and services and is included in the UN System of National Accounts. Distinguish between the general labor force, which includes persons in military service, and civil, minus those in true military service.
The number of economically energetic population is determined in relation to the established time and includes the employed and unemployed, and is also estimated according to the data of sample analyzes of the population on employment issues. When measuring an economically vigorous population, international standards advise that a minimum age be specified. It can be taken at 6 years (Egypt), 10 years (Brazil), and increase to 16 years (USA, Sweden). In many countries it is 14-15 years old. In some countries, two minimum limits are considered: a lower one for obtaining data on economic activity and a slightly higher one for classifying the economically active population: for example, in Canada - 14 and 15 years, India - 5 and 15, Venezuela - 10 and 15, in Russia - 15 and 16 years old.
In addition to the minimum, a number of countries have a maximum age, that is, persons older than it are excluded from the calculation of the economically active population. For example, in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway the upper limit of 74 years is adopted, and in Russia the age is limited to 72 years. At the same time, with the further classification of the population into employed and unemployed, as in most countries, the age limit has not been established. To get an idea of the level of economic activity of the population of a country (region), the share of the economically active population in the total population is determined.
The most reliable level of economic activity of the population is found as the ratio of the economically active population to the population aged 15 to 72 years, due to the fact that this age group participates in sample surveys. People of working age have the greatest labor activity (in Russia, women are 16-54 years old and men are 16-59 years old). Therefore, the level of economic activity of the working-age population is also found as the ratio of the economically active working-age population to the working-age population.
Each age group has its own level of economic activity, that is, the desire to work regularly increases until the age of 35-39 (in some years, up to 40-44) and then gradually decreases.
Although age affects the level of economic activity, it remains quite high for men and in older age groups. According to this, the age variation in the level of economic activity among men is lower by 10 percentage points.
Correct definition the economically active population depends on the accuracy of finding its two components: employed and unemployed.
The employed population includes men and women aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who during the study period:
1) carried out work for hire for a fee (on a full or part-time basis), as well as other income-generating work (independently or for some citizens);
2) were temporarily absent from work due to injury, illness, vacation and other reasons;
3) carried out work without remuneration in a family enterprise.
The unemployed population is persons 16 years of age and older who, during the study period:
1) did not have a job (profitable occupation);
2) they were looking for work (they turned to the administration of the enterprise, the employment service, used personal contacts, posted advertisements in the press, etc.) or took steps to organize their own business;
3) were ready to start work.
When classified as unemployed, all three criteria listed above must be present. The unemployed also includes persons who are trained in the direction of employment services or perform paid public works received through employment services.
According to the ILO methodology, the unemployed can also include students, pupils, disabled people and retirees, if they were looking for work and were ready to start it.
The unemployed include persons who are not employed, who are registered with the employment service as job seekers, and who are identified as unemployed.
To characterize the state of the labor market, statistics mainly provide data on the absolute number of employed and unemployed in the country and by region.
The level of employment determines the degree of employment of the able-bodied population in the sphere of socially useful labor. The value of this indicator reflects the formed economic situation in the country, which depends on the formation of scientific and technological progress in society, productive forces, and the level of the population's welfare. Employment can be full, partial and hidden.
Full-time employment counts on the formation of such living conditions that provide an opportunity for every active person to choose if he wants to be busy or unemployed. Full employment does not mean that the entire working-age population of working age must be employed. Based on a number of circumstances, some active persons may not participate in the labor process (people who do not work only because of the desire to change their profession; women caring for children, etc.). Full employment is a fairly rare phenomenon in a market economy and is obtained when the demand for labor coincides with its supply.
Part-time work acts as an advance certain work part-time, part-time. It is characteristic of countries with a high level of economic development, where the level of science creates economic conditions for part-time employment.
Part-time work (week) can be more widely used in our country, especially among women, not as a forced, but as a deliberately chosen form of labor organization.
Special attention deserves hidden employment (potential unemployment), in which workers do not work voluntarily in part-time employment, use leaves on the initiative of the administration without retention or with partial retention of wages. This apparent underemployment underestimates the actual number of unemployed.
Employed and unemployed (economically active population) determine the constituent part of the region's labor resources. Consequently, in print media often the levels of employment and unemployment are calculated as the proportion of the employed and the proportion of the unemployed in the total labor force. The indicators of the levels of employment and unemployment obtained in this way are in terms of their values lower than those analyzed earlier (in% of the economically active population).
The considered interconnections of indicators are correct only in general. In some situations, they may be violated if the unemployed includes a huge proportion of persons of incapacitated age (for example, retirees looking for a job and ready to start it), since the age limits for the categories “labor resources” and “economically active population” do not coincide. Nevertheless, in most cases, the considered equalities take place.
The economically inactive working-age population, that is, the population that is not part of the labor force, includes:
1) pupils and students, listeners and cadets attending daytime educational institutions and not engaged in any activity other than study;
2) persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick people, relatives, etc .;
3) persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but they can and are ready to work;
4) persons who do not need to work, regardless of their source of income.
The economically inactive population, according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO), includes two more categories that are not part of the labor force:
1) persons receiving pensions (for old age, on preferential terms, for the loss of a breadwinner) and are not engaged in any activity;
2) disabled people receiving pensions and not engaged in any activity.
It is supposed to distinguish between actual unemployment, which is calculated according to the ILO methodology on the basis of sample surveys, from that officially registered with the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation.
There are three groups of citizens who have applied to employment services with a request for employment:
1) workers, but striving to change their place of work or work part-time in their free time from their main work;
2) students of general education schools and other educational institutions, students who want to work in their free time from studies;
3) free at the time of job search.
In order to optimize the unemployment rate in the region, the third group of citizens who have applied to the employment service with a request for employment is of maximum interest. Most of these citizens are unemployed officially recognized by law.
Basically, the unemployment rate found according to the sample survey is 3-6 times higher than the level recorded in the bodies of the State Employment Service of the Russian Federation. The difference between these indicators is even more noticeable if we take into account the composition of the unemployed by gender.
Active population of Russia
In connection with recent events, the number of the economically active population in Russia has increased. This is due to the introduced reforms, which were introduced in accordance with the requirements of the International Labor Organization. The state joined the new standards this year, and, according to them, the economically active population now has no age limit.To be more precise, the top bar has been removed. According to the old requirements, the range varied from fifteen to seventy-two years. But from now on, all old people will be ranked as labor resources. The government explains this by the fact that many people continue to work even after retirement. But, most likely, such reforms are explained by the planned increase in the retirement age. This article will tell you about the economically active population of Russia.
All residents of the country are divided into two huge categories. These are the unemployed and labor resources. The number of economically active population can be determined by subtracting the second category from the total population. Labor resources mean that category of people who exposes their ability to produce goods and provide services to the appropriate market. But since Russia now adheres to international standards, then, according to them, this definition has two semantic meanings. The classification feature of its division is only the time that is characterized.
That is, the following types of this concept can be distinguished:
1. Labor resources that are engaged in any kind of activity in a specified period. This indicator is determined per day, month, week, and so on. That is, we can say that it is an active workforce.
2. If the economically active population is defined for a period lasting more than seven days, then it is characterized by the concept of an ordinary active population.
What are the criteria for establishing this category?
The share of the economically active population is determined by a large variety of factors. They are individual for each country and are set at the discretion of the government. But if a country adheres to world standards, for example, the International Labor Organization, then its legislation should not contradict the requirements adopted among other countries. The framework according to which the economically active population is defined includes criteria for legal capacity, level of professional training, age limit and legal framework.
How is the age limit set?
There are certain criteria regarding such a factor as the age limit. They are mainly due to international requirements. First, according to the standards of various world organizations, the range within which the labor resources of the state are defined is delineated from all sides. That is, there is a minimum threshold and a maximum. But even these indicators do not have a clear numerical expression.
1. Indicators applicable for collecting and analyzing data on economic activity. This range is slightly narrowed. In Russia, its lower limit is sixteen years. The upper limit is determined by gender. For women, it is equal to fifty-five years, and for men - sixty.
2. Indicators applicable for the distribution and grouping of labor resources. This range ranges from fifteen to seventy-two years (but with current year the upper limit is removed for the RF). This number is necessary for specialized research, analysis of statistical data.
The difference in these categories of indicators is due to the fact that there are active pensioners in the Russian Federation. In the country, most of the respected elderly are forced or want to continue their labor activity. The same goes for young people, adolescents, who work for the same reasons.
That is, generally speaking, the economically active population of the country is those residents who are engaged in the provision of services and the production of goods and are in a certain established range. It starts from a threshold of fifteen years.
What kind of persons fall under the category of “labor resources”?
The economically active population is divided into two large types. These are people who are directly involved in any kind of labor activity or who are unemployed.
Persons carrying out activities in accordance with the concluded labor contract.
Individuals with the status of private entrepreneurs.
Ancillary workers.
Persons engaged in the sale of goods or the provision of services in accordance with concluded one-time contracts.
Persons engaged in similar activities as in the previous paragraph. The only difference is in the regulatory document. Here it is a civil contract.
Persons holding a designated position or a specific post for which material remuneration is due.
Persons in military service in the armed forces of the Russian Federation or in alternative civilian service.
Persons who are students of professional educational institutions of the middle or higher category.
Persons who, due to circumstances provided for by law, are temporarily absent from the workplace.
Members of business associations and partnerships.
Who are “unemployed”?
The second category of the able-bodied population includes unemployed people. According to the definition of the International Labor Organization, these are those citizens who are not employed in any field of activity, do not receive material remuneration. But at the same time, it is believed that they are in search of a vacancy and are ready to get it at the right moment. It also provides for such an option that this person makes an attempt to start his own business.
The number of unemployed is officially registered by special government bodies... Within the regions, this is the responsibility of the employment services. But this is only in theory, which is compiled according to the analysis of data obtained from sample studies. In fact, the number of unemployed in Russia is much higher.
How is the workforce classified?
This category of citizens has its own structure, which is determined by various classification criteria. Chief among these is employment status. The role of the subject and his position in society are established in relation to him. The division according to this criterion is due to the relationship of the individual with the people around him. The second factor of division is the list of powers and obligations assigned to the worker. According to such a criterion as the status of employment, there are three categories. These are hired workers who do not work under a contract of employment, and others.
Who are employees?
This category of the economically active population includes those people whose labor activity is carried out according to the employment contract. It is an agreement that can be fixed orally, in writing, or in the form of a contract. It enshrines the obligations and rights of two parties - the employer, that is, the head of the enterprise and the employee. The contract also stipulates the material reward that the person will receive for the work done. The form of wages is also fixed, because it can be both in kind and in monetary terms.
Regarding the period for which the contract is concluded, hired workers are divided into several types. They are permanent, temporary, seasonal, or occasional employees.
What persons are not employees?
This includes persons in the second and third categories. Firstly, these are the people who are directly involved in hiring themselves. That is, this subspecies includes employers. These are people who carry out their labor activities at a subordinate enterprise.
Secondly, a constituent part of this category of the economically active population are persons whose sphere is outlined by trade union activity. It can also be people whose work is associated with craft skills. But they still have to work only for themselves.
Thirdly, without a contract of employment, subjects who work independently or in cooperation with others carry out labor activities. Their labor brings them profit. A feature of this category is that they do not use hired workers for personal purposes, who are employed on a permanent basis.
This also includes members of collective partnerships and family businesses. In the latter case, it is not necessary to receive material rewards.
Also, people who, for one reason or another, do not offer their services on the labor market, do not apply to employees. They belong to the third category, that is, they are not classified in any way.
Who is the inactive population?
The economically active population makes up almost ninety percent of the inhabitants of the Russian Federation. About six percent of Russian citizens belong to the inactive part. Mostly these are people who, due to certain circumstances, are not able to carry out labor activities. This can include full-time students, elderly people, people with disabilities. This category includes the unemployed, as well as those who, in principle, do not need to receive material compensation. Part inactive population there are also people forced to care for dependent or weak relatives.
What are the statistics of labor resources in Russia?
The economically active population is over seventy two million Russian citizens. Most of the labor force is concentrated in the capital region, and the highest unemployment rate is registered in Ingushetia. This perfectly demonstrates the picture that has developed regarding the employment rate in Russia.
Labor active population
Labor is a conscious activity of a person, in the process of which he, with the help of tools of labor, influences nature and uses it in order to create use values necessary to satisfy needs. Considered in such a general form, labor, as K. Marx wrote, is "... an eternal natural condition of human life, and therefore it is not dependent on any form of this life, but, on the contrary, is equally common to all its social forms." Historically, not only the content, character, but also the very attitude to work has changed. On the present stage In the development of society, an increasing role is no longer played by raw materials and materials, but directly by a person, not as an aggregate image of labor resources, but the main productive force of society, with its characteristic actions and deeds, interests and needs, incentives and motives that determine its behavior.Currently, the study of the workforce in terms of behavioral aspects is the subject of research in many disciplines, such as sociology, labor economics, psychology, etc.
Considering the essence of labor behavior, let us turn to the conceptual apparatus that reflects modern views on its definition.
The variety of criteria underlying labor behavior has led to the emergence of a large number of conceptual and methodological approaches to its definition. Therefore, considering the essence of labor behavior, let us single out the following: functional, reactionary, socio-economic.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the labor activity of the population as a characteristic that determines labor behavior.
Currently, many scientists define labor activity either through forms, or through the way it is manifested. In the first case, labor activity is considered to be the desire for innovation, the acceptance of part of managerial powers, an increase in requirements for the level of product quality, etc. In the second case, it is considered as the implementation of intellectual and physical potential labor force in the course of labor activity.
Labor activity is a form of influence of the subject of labor relations (personality, group) on the working environment, in which his expedient efforts are conditioned by freedom, initiative, consciousness, interested subjectivity, conscientiousness and serving to satisfy his needs.
From the point of view of I.V. Queen, the factors that determine labor activity are:
Social and labor relations;
labor behavior;
attitude to work;
objective labor conditions (content, nature and working conditions;
job satisfaction);
the quality of the worker's working life.
Their fixation makes it possible to substantiate the reasons for labor passivity and to reveal the reserves for the growth of labor activity of the subjects of the social and labor system.
The content of the concept of "labor activity" covers the actual labor activity, characterized by the quality and quantity of work performed (that is, labor productivity, the volume of work performed per unit of time, mastering advanced methods and techniques of labor), as well as the discipline of the participants labor process(compliance with the rules and regulations of the internal labor schedule, technological and labor discipline; indicators of equipment use) and the nature of labor activity - creative, non-creative (terms and degree of development of new technology, types of products; participation of employees in innovation, invention, improvement of the organization of production and labor) ...
As world experience shows, especially in Japan, much attention is paid to increasing the labor activity of production participants. Leading firms have created a management system implemented according to the principle of consensus, including the participation of employees in making a profit, managing an organization, introducing creative elements into the content of work, creating special means of motivation: a system of lifelong employment, group corporate spirit of the company, etc.
In the model of I.N. Piontovsky, one can see that labor activity acts as economic category, which is a process of realizing labor potential, depending on the labor position of the economically active population, legislatively enshrined human rights to work, as well as the conditions for realizing the activity of an employee in the process of work.
Among the trends of recent years is the increase in the composition of the economically active population of the region of workers with higher and primary vocational education. If in the first group the growth of the employed is expected in the long term, then in the second one, due to the completion of the modernization of basic production facilities and their transition to a new technological platform, it will decrease.
The highest share of the employed remains in manufacturing (23-24%), which is explained by the historically formed structure of the regional economy: the Vologda Oblast is predominantly industrial. There is a gradual decrease in the share of people employed in agriculture and forestry, and an increase, on the contrary, in the wholesale and retail... The growth in employment in the service sector, which is characteristic of a market economy, is also seen in an increase in the proportion of those employed in such types of economic activities as hotels and restaurants, transport and communications, health care and the provision of social services, etc.
The lag in labor efficiency is observed not only in relation to developed (USA, France, Japan), but also to developing countries (Estonia, Hungary). This may be due to both technological problems and the attitude of workers to work, the degree to which they realize their physical and mental abilities.
The attitude to work is quite plastic, it depends on the previously formed social attitudes, on the real organizational situation, which can be purposefully created by both firms and the state. In this regard, the length of the working day established by law within a calendar week serves as a quantitative reflection of labor activity.
All this may indicate a decrease in the level of labor activity among the bulk of workers, therefore, let us consider the length of the working week according to the age criterion.
The decrease in the length of the working week occurred just among the representatives of the groups aged 20 - 59 years, and most of all this affected workers from 30 to 39 years old (0.6 hours / person). At the same time, compared to 2000, the labor activity of young people (population under 20) and pensioners (over 60) in the labor market has increased significantly. Young people began to work 2.3 hours more on average, and people older than working age - 1.8 hours. These changes are a consequence of the spread of the practice of temporary employment of minors and persons over working age, as well as the financial distress of these socio-demographic groups.
These phenomena also reflect differences in legal regulations regulating the labor legislation of the countries, and in the level of production automation, and in traditions, attitudes and values. Therefore, the question arises: "How effectively do workers use their potential in the labor process?" Let us consider this on the example of monitoring the working-age population of the Vologda Oblast.
At the same time, one cannot fail to note positive trends in the labor activity of the working population. Thus, the share of workers who noted cases of overfulfilment of standardized tasks and rationalization activity increased slightly.
The listed negative phenomena in the labor activity of the population also indicate a decrease in the level of use in professional activity their abilities. So, employees who are not at all interested in submitting rationalization proposals, fulfilling and overfulfilling production standards, high quality work, etc., are characterized by a low level of realization of labor potential.
The most productive workers (those who rate their labor productivity highly) not only fulfill the plan (57%) and present the work done with high quality (53%), but also often overfulfill their output quota (33%). It is important that more active workers are characterized by discipline and responsibility for the results of their work, and, as a result, have higher wages than less active workers.
The results of the study indicate the absence in most cases of the creative component of labor: 41% of workers note that they use little or at least their creative abilities in work. Another 40% of the respondents show almost no initiative and enterprise and are not interested in promotion.
An alarming signal for employers should be that knowledge, erudition and qualifications, in the opinion of a quarter of workers, are not used by them. All this testifies not only to the low labor (creative, in particular) activity of the region's population, but also to the lack of demand for intellectual potential in the economy.
The most common qualities that workers use in their work are sociability (82%), moral and ethical qualities (80%), physical capabilities (79%), etc.
Thus, the analysis shows that at present there is a low level of labor activity of the population of Russia. This is expressed, first of all, in the level of labor productivity, which is several times lagging behind developed countries. This trend is based largely not on quantitative indicators (the length of the working week), but on qualitative ones (the nature of labor activity).
In this regard, in our opinion, it is necessary to intensify labor and form a reserve of highly qualified and motivated workers by:
Establishment of incentive forms of remuneration aimed at improving the quality of both results and the process of labor activity itself;
organization of programs to improve the qualifications of employees;
creation of favorable conditions at each workplace for the realization of the creative potential of the population.
The solution of tasks that serve to increase the pace and ensure the sustainability of economic growth, increase the real incomes of citizens, and achieve technological leadership, which the new leadership of the country sets for itself, is impossible without intensifying the labor activity of the population.
The composition of the economically active population
The economically active population, according to the definition of the International Labor Organization (ILO), refers to the part of the country's population aged 15 to 72 years, which provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services.The economically active population consists of people engaged in economic activities and the unemployed.
Persons who, in the period under review, are considered to be engaged in economic activity:
Carried out work for hire for remuneration (at least one hour per week);
carried out income-generating activities not for hire, with or without the involvement of employees.
Persons who were temporarily absent from work during the survey period due to illness, vacations, nursing, strikes and other similar reasons are not excluded from the number of employed, regardless of whether they were charged wage during their absence or not.
The number of employed in the economy does not include persons engaged in the production of goods or services in their own household only for their own consumption (cooking, sewing and repairing clothes for household members, cleaning the house, raising children, caring for household members).
The composition of the employed is also studied by type of ownership, gender, age, marital status, types of activity (in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Activities, Products and Services), occupation groups (in accordance with the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations), level of education.
In accordance with international standards In the practice of domestic statistics, the grouping of those employed in the economy by the status of employment has also been introduced. In this case, the object of classification is the work performed. The state (position, status) of a person in employment is determined by the nature of the economic risk associated with the work performed by him, as well as the nature of the relationship of this person within the established responsibilities with other employees and the organization.
The employed population by status in employment is divided into the following categories:
1. Salaried workers. This group includes persons who perform work for remuneration in accordance with the concluded labor agreement (contract, oral agreement) on working conditions and remuneration with a firm (enterprise) as legal entity or with natural person... At the same time, the basic remuneration guaranteed by the concluded agreement does not directly depend on the income received by the organization. All individuals elected or appointed to a salaried position, including managers who manage the organization on behalf of the owner, are considered employees. They also include ministers of religious cults, persons serving in the Armed Forces, internal troops, and state security agencies.
2. Employers. These include persons managing their own private (family) enterprise or firm, using the labor of employees on a permanent basis to carry out production activities. At the same time, the employer can transfer managerial functions to a hired manager, while retaining responsibility for the well-being of the enterprise.
3. Self-employed. This group includes those workers who, independently, or with one or more business partners, are involved in production activities that generate income, without the involvement of employees on a permanent basis.
4. Members of production cooperatives. This group includes persons who work for own enterprise, have equal rights with other members of the collective of owners who own this enterprise (cooperative) in solving production issues and distributing income.
5. Unpaid family workers are those who work in a family business owned by a relative and do not receive remuneration in cash or in kind.
The last four categories of employed have common characteristics that allow them to be combined into one group - self-employed, i.e. self-supporting themselves with work. The activity of this group of persons in one form or another is associated with the adoption of managerial decisions on which the well-being of the organization depends. The income of this group of persons is directly dependent on the results of the organization's activities for the production of goods and services.
The unemployed, according to the definition of the ILO, are persons of the age established to measure the economic activity of the population, for whom, in the period under review, the three criteria listed below were met simultaneously.
Did not have a job (income-generating occupation);
were looking for work (independently or with the help of employment services);
were ready to start work immediately (within the next period of time).
Pupils, students, pensioners are counted as unemployed if the last two criteria are met for them.
The duration of unemployment is understood as the length of the period during which the unemployed is looking for a job, from the moment the search starts until the period under consideration (the duration of unfinished unemployment) or until the moment of employment (the duration of completed unemployment).
Two indicators are used to analyze it:
Average duration and
median duration of unemployment.
Statistical publications show separately the number of unemployed registered with the state employment service (including those receiving unemployment benefits).
The economically inactive population includes persons aged 15 to 72 years who are not considered to be engaged in economic activity or unemployed during the period under review.
The economically inactive population includes:
Full-time students and students;
pensioners who have retired by age, length of service or on preferential terms;
disabled people;
persons who receive income from property;
housewives and others who are not working or looking for work for various reasons.
The balance of labor resources shows the economically inactive population of the working age with the allocation of persons studying with a break from production.
The economically inactive population amounted to 42.6 million people, including 20 million of working age, of which the number of people who do not want to work for various reasons exceeded 15 million.
The following relative indicators are used to characterize the state of the labor market:
1. Coefficient of working capacity of the population - the share of the working-age population in the total population.
2. Coefficient of working capacity of the working-age population - the share of the working-age population in the working-age population.
3. The employment rate of the population is the share of the employed population in its total number.
4. The employment rate of the working-age population is, accordingly, the share of the employed working-age population in the total population of the given age.
5. Coefficient of employment of labor resources - the share of the employed population in the number of labor resources.
6. Coefficient of total workload - the number of persons of disabled age per 1000 people of working age.
7. Replacement rate of labor resources - the number of children and adolescents under 16 years old per 1000 people. working age.
8. Aged dependency ratio - the number of persons of retirement age per 1000 people. working age.
9. Unemployment rate - the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population, expressed as a percentage.
10. The level of economic activity of the population - the share of the economically active population in the total population of the corresponding age group (aged 15-72, of working age).
The study of population employment also involves the analysis of the movement of jobs in enterprises and organizations as a result of their creation or liquidation. Bodies of the state employment service collect information on the needs of enterprises and organizations in workers.
Based on this information, the employment statistics determine the following indicators:
The total number of jobs equal to the sum of the actual number of employees and the number of job vacancies;
the number of vacancies (declared by enterprises and organizations the need for workers, assuming their full employment);
the number of additionally introduced jobs, equal to the number of employees that are accepted or can be accepted for newly formed in current period jobs as a result of expansion, reorganization of production, increased work shifts, etc .;
the load of the unemployed population per one declared vacancy.
The workload of the unemployed population was 6.6 people. for one free workplace.
An analysis of the problems of employment and unemployment would be incomplete without taking into account the length of hours worked, since part of the population may be employed only part-time or part-time due to the lack of full-time jobs in the labor market, or have leave on the initiative of the enterprise administration.
This phenomenon is called apparent underemployment. It can be statistically measured either by the number of people working part-time or having forced leave, or by the amount of lost working time. The latter is defined as the difference between the length of working time established by law and its actual duration.
Able-bodied active population
The able-bodied population is considered to be the totality of people capable of work by age and state of health. In the Russian Federation, the age for men is considered to be able-bodied - from 16 to 59 years and for women - from 16 to 54 inclusive.The economically active population (according to the definition of the International Labor Organization) is that part of the population aged 15 to 72 years, which offers its labor for the production of goods and services.
The economically active population includes the categories of the population engaged in economic activity and the category of the unemployed population.
The population engaged in economic activity includes persons over 16 years of age who, during the period under review:
1) performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind;
2) were temporarily absent from work due to illness, vacation, study and other reasons provided for by law;
3) performed work without pay in a family business.
When assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used, according to which work for one hour in reporting period in the sphere of economic activity, it is sufficient for this person to be classified as employed.
The unemployed population includes persons over 16 years of age who, during the period under review:
1) do not have a job;
2) are looking for work (independently or with the help of employment services);
3) ready to start work immediately.
The unemployed also includes persons who are trained in the direction of employment services. Pupils and students, people with disabilities and pensioners are counted as unemployed if they are actively looking for work and are ready to start it.
The duration of unemployment is the length of the period during which the unemployed is looking for work, from the moment the search starts until the period under consideration (the duration of unfinished unemployment) or until the moment of employment (the duration of completed unemployment).
The economically inactive population is comprised of persons between the ages of 15 and 72 who are not considered to be engaged in economic activity or unemployed during the period under review.
The size of the economically inactive population can be calculated as the difference between the size of the entire population and the size of the labor force.
The economically inactive population includes:
1) pupils and students, cadets attending day educational institutions;
2) persons receiving an old-age pension and on preferential terms, for length of service;
3) persons receiving a disability pension;
4) persons engaged in housekeeping, caring for children, sick relatives;
5) persons receiving income from property;
6) persons who are desperate to find a job, but who are ready to start work;
7) other persons.
Socially active population
In order to more fully reveal the essence of social activity, we will apply an integrated approach, which allows, relying on an interdisciplinary synthesis, to comprehensively and comprehensively study complex-organized research objects.So, from the standpoint of economics, according to M. Anastasyeva, social activity is personal responsibility for one's career and control of one's own working biography. A socially active person is a person who skillfully creates new connections. He is motivated by the desire to do what he knows best, than he loves and wants to do. His values are freedom, individuality, independence, following opportunities and connecting with groups of colleagues of interest to him. The most important thing for such an employee are goals and opportunities for self-realization.
The psychological point of view on social activity is best expressed, in our opinion, by the outstanding Russian psychologist and philosopher S.L. Rubinstein. In his opinion, social activity is an activity aimed directly at satisfying not personal, but social needs. A person's actions, directed not at objects that serve to satisfy his needs, cannot arise instinctively, but only because of the awareness of the dependence of the satisfaction of personal needs on the performance of actions aimed at satisfying social needs, a social function; its motive for the individual may be the satisfaction of personal needs.
Analyzing social activity as the implementation of selfless activity by an individual or a group of persons, S. G. Klimova divides social activity into mutual assistance, philanthropy, participation in campaigns in defense of social justice and participation in self-government. The condition for receiving or providing mutual assistance is belonging to a certain "we" for one reason or another. Philanthropy (helping other members of the community) is seen as helping one's commune, visiting the elderly, teaching the language of refugees, and so on, which does not include the social group to which they themselves belong. Social justice advocacy is based on people's desire to make some kind of social change. Here, the object of care is all the inhabitants of a locality or country, or all of humanity. Participation in self-government is present in all countries, but it is especially developed in those where there is a long tradition of self-government. People participate in self-government as members different groups, committees and government advisory bodies. Here volunteers take on a function that is not present in the previous types - the creation of rules of life for some local community.
The most acceptable for us would be the sociological definition of social activity proposed by B.A. Isaev. He views this concept as the ability of individuals to change social reality as a result of activities and external or internal stimuli. In social reality, it is not individual individuals that act, but communities of people, that is social groups... The factors that unite certain social groups are, for example, the common territory of residence, the need to protect it, the development of a common statehood, the armed forces, the joint use of natural resources, the solution of environmental problems, etc.
The level of social activity of the population modern Russia can be illustrated quite clearly by the results of an all-Russian study conducted on a representative sample (2000 respondents, 8 subjects), as well as the results of an expert survey and focus group interviews (100 expert interviews and 15 focus groups in 5 subjects of the Russian Federation).
Such a large-scale and in-depth study revealed a very low level of social activity of Russians. This is evidenced by the following data: 12.7% of the population participate in surveys on the life of the municipal formation and local self-government, 11.6% participate in citizens' gatherings, 7.7% participate in the work of public organizations, participate in solving issues and problems of the municipal community 9.1% of the population. Only 5.6% of the population participate in the local referendum.
Passivity is largely a consequence of the total lack of awareness of the population about their rights and opportunities to resolve local issues.
Let us note what forms of solving local issues are known to the respondents:
Local referendums as a means of solving certain problems - 3.5%;
on the possibility of voting on recalling a deputy, a member of an elected LSG body, an elected official - 2.1%;
on law-making initiative - 1.2%;
on participation in TPSG - 3.2%;
on public hearings - 2.1%.
The data of the sociological survey made it possible to find out: “In the solution of what tasks and problems local government do residents most often participate? " 23% of respondents participated in solving housing and communal services problems, 21% - in landscaping the territory, 16.3% - in ensuring the protection of public order and ensuring the personal safety of citizens, 11% - in organizing leisure and cultural events, 12.7% - in education and the organization of leisure for children and youth, 9.8% - in solving problems of protection environment other.
Note that the level of social activity of the population is strongly influenced by the involvement of citizens in social and political life, which, in turn, depends on a rather complex system of factors. As objective factors, there are age characteristics (lability of political consciousness, high susceptibility to manipulation), unstable financial situation (lack of work among students, low incomes at the start of a professional career for the working part of it), an authoritarian type of political regime (bureaucracy, opacity of the system of state power ), the phase of socio-economic development.
Subjective factors include trust in the institutions of state power, confidence in the future, satisfaction with one's life, the presence or absence of interest in politics, etc.
The all-Russian poll already discussed above has shown that the attitude of the population towards local self-government bodies is characterized mainly by aloofness from the authorities, disbelief in their desire and ability to solve the problems of residents, and the disinterestedness of their leaders. 60% of the respondents rated the activities of local authorities as low and very low, while the share of those who gave high marks was less than 2%. Only 1.2% of respondents noted an increase in confidence in local authorities for Last year... Trust in her has decreased for 44%, while for 25.8% it has not changed.
The distrust of the population in power structures leads society to an anomalous state. Anomie is understood as the uncertainty of a member of society regarding the prevailing norms in this society, ignorance of how to act correctly in a particular social situation and role. The shortest definition of anomalous society is reduced to the idea of it as having lost value orientations and all sorts of social norms. Numerous studies show that Russia has one of the highest levels of anomie, even taking into account other post-socialist and developing countries. Russians have become adherents of personal rather than public interest, which speaks of social ill-being. This is anomie.
As V.I. Inozemtsev, the individualization of society leads to its passivity. The state allowed Russians to own property, travel abroad, earn money, express their thoughts and have completely free access to information on the Internet - but created a system in which they can most effectively solve personal problems only individually. Today it is easier to give a bribe, negotiate with an official or bribe a policeman, judge, etc., than to defend your rights through collective actions. This is the reason why actions - from advocacy for political rights to trade unionism - have fizzled out in a society that is purely economic and cost-effective. This is the most important distinguishing feature of an economized Russian society today, which makes it unlike European ones, in which even a small attack on social rights brings hundreds of thousands of people onto the streets.
The identified features allow us to propose the following ways to develop a program to stimulate public activity:
1. Improving federal legislation, first of all - improving the system of local self-government in the country, providing local authorities with the necessary resources and opportunities to support public activity.
2. Strengthening the system of legal education of citizens in the country, regions, municipalities, informing them about the possibilities of participation in issues of local importance, providing citizens with the necessary guidelines and constant consultations.
3. Through the media, educational institutions, a system of actions at the level of the country, regions, municipalities, to promote the values of citizenship and social responsibility, informing citizens about effective examples of social activity. At the level municipalities development is needed special programs aimed at fostering local patriotism, a sense of belonging to the life of the city, village.
4. Creation at the level of the country as a whole, in each region and municipality of a system for the education of new leaders of local self-government.
5. Development of recommendations for municipalities to create a support system for public initiatives. The inclusion of indicators of the development of this system in the national system of indicators of the efficiency of the work of municipalities. Introduction of an incentive system for municipalities that work most effectively with the public.
Employment of the economically active population
Employment of the population is not only one of the most important economic characteristics... This category can be used to judge the welfare of the people of any state. At the same time, the level of employment of the population is assessed, which is an important macroeconomic indicator.Employment of the population is a socio-economic phenomenon. It is a socially useful activity of the population, the purpose of which lies in the satisfaction of social and personal needs, as well as in the receipt of earnings (income). This definition is given by the Law “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”. This most important document was adopted under No. 1032-1.
Employment of the population is also an economic category. It is a set of relationships that relate to the labor activity of citizens. This economic category expresses the degree of inclusion of the country's population in socially useful activities. She also points to the measure of the needs of enterprises in workers, to the availability of vacancies necessary to generate income. All these positions make it possible to consider the employment of the population as one of the most important characteristics of the labor market.
Some authors give another definition of this term. In their opinion, employment of the population is the main parameter necessary for the functioning of the labor market. Moreover, it is a certain type of relationship between people of an economic and legal nature. And this is not surprising, because a person acquires a job by joining one or another labor cooperation. And until the moment the employee remains in the chosen subsystem of the economic sector of the economy, these relations continue to take place.
The Law "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" explains which of the citizens of the country can be considered included in socially useful activities.
These are the people:
Working on labor contracts, as well as having any other service or work for which they receive remuneration;
- registered as an individual entrepreneur;
- engaged in subsidiary trades and selling products under concluded contracts;
- elected, approved or appointed to paid positions;
- performing various types of work in accordance with contracts of a civil nature or copyright;
- members of artels (production cooperatives);
- in the service of military, civilian alternative, in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs;
- students in full-time departments of educational institutions;
- temporarily absent from their workplace due to illness, vacation, conscription military service etc.;
- who are participants (founders) of organizations and possessing property rights in relation to the latter.
Market economy requirements
Since the nineties of the last century, Russia has abandoned the administrative-command type of management. Its economy began to shift to a market track, which required various reforms. This is also the sphere of employment. It has also undergone numerous changes. The development of innovations was based on the experience already received by developed countries. The result of the work done was legislative act"On employment of the population of the Russian Federation", which reflected the basic principles of the state on this issue. The first of these is enshrined in the Russian Constitution. It says about the voluntariness of labor and the existence of the right of citizens to freely dispose of their abilities for creative and productive work.
The second of the principles set out in the law concerns the responsibility of the state for the creation necessary conditions employment and free choice by citizens of the workplace. The country is also charged with the responsibility of ensuring and taking into account the long-term interests of the nation. This is the third principle of employment of the population. All levels of government should make efforts to put mechanisms into motion. state regulation, and also not to interfere with the market self-regulation of this area. In this case, financial opportunities should be used extrabudgetary funds, budget, public associations, enterprises and citizens themselves in order to achieve social and economic efficiency programs adopted by the government. This is the fourth principle of the state's policy in the field of employment.
Methods and methods of employment
In any state, the employment policy of the population is determined, first of all, by the tasks and goals set by the society. Moreover, each country can use own ways solving problems in this area. So, the American model is distinguished. It involves the creation of a large number of jobs where people are not required to be highly productive, and the income they receive is low. Such a labor market suits a significant part of economically active citizens. Formally, unemployment is low. However, the number of people with low incomes is increasing significantly.
Under the Scandinavian model, virtually the entire working-age population will have jobs with satisfactory pay conditions. This is possible when creating a large number of vacancies in the public sector of the economy. However, the implementation of this policy is fraught with the emergence of inflationary pressures and depletion of the treasury.
When creating the European model, the number of the employed population decreases with the growth of labor productivity and incomes of workers. This policy must be supported by an expensive system of benefits for the ever-increasing number of unemployed.
Types of employment policy
In the field of employment of its citizens, the state can carry out both active and passive activities. The first of them involves the adoption of a number of measures aimed at promoting employment of the population. An active policy includes measures aimed at preventing layoffs of workers and preserving jobs, improving the qualifications of the population and their vocational training, organizing various public works, supporting private entrepreneurship, etc. All this helps to reduce the unemployment rate in the country.
When pursuing a passive policy, the state does not take measures to promote employment. It only traces the negative consequences that take place with a high level of unemployment. At the same time, the state pays benefits to unemployed citizens and provides services for the selection of a job. For this purpose, an employment service is being organized in the country. In addition, when pursuing a passive policy, the state formalizes early retirement. It also provides material or non-monetary support to the unemployed.
Developed countries with socially oriented market economy, conduct, as a rule, an active policy in the field of employment of citizens.
At the same time, the state seeks to:
The job was for everyone who was looking for it;
- labor activity was at the most efficient level;
- there was freedom to choose a workplace.
Achievement of the set goals
In order to outline effective measures in the implementation of the policy in the field of employment of citizens, it is necessary to take into account the level and stage of economic development of the entire country. An important factor in solving employment problems will be the merger of this direction with the solution of various economic and social problems.
How should the level characterizing the employment of the population rise? Improvements in this indicator are carried out using methods that are appropriate to practice and national circumstances.
The previously developed methods must be constantly coordinated in the framework of social and economic policy... Moreover, all decisions in the field of employment require active action not only on the part of the state. Steps in this direction are needed from employers as well as from employees.
Employment Promotion Bodies
In the Russian Federation was created federal Service employment of the population. Today, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia is in charge of comprehensive regulation of the employment of citizens of the country.
It was created, while abolishing three social departments at once:
Ministry of Social protection of the population.
- Ministry of Labor.
- Federal Employment Service.
At the same time, the newly formed department became responsible for the development of public policy employment. In addition, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development administers the entire system of employment services through regional offices.
The main function of this governing body is to develop and further finance employment programs, standards and tasks in close cooperation with regional offices. Such activities are aimed at protecting the population from unemployment.
Regional services are directly subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development. They supervise the work of the bodies of this department located directly in the field. In this case, the responsibilities of the regional services include: - planning; - instructing; - financing; - control.
Local employment services, which are run by regional bodies in this area, carry out direct work with the population. This is their daily activity.
SZN tasks
Citizens wishing to find a suitable job for themselves should contact the Employment Center for the population of their city or village. it structural subdivision Ministry of Labor and Social Development, will provide advice and inform about available vacancies. In addition, the Employment Center will provide a number of other services.
Among them:
Payment of cash benefits for unemployment;
- provision of material and psychological assistance to the unemployed, as well as to their dependent family members.
SZN solve four main tasks. It:
Social protection of unemployed citizens;
- training in professional skills;
- facilitation of employment;
- providing information on the availability of vacancies.
SZN activities
The state of any country organizes and regulates the employment of its citizens.
The Russian Federal Employment Service carries out activities aimed at:
Making development forecasts and analyzing the level of employment;
- development and further implementation targeted programs federal and territorial levels, the purpose of which is to promote the employment of those citizens who are at risk of dismissal and have difficulty finding work;
- organization of vocational guidance, training and retraining of unemployed citizens.
this work organized and carried out under the direct supervision of the relevant federal body, which is the Department of Employment of the Population. He, within the framework of his powers, creates and supervises territorial services.
The Department of Employment of the Population is called upon to:
Analyze the situation in the territorial labor markets and develop various measures aimed at preventing or reducing the negative consequences of mass layoffs of workers;
- to organize work on registration of the unemployed and assist them in further employment;
- to assign and pay unemployment benefits to citizens registered by him;
- to provide citizens with state guarantees;
- to organize the work of any territorial body included in this system, such as the city administration of employment of the population and the district department of ZN;
- to conclude agreements with educational institutions for vocational training of the unemployed;
- to promote the development of small businesses.
Improving community outreach
The territorial bodies of the employment service work in accordance with The federal program providing assistance in the employment of citizens. At the same time, their main task is to mitigate social tension in the regions of the Russian Federation. This goal is achieved with the development of a flexible labor market, bringing to a balance the offers of vacancies and unemployed workers, increasing the level of employment, etc. At the same time, there is a constant improvement of methods and forms of work with the population.
For example, they are trying to channel the employment of the population of Moscow and some other cities into the channel of intensifying the independent search for work by citizens who have applied to the SZN Centers. For this, the employees of this service are introducing into practice the conduct of group consultation conversations.
In addition, the “Job Fairs”, “Client Resume Banks”, “Job Seekers' Clubs” and many other programs contribute to the employment of citizens.
Labor resources is called a part of the country's population that has the necessary physical and spiritual qualities, general education and professional knowledge to work in national economy... The number of the working-age population is determined by the total population, its age and gender structure, the number of working pensioners and adolescents, the working-age boundaries established in the country. The labor force in Ukraine includes the working-age population (men from 16 to 60 years old and women from 16 to 55 years old), as well as working pensioners and adolescents under 16 years old. In developing countries that have high population growth rates, labor resources account for 50 - 55% of the total population. In Ukraine and most developed countries - 61, 62%.
Closely related to human resources is the concept work force- the current labor force or the economically active population. TO economically active population include: workers and employees, independent workers; unpaid family members; seasonal and casual workers temporarily unemployed (vacation, illness); students who combine work and study on a part-time basis; persons undergoing retraining. According to the International Labor Organization, the economically active population of the world is 3/4 of its labor force. Moreover, in developed countries - 45%, in developing countries - 42%.
Recently, there has been a trend towards an increase in the economically active population in industry and the service sector and a decrease in agriculture. In Ukraine, the structure of the economically active population also tends to grow in trade, transport, services, and to decrease in industry and agriculture.
Labor market- This is a socio-political form of movement of labor resources. To assess the national labor market, such concepts are used as: able-bodied population, labor supply, employed and not employed, potential supply of hired labor. The unemployed are usually considered to be those who are registered in public service employment as unemployed. Usually a distinction is made between frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
Frictional unemployment arises as a result of population movements: from one region to another, from profession to profession, from education to work and to retirement, etc.
Structural unemployment arises under the influence of scientific and technological progress and changes in the structure of consumer demand, which lead to large-scale structural changes in the economy: the closure of outdated industries, a decrease in the output of certain industries, the transition to resource-saving technologies, etc.
Cyclical unemployment due to recession as a phase economic cycle which is characterized by a deficiency aggregate demand for goods and services.
The sum of the levels of frictional and structural unemployment creates a natural unemployment rate, which depends on a large number of factors and reaches 4-6%.
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