Typical series of Khrushchev. Photo layouts. Typical series of residential buildings in Novosibirsk (variants of redevelopment, planning) One-room Khrushchev: redevelopment

Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the name of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly because of the uncomfortable and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and, as a result, terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), the layout of the apartment and entrance is not always successful: narrow corridors, a small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If there is not enough money to buy an apartment, then this is not a bad option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, it is rare to find 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture - drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area is 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of ​​the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of ​​​​residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures - drawing (by years)

1 room 1958

1 room 1959

1 room 1960

1 room 1961

1 room 1964

2 room 1958

2 room 1959

2 room 1960

2 room 1964

Khrushchevs are five-story buildings with brick or tiled walls. The beginning of construction falls on the 60s of the twentieth century, when the goal was to create the maximum number of residential buildings in the shortest possible time, which is why Khrushchev houses are characterized by low comfort of housing. Khrushchev's layout has many varieties, depending on the area and location of the apartment.

The main characteristics of Khrushchev

Khrushchevs initially belonged to the type of temporary housing with an operational period of up to 25 years. The unbearable type of buildings had a residential norm of up to 50 years. However, after a while it was decided that the Khrushchevs could be used for up to 150 years, subject to the deadlines for major repairs. Khrushchev's layout has its own characteristics, including:

• shared bathrooms;
• Availability ;
• small area;
• low ceilings;
• poor heat and sound insulation caused by insufficient wall thickness.

The ceiling height in Khrushchev barely reaches 2.5 m, in the type this figure can increase to 2.7 m. There are no elevators in 4- or 5-story buildings, which does not increase the comfort of living conditions.

Apartment area

Khrushchev's layout largely depends on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhousing:

• the total area of ​​one-room apartments varies from 31 to 33 m 2;
• two-room - 30-46 m 2;
• three-room - 55-58 m 2.

Analyzing the area of ​​​​each individual room, you can get the following numbers:

• the area ranges from 14 m 2;
• bedrooms have an area of ​​8 m 2;
• children's - from 6 m 2;
• kitchens - from 4.5 m 2.

Despite the fact that in many cities, due to their condition, such buildings have already been identified for demolition, major repairs can significantly extend the life of Soviet Khrushchevs.

Varieties of Khrushchev

Khrushchev's layout has various variations. There are several series of buildings, each of which has its own characteristics.

Buildings 1960-1967

Similar buildings belong to the 1-464 series, their distinctive features are low ceilings (2.5 m), a kitchen with a small area (5.8 m 2); the presence of built-in wardrobes, pantry and balcony. There are four apartments on the ground floor. Houses, as a rule, are panel, having five floors.

Buildings 1963-1967

They belong to the 1-335 series, differ from the previous one only in enlarged ones (6.2 m 2). The living room has an area of ​​18 m 2 , at the end of the room there is a pantry, access to the balcony is also from the living room. The bathroom is combined and located near the kitchen.

Buildings 1958-1964

They belong to the 1-434 series, the differences from the previous series are only in the area of ​​​​the rooms. For one-room apartments, this figure reaches 17-18 m 2, and for two- and three-room apartments it ranges from 17-20.5 m 2. Khrushchev's layouts, 2 rooms of which have an end location, are considered the most comfortable of this series.

Buildings 1958-1964

They belong to the 1-434C series, have a similar layout. The kitchen area has been increased to 5.9 m2. They are located in brick five-story buildings, the floors between the floors are made of reinforced concrete slabs.

Arrangement of a small Khrushchev

Khrushchev's layouts, 2 rooms of which need to be made cozy and functional, require a responsible approach to the design issue. The most difficult to design is a one-room apartment, its small area makes it impossible to equip each family member with a place for privacy.

Therefore, in order to equip a bedroom, a living room, a nursery and an office in one room, you need to try hard. Transforming furniture comes to the aid of the owners, which can perform several functions at once. The main thing is when choosing to give preference to high-quality goods that can undergo active use for a long time, while maintaining a good appearance.

Layout of a 3-room Khrushchev

In a three-room Khrushchev in one of the rooms there is a pantry. It is optimal to use this room for arranging a full-fledged bedroom with its own dressing room. Such a solution will help to cope with the problem of storing things in the apartment, unload the room and allow you to create an organized space.

The second room, as a rule, is made out as a living room. In it you can receive guests, leave them overnight. The third room is for children. If there are many children in the family, the living room can also be designed very functionally, providing not only a children's corner, but also a common area, for example, for watching TV with the whole family.

With the right approach, you can make a cozy and functional apartment even from the smallest Khrushchev. Apartment layouts allow you to experiment with the placement of furniture and functional areas. The best option for creating a comfortable apartment (especially for one-room Khrushchevs) is to purchase a high-quality design project in which every step is thought out to the smallest detail.

The mass construction of panel and brick residential buildings, or Khrushchev, with a simplified layout of apartments, small rooms and low ceilings, is still considered a necessary measure in construction aimed at providing the post-war generation with more or less tolerable housing. Although in fact, in order to massively build something more successful in terms of room layout, there are simply no developer resources, since the houses were built like on a conveyor belt. The layout options for Khrushchev for 2 rooms were taken as a sample, and, starting from typical housing from two separate rooms, Khrushchev for 1, 3 and even 4 rooms were combined almost on the go.

What is a two-room Khrushchev

For twenty years of intensive construction, several projects and series of Khrushchev houses were used, apartments were built of reinforced concrete panels or bricks, in four and five-story versions, with ceiling heights of 250 and even 270 cm, but the internal layout of the premises adhered to approximately the same scheme.

Almost all apartments, with the exception of block options with three rooms, were built according to the same characteristics:

• The total planning area of ​​a two-room apartment in Khrushchev ranged from 30 to 46 squares, of which 8 m 2 were allocated for the bedroom, 4.5 m 2 for the kitchen, the rest for the hall - 14 m 2, corridor and ancillary premises;
• The hall in the layout has always been a walk-through, that is, in order to get into the most remote bedroom, you had to cross the living room or hall;
• A bathroom for Khrushchev could be separate from a bath, but it was always located in the same block with a kitchen and a corridor, these are the features of the layout of water and sewer communications.

In the Khrushchevs of any layout, there was always no elevator and auxiliary premises for arranging electrical switchboards, shut-off water supply and gas distribution valves. All vital faucets and valves were either moved to the basement or located on the facade of the building.

Important! It is worth noting that the quality of construction of brick Khrushchev houses was much higher than panel boxes.

If buildings made of silicate and red brick, according to some estimates, can stand for up to 100 years, then for prefabricated houses, structures made of reinforced concrete lose their bearing capacity after 40-45 years of operation. Most of the panel Khrushchev houses of the first project are in disrepair due to planning errors and unscrupulous building maintenance.

Layout of two-room Khrushchev

The share of Khrushchev in large cities accounts for approximately 70% of the housing stock. For district centers and settlements, the contribution of Khrushchevs can reach up to 95%. This is due to the fact that large cities have not been built up with Khrushchevs since the mid-70s, exceptions were made for residential areas adjacent to industrial zones. For district centers, Khrushchev houses with options for improved room layout were built for another 5-7 years.

The construction of Khrushchev was carried out according to several series of layouts:

• First series 464, built from 1960 to 1967;
• Project 335, buildings were erected 1963-67;
• The 1-434 and 1-434C series were used as base projects from 1958 to 1964.

For your information! Almost all panel Khrushchevs, and these are 464 and 335 series, had an increased kitchen size, but had exceptionally poor sound and heat insulation.

The situation began to improve only with the introduction of improved reinforced concrete panels, from the 70s expanded clay was added to concrete, the quality of cement improved, the thickness of the panel was increased, which partly reduced the severity of the problem.

Panel two-room Khrushchev

The base in the construction of panel Khrushchev was the 335th series.

A distinctive feature of the layout of the apartment was the parallel arrangement of rooms. The advantage of the project is a relatively large kitchen of 6.2 squares and good opportunities for redevelopment. A significant drawback is the combined bathroom. The door to the balcony was made from the living room.

Khrushchev 464 of the project was also built from panels, in which the same planning principles were used as in the 335 series. In the project, the layout of the rooms provides for a reduced kitchen area and the appearance of an impassable version of the hall.

As a rule, four apartments with a different number of rooms were located on one site, most often these were options with one one-room, two two-room and one three-room apartment. The apartments on the first floor were distinguished by the absence of balconies.

Today, the most popular topic of redevelopment options for panel two-room Khrushchev houses concerns two main points - expanding the kitchen space through the use of a corridor leading from the hallway to the kitchen and adjacent to the bathroom and toilet. In this case, the wall between the bathroom and the kitchen is dismantled, the bath itself is transferred to the corridor. This layout option is quite simple to implement, since the walls to be demolished and a new layout are made of brick or gypsum block. As a result, the kitchen can be extended by 1.8 m2.

Brick options for two-room Khrushchev

The construction of brick five-story buildings came after the deployment of intensive construction of Khrushchevs in regional centers. It turned out to be easier to build from silicate bricks than to transport reinforced concrete panels 70-80 km from the railway station, located in the suburbs of regional centers.

Project No. 434C was focused primarily on the possibility of building a simplified layout in conditions of limited use of cranes and lifting equipment. Most often these were four and five-story houses. The layout of the apartments practically copied panel houses. Since the late 60s, planning options have appeared in which the rooms were arranged longitudinally. This was partly due to the need to improve the solarization of the premises and reduce the number of one-room apartments in the building.

A sore point of all Khrushchevs - the kitchen area decreased to 5.9 m 2, but balconies appeared and the pantry area increased. Otherwise, brick Khrushchevs are less convenient for redevelopment. One of the most common options for a new layout is to move the door to the kitchen to the outer wall of the building or even partially demolish the wall. As a result, the kitchen room, as it were, joins the hall, and the need for a narrow and uncomfortable corridor disappears.

Features of the redevelopment of Khrushchev

The main problem of changing the layout of rooms is associated with the need to register alterations in the BTI. Making new documents is quite problematic, so the owners try not to advertise all the alterations of the rooms.

Traditionally, in Khrushchev, the kitchen and the corridor are primarily reworked. The diagram shows the most popular option for improved planning of Khrushchev rooms.

First of all, the area of ​​the corridor was reduced due to the removal of the pantry. Further, in this layout option, by demolishing brick partitions, the rooms are combined into one and connected to the kitchen, without interior doors. The entrance to the toilet-bathroom block is now from the hallway, which is quite convenient and practical. The kitchen space in this option, if necessary, occupies up to one fourth of the total area of ​​​​the hall.

The layout of the toilet and bathroom has been significantly changed. Due to the combination, it is possible to move the bath under the wall without changing the installation point of the toilet bowl, behind which there is a sewer riser. There is a sewer pipe from the kitchen to the toilet, so it is physically impossible to do the layout in a different way.

Conclusion

The disadvantage of this variant of the layout of the rooms is that the hallway space is too small, there will be enough space for shoes and outerwear, but only one person can be in the room. In addition, household appliances, which no modern kitchen can do without today, will be a serious problem for those who work or relax in the hall, so the opening between the hall and the kitchen will have to be closed with sliding doors or a stationary soundproof screen.

Since 1957, a new type of houses began to be built in the USSR. This happened after the adoption of a law providing for the elimination of excesses in architecture and building design. Such houses were popularly called "Khrushchev" (from the name of N. S. Khrushchev), as well as "Khrushchev" (due to the disproportionate and uncomfortable layout of the rooms, narrow spans of platforms and corridors, thin walls, and hence nightmarish sound insulation) . In this article, we will tell you what the layout of the apartments in Khrushchev was like, consider the typical series of these houses, and try to determine the main disadvantages and advantages of these buildings.

Typical series of Khrushchev

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments, in addition, we will determine the features of all series of these houses, which were built over 27 years. It should be noted that the Khrushchevs were originally intended to be used as temporary housing. Then the operational life of the house was 25-50 years. But even today people live in such houses. The disadvantages of buildings include terrible thermal insulation and sound insulation (it is cold in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer). The layout of the rooms in Khrushchev and the entrance is also not always successful: a small kitchen, narrow corridors, the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute very often.

The advantages of these houses include the relatively low cost of apartments. The main advantages of these houses are also the developed infrastructure around them. Basically, there are schools, kindergartens, shops near the Khrushchevs, and there is an excellent transport interchange. If there is not enough money to buy an apartment, then Khrushchev is not the worst option. Today, such buildings in the cities of our country are subject to demolition, which means that their owners receive a brand new apartment in return, or redevelopment and reconstruction.

Series 1-464

It’s worth saying right away that this one became one of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR. The houses were built in 1960-1967. This is a panel house with five floors, sometimes you can also find 3 and 4-story buildings. Each apartment has balconies and additional storage rooms. At the same time, elevators are not provided here, and the residents of the building have to go down and up the stairs, which is very difficult for older people, as well as families with kids. This Khrushchev layout provides for the same type of planning options - the apartments have combined bathrooms, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. 2.5 m - ceiling height, kitchen area - 5.8 m². There were 1-3-room apartments of a standard layout.

Series 1-335

The houses of this series were built up on the territory in 1963-1967. These were also panel buildings. Such a Khrushchev layout (the photo is presented in this article) assumes a ceiling height of 2.54 m, in each apartment there is a balcony, a combined bathroom, as well as the absence of a garbage chute and an elevator. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m². There are also 4 apartments on the site - 1-3-room apartments. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional built-in wardrobes and closets.

Series 1-434

This series was built in 1958-1964. The layout of Khrushchev in this case changed slightly in different years of construction. For example, in houses in 1958 in 1-room apartments, the living room was 18.6 m², and a year later it was reduced to 18.2 m², a year later the area of ​​the room became 17.7 m². And in all types of these apartments, the area of ​​​​living rooms varied in the direction of increase and decrease. While the kitchen area was constant - 5.8 m², as, in fact, the ceiling height was 2.5 m everywhere. The houses were brick, the bathrooms were combined, while each apartment had a balcony, built-in wardrobes and a pantry.

Series 1-467

This is the latest series, which was built in 1959-1969. These are block houses with a ceiling height of 2.5 m, but the layout of the kitchen in Khrushchev was more successful - with an increased area of ​​​​6.6-7.7 m². Each apartment had balconies (in addition to the 1st floor). In the early versions of the houses, the bathrooms are separate, then combined, there is also no garbage chute. The advantages of apartments in this series include the possibility of redevelopment, while the disadvantages are adjacent rooms in the apartments.

Rules for redevelopment of a two-room Khrushchev

If the Khrushchev layout does not suit you, and you would like to change it, you need to know which walls in the apartment are load-bearing, and according to current legislation, you cannot touch them: make doorways in them, demolish or otherwise change the original position.

Having decided on an inconsistent redevelopment of Khrushchev and getting rid of the load-bearing wall, you risk that the consequences of this will be disastrous. Often the ceilings simply collapse, sometimes it even leads to casualties.

You can independently identify the load-bearing wall, if you look at its thickness. These walls are always much thicker than the rest, which are the usual divisions of rooms. Basically, the load-bearing wall is at least 50 centimeters thick, while all the rest reach a thickness of 15-20 cm.

If, nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out such a procedure as redevelopment of Khrushchev, and there is a great desire to make an opening in the load-bearing wall, you can get out of the situation, but you will have to try hard. It is necessary, according to established standards, to fix the upper part of the opening with reinforced concrete or metal blocks. The second acceptable variant of the opening, which relates directly to the load-bearing wall, is the replacement of the balcony block with an arch.

Redevelopment options

So, if the Khrushchev layout does not suit you, you can remove the wall between the rooms (if the apartment has 3 rooms) and get a large comfortable space, or make a two-room small apartment one-room, but large. It will not be difficult to remove a wall between rooms, if it is not a carrier.

You can also make a separate entrance to each room. This is done by lengthening the hallway. With this option, you often have to sacrifice square meters of the room. In addition, there is the option of laying the opening in one place and transferring it to another wall or to another place.

Combining a room and a kitchen is a popular option for creating a stylish modern interior. It was once believed that the kitchen could be isolated from the rest of the rooms, but at the present moment this is not the only approach. Often the kitchen is also combined with the living room. At the same time, it can be incomplete or complete combination, it all depends on the design idea. In the first case, a small opening, an arch remains between the room and the kitchen, or a bar counter is installed. The boundaries between the two zones with complete separation remain purely visual.

It is also possible to change the size of the bathroom. Often in a two-room Khrushchev there is a shared bathroom. If there is a desire to fit a shower cabin, a washing machine into the space, you will have to take a few square meters from the kitchen or hallway (although this solution is not possible in any apartment - it depends heavily only on its layout).

A much more daring solution is a complete redevelopment. In this situation, walls that are not load-bearing are completely removed. At the same time, the owners receive a completely new free space, which can be divided into functional zones completely at their own request. If there is no experience in construction work, it is necessary to contact professionals for a redevelopment project. Here it is important to consider a huge number of technical points.

Perestenki

These are the walls in the apartment that are not load-bearing. If we talk about Khrushchevs, they are mainly made of blocks, sometimes of bricks, and there are also plasterboard walls. When redevelopment during the construction of other walls, drywall is considered the simplest material. Especially for additional sound insulation of this modern material, it is necessary to use mineral wool. It should be noted that working with drywall is quick and easy. It takes a little time and financial costs will be lower.

What to also pay attention to

It is necessary to take a closer look at the balcony when redeveloping a 2-room Khrushchev. If it is combined with the rest of the rooms, then this will help to slightly expand the space. If the area allows, you can turn the balcony into a full-fledged study.

In this case, the redevelopment of Khrushchev can be partial or complete. Regardless of the repair option chosen, it is necessary to carefully and more than once consider any trifle. Only a careful approach to work is able to get a functional and comfortable space.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-story residential buildings of the 1-464 series of standard projects are the most common first-generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.

The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls, located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which the houses of this type are called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms carry the load from the ceilings and the overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.

In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they rested on the outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-468

Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.

The load-bearing skeleton of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the inner wall adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-335

Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.

The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.

With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-story brick houses series 1-447

The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing frame of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.

The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447