The role and importance of insurance in the development of society. The role and functions of insurance in modern conditions The role of insurance for the development of modern society

According to the first half of 2008, Russian insurance companies collected 293 billion rubles of direct insurance contributions (without OMS), which is 44 billion rubles or 17.6% more than in the same period of the previous year. Increased contributions B. this year slowed down - in the first half of 2007, it was 3.1 percentage points above. The largest segments of the Russian insurance market are still insurance (according to the study of the expert RA rating agency, the volume of contributions collected in this type of insurance in the first half of 2008 was 76.4 billion rubles.), DMS (53, 0 billion rubles.), Osago (39.1 billion rubles) and property insurance legal entities from firing and other risks (31.3 billion rubles).

Three of the four main for russian market Insurance types showed a decrease in the growth rate of the insurance premium: the rate of increment of contributions by car in the first half of 2008 decreased by 5.6 percentage points. Compared to the first half of 2007 and amounted to 35.1%, the decline was 4.8 percentage points to a level of 12.9%. While the retail species we are talking about the slowdown in the growth rate, in the insurance of property of legal entities and there was an absolute decrease in the amount of the assembled insurance premium by 6.3% (in the first half of 2007, an increase of 5.6% was noted). The growth rates increased only in DMS - from 15.6 to 23.4%.

The minimum growth of fire risks and cargo premiums is a general trend in the corporate insurance segment. The main factors negatively affecting the indicators of this segment are the decline in tariffs - both due to tightening competition and due to the reduction of reinsurance protection in Western companies - as well as departure from the market of significant schemes.

While the reduction in property insurance contributions of legal entities is only a continuation of the trend that has formed enough long ago, the "braking" of auto insurance is a new and very unfavorable phenomenon for Russian insurers caused by external for the insurance market by the reasons. The high growth rates of auto-window are connected, mainly with the practice of imputed insurance during car loans, which has experienced a real boom about a year ago. The consequences of world financial crisis For the Russian economy, along with other, in reducing the growth rate of loans to Russian banks. As a result, growth and credit car accident slowed down.

Waiting for further auto insurance growth prospects in most market participants are pessimistic. Hypertrophied growth wages, ahead of the growth rate of labor productivity and due to the shortage of labor, cannot continue for a long time, and the acceleration of inflation will force people to postpone both expensive purchases and lending due to limited money For the purchase of essential goods. Accordingly, the change in the structure of consumption will lead to a decrease in the growth rate of auto insurance.

Russian insurers expect a reduction in the growth rate of the CASCO insurance premium purchased on credit at the end of the current and beginning of next year. Reducing the growth rates of industrial production, foreign investment outflow, as well as the reduction in the growth rates of real incomes of the population create additional prerequisites for the possible slowdown in the development of insurance next year.

The growth rate of the DMS market is also very low. The reason is that the state has not yet been able to clearly determine what is mandatory health insurance: Communication or insurance element. That is why it is impossible to give an accurate forecast of the DMS market: whether it will be a separate component that does not have a relation to mandatory medicine, or it will be a good addition to a mandatory medical insurance program.

In the first half of 2008, they continued, even more intension, the trends of last year, related to the steady increase in loss of auto insurance (both the OSAGO and CASCO).

Mandatory civil liability insurance continues to pull market performance down - the unprofitability in many regions of Russia has long overcome the critical level, and some insurers make it difficult to buy policies for consumers, transferring items of sales of OSAO policies into hard-to-reach places and not attracting special attention Car owners to the ability to insure themselves from them. According to many insurers, taking into account the degree of coverage of the country's population and its obligatory for car owners, the problem of economic is beginning to acquire a political nature. Due to the obligation of established tariffs on the CTP, only the state can solve the issue.

The new phenomenon for domestic insurance was first publicly recognized by some leading insurers losses on autocask. In reality, this type of insurance turned out to be unprofitable for a much larger number of companies than the market was announced. In particular, this refers to the insurance of autocask through car dealerships.

In cars financial results It is mainly reduced, not due to inadequate tariffs, but due to the foreclosable commission remuneration to agents. The most high requests from non-trap mediators are primarily at car dealerships who dictate their terms to insurers. According to many market participants, the commission reached such high values \u200b\u200bthat their further increase or even preservation at the same level will make completely unprofitable auto insurance activities. As a result, we can expect the beginning of a gradual decline in commission remuneration to intermediaries.

The reason for the current situation is that many insurance companies in the process of preparation for sale on the West market seek to develop sales networks and increasing the volume of insurance premiums by the simplest way - by price dumping and increasing commission remuneration of insurance intermediaries. In conditions when the share investment income Russian insurance companies are extremely low and the magnitude of the combined unprofitability ratio, insurers need to increase the profitability of their business.

The first half of 2008 showed that in the majority of insurance companies began internal transformation - the transition from target plants aimed at the seizure as much as possible market share at any cost, to orientation to other results. The obvious thesis that the insurance business, like any other, should make a profit, gradually becomes a target installation of an increasing number of insurers. As a result, the market of tariff leveling began on the market - their approximations from different companies to the average level of the market.

The main trend of last year - many insurance companies make a choice not in favor of "tariff wars" and dumping operations, but in favor of the company's reliability, its reserves, stability of the insurance portfolio. In the first half of 2008, this trend became even more obvious: it became clear that this is a regularity, and not a random "surge". Another obvious trend is directly related to securing on the market of new methods of struggle for the client - this is follow-up by the policy of customer focus on the sample of Western companies. In addition to the magnitude of insurance rates, the quality of service will have an increasing value for the client.

3.2 Difficulties and prospects for the development of insurance affairs in the Russian Federation

The Russian insurance market is growing rapidly - real contributions (excluding tax saving schemes, inherence in fact that are not increasingly) annually increase in rates exceeding 30%. The rapid increase in the volume of insurance premiums can introduce into a poor illusion, which will continue to be the same. Meanwhile, a significant number of insurers see the long-term prospects for their development, they solve exclusively short-term tasks, declaring its goal of extensive growth of premiums and market share due to dumping and selling in the medium term to a foreign investor. The low level of capitalization of Russian insurers and the weakness of the national reinsurance market contributes to the formation of the dependence of the country's economy from global financial markets and the gradual transformation of Russian insurance companies in intermediaries.

Such a development of events inevitably leads to the fact that the insurance industry of our country will not only lose its sovereignty, but will not be able to satisfy the increasing needs of the Russian economy in insurance protection. Such growth is not favorable for the Russian economy.

The Russian economy needs a powerful national insurance market, which would develop due to voluntary types of insurance and non-price competition, the foundation of the stability and successful dynamics of which would be significant, at times exceeding the current state, the capitalization of domestic insurers. The steps necessary for achieving this model are formulated in the concept of the development of the insurance market as part of the financial system of the Russian Federation developed by the expert RA rating agency in conjunction with the Association of Regional Banks "Russia".

The development of the insurance market, capable of satisfying all the needs of the growing and more complicating economy of Russia, is possible only when performing two key principles laid down in the concept: Insurance of assets at their real value and establishing a single economic value of life for compensation for damage to life and health for all types of insurance.

The concept of economic value of life should be unified and defined depending on the average level of wages, education and medical expenses. The insurance system should provide a truly worthy compensation for the harm and health of each person, regardless of the type of insurance, according to which an insured event occurred. Real value Assets in the economy should be calculated, based on fair value, for example, from the discounted value of future cash flows generated by these assets. The assets unoccupied or completely derived from the turnover (they can be found in Russia and land and forest resources, and partially real estate, and intellectual property) will be correctly decorated in terms of the specification of property rights and become the object of financial transactions. In other words, they will become part of the economy, they will be able to be the subject of pledge, the basis for the release of securities, they will become liquid, and they will need to be insured accordingly at market value.

The insurance market of the Russian Federation must be open, but at the same time maintain its sovereignty. The insurance market is much more important than, for example, a car production segment. There will be no domestic automakers - this will negatively affect the country's economy. If you lose the national insurance market, Russia will lose competitive advantages in other areas, increase systemic risks in the economy. The powerful insurance market is possible when the truly large national players appear in Russia, insurance companies that can effectively compete with foreign insurers. Without a significant increase in capitalization, and in the near future, the sovereignty of the insurance market will be lost. According to the Bank of Russia, its own funds of Russian insurers in 2007 amounted to 208.3 billion rubles ($ 8.5 billion), decreasing by 6.4% compared with 2006.

To make an increasing risk volume and surrender in tougheing competition, insurance companies should significantly increase their own deduction due to growth own funds. Total authorized capital By 2020, Russian insurance companies should reach at least 750 billion rubles at the prices of 2007 ($ 30.6 billion), that is, grow 4.4 times, and the value of the total assets of the industry in 2020 - at least 3.3 trillion rubles In the prices of 2007 (134.4 billion dollars) against 675 billion rubles ($ 25.6 billion) at the beginning of 2007.

The Russian reinsurance market should be a major regional reinsurance center, focusing in its development for a significant increase in the role of specialized reinsurers. Large national players should appear on the market (partially supported at the expense of the state), capable of taking very significant risks. Among the most important tasks of the state - the elimination of institutional restrictions on the receipt of contributions to incoming reinsurance from abroad. In such conditions, contributions to incoming reinsurance will grow with an advanced pace, up to 750 billion rubles (30.6 billion dollars) in 2020.

Rosgosstrakh (RGS) predicts the growth rate of the insurance market in 2008-2009 at 25-30%. Already in 2008, the total amount of the collected award, according to the analytical report of the RGS, will slightly exceed 1 trillion rubles, in 2009 will be 1.3 trillion rubles. Top managers of other insurance companies believe that the insurance market will develop on a more restrained scenario.

Insurance premium fees in 2009-2010 will continue to increase, the growth of the insurance premium in 2009, despite the crisis phenomena, will be at least 15-20%. This opinion was expressed by the Head of the Center for Strategic Analysis of Rosgosstrakh Alexey Teeth, the head of the "Interfax-Aphi".

The head of the Federal Service for Insurance Supervision Ilya Lomakin-Rumyantsev said that the insurance community should be prepared for the fall of premium fees in the next year by 25% and even 50%.

3.3 Activities for improving insurance in the Russian Federation

To ensure the continuity of the production and maintenance of social stability in society, it is necessary to minimize the level of climbing risks in the economy. By 2020, the level of insurance protection of risks traditionally to be insurance in developed countries should come closer to 100%, and the total market volume is to achieve 3 trillion rubles (122.2 billion dollars), or 4% of GDP. Insurance instead of creating extrabudgetary funds or direct funding to eliminate the consequences of man-made or natural disasters, accidents and other events - this is the only way to reduce the burden on public finance while increasing the efficiency of risk management.

In the future, voluntary insurance should be the basis of the Russian insurance market. It is necessary to revise the principles of the existing types of compulsory insurance in favor of market mechanisms, and the role of mandatory types of insurance in the development of the Russian insurance market should gradually decrease. The share of mandatory types of insurance in total insurance premiums by 2020 should not exceed 25%. However, this does not mean that now we should refuse new mandatory species at all. For example, the liability insurance of the operators of particularly dangerous facilities or some other types of liability insurance are just those cases where compulsory insurance appropriate. At the first stage, these species will become a locomotive of development, and then changes and reforms will be needed to increase efficiency. Of course, imputed insurance, due to greater flexibility, a more efficient way to ensure the protection of third-party interests compared with legislatively regulated compulsory types of insurance. Replacing licensing and certification of products by imputed insurance types will solve and the task of improving the quality of work and services. Here, the most important issue is to study the calculation of tarifications and conditions in order not to repeat the OSAGO errors.

The growth role of insurance as the necessary condition for the normal functioning of the entire Russian economy should be accompanied by an increase in the requirements for the reliability and transparency of Russian insurance companies. Assessing the level of sufficiency of own funds of insurers should be carried out on the basis of the principles of Solvency II, developed by the International Association of Insurance Supervision Bodies. In addition, it is necessary to prepare and implement in the practice of the work of insurers. Risk management standards, including actuarial audits and investment committees when placing insurance reserves (market management, credit risks, liquidity risks). Also within two or three years, it is necessary to introduce reporting requirements for IFRS and the expansion of financial sustainability requirements and reliability ratings in the requirements of tenders and accreditation.

Competition between the players of the insurance market should occur primarily in non-responsive methods, the market must be rid of dumping, overestimated agency commissions and "kickbacks". Much depends on the companies themselves. And the FAS in turn can more actively fight precisely with such manifestations of unfair competition and, on the contrary, to somewhat soften their position regarding the agreements of insurers and banks.

Insurance can be defined as a set of redistributive relations of a closed circle of its participants about the formation due to their contributions of the target insurance Funddesigned to compensate for possible damage to the property of legal entities and individuals, as well as for the material support of citizens upon the occurrence of certain events in their lives.

In countries with developed market economy Insurance plays an important and multifaceted role. In this regard, four insurance functions can be distinguished: the function of compensation for damages, social, investment and preventive.

Economic I. social relations In society as a whole, within a separate economic entity or citizen and his families face various and breadth of exposure, sources and destroying risks. The listed criteria predetermine the use of various forms of organizing insurance relations (forms of insurance). The combination of various forms of insurance for risk management on the macro and microeconomic levels ensures the integrity of the national insurance system.

Domestic insurance business is characterized by a number of features that allocate it among foreign colleagues, therefore, the schemes of interaction between insurance organizations with a stock market usually have their own characteristics or simply absent in Russia.

Currently, the access of foreign insurers, both in terms of the creation of subsidiaries in the territory of the Russian Federation and in terms of the acquisition of shares of existing Russian insurance organizations is almost unlimited. In the near future, the problem will become even more relevant and especially aggravate as Russia entry into the WTO. A massive foreign "offensive" will force the domestic insurance community to the need to follow international standards business, including activities with financial instruments in the stock market.

The transition of the economy of the Russian Federation on the economy of administrative-command type to the market ensures a significant increase in the role of insurance in public reproduction, significantly expands the scope of insurance services and the development of alternatives to state insurance. With the command and administrative system of management of the national economy, the dominant role of state property and the weak economic responsibility of managers and labor collectives for its safety insurance could not get the place of national Economics RF and public relations.

Deploying market relations, when the producer begins to act at its own risk, according to its own plan and is responsible for this, increases the role and importance of insurance.

The Russian insurance market is growing rapidly - real contributions (excluding tax saving schemes, inherence in fact that are not increasingly) annually increase in rates exceeding 30%. The rapid increase in the volume of insurance premiums can introduce into a poor illusion, which will continue to be the same. Meanwhile, a significant number of insurers see the long-term prospects for their development, they solve exclusively short-term tasks, declaring its goal of extensive growth of premiums and market share due to dumping and selling in the medium term to a foreign investor. The low level of capitalization of Russian insurers and the weakness of the national reinsurance market contributes to the formation of the dependence of the country's economy from global financial markets and the gradual transformation of Russian insurance companies in intermediaries.

The Russian economy needs a powerful national insurance market, which would develop due to voluntary types of insurance and non-price competition, the foundation of the stability and successful dynamics of which would be significant, at times exceeding the current state, the capitalization of domestic insurers.

To ensure the continuity of the production and maintenance of social stability in society, it is necessary to minimize the level of climbing risks in the economy.

In the future, voluntary insurance should be the basis of the Russian insurance market.

The reforming of the CTP should go along the path of the liberalization of tariffs: through the transfer of tariffs for the establishment of tariffs on the CTP of the self-regulating organization of market participants (with the annual review of tariffs) to the full transition to the market mechanism for the formation of tariffs. The limits of responsibility on the OSAGO must be counted with regard to the economic value of life.

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Insurance is a relationship on the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities upon the occurrence of certain events (insured events) through cash funds formed from insurance premiums paid by them (insurance premiums).

Insurance is directed or on protection individual farms from certain adverse events, or on creatureproviding a separate person in the form of a certain capital By a certain period.

Insurance is important for the country's economic formation: it contributes to the emergence of truly market relations free from any adverse external influences. Enterprises can deal with their direct activities, regardless of random, in many cases and fatal, situations.

Insurance in modern society plays the following roles:

C. Market Stabilizer, since there is a risk transfer to a professional;

Role with in the formation of investment capital;

C forms the labor market;

C introduces a significant contribution to the formation of effective demand;

Stimulating the development of scientific and technological progress:

a) Protection of new high risky technologies

b) direct financing of scientific developments;

Insurance is a socio-significant industry (pension, medical) ;;

The successful activity of insurers contributes to an increase in the revenue part of the budget;

Reducing social tension in society.

The economic essence of insurance in its functions.

Distinguish features:

1. Risk function It is to transfer for a certain fee to the insurer of liability for the consequences of the risk due to events, the list of which is prescribed by applicable law or contract. The higher the probability and size of the risk, themes and the fee for its insurance, calculated on the basis of tariffs defined by actuarial calculations, more. In the event of an insured event, the insured requires the insurer to pay losses (payment of the sum insured).

2. Warning function The prevention of the insured event and minimizing the damage. It assumes a wide range of measures, including financing measures to prevent or reducing the negative effects of accidents, natural disasters.

3. Savings function. Insurance becomes possible only if the insurer has a certain capital sufficient to ensure the coverage of losses caused by the insured by an insured event. Own to cover such a need for cash payments The insurer, in most cases, is not capable. Therefore, each insurer creates a system of insurance reserves (from these saved funds, the insured will be paid insurance amount)

4. Control function It is to provide strictly targeted formation and use of the Insurance Fund funds on the basis of legislation regulating insurance activities. The implementation of the control function is implemented through financial control over the legality of insurance operations by insurers. If the insurance is recognized by the finance subcategory, it is endowed with the functions of finances on the grounds that private can have other functions than the whole. If insurance is an independent category, it is endowed with the following functions:

1. Formation of a specialized insurance fund of funds;

2. Reimbursement of damage and material support of citizens;

3. Prevention of the insured event and minimizing damages.

The formation of civil society is a complex, long-term and sometimes painful process, since it is associated with the transformation of a person in the legal state in a new individual, it forms a rational attitude towards peace. And in this regard, the Institute of Insurance, in our opinion, always played and will play a significant role in society. It allows you to minimize business losses from entrepreneurial activities, cover the damage from fire, flooding, other natural disaster, theft of property, causing harm to the health and life of a person, etc.

As a result of such events and actions in the property sector of insurers, losses arise, whether it is the cost of repairing the apartment after an unsuccessful New Year's fireworks from the Chinese manufacturer, compensation for the neighbors who were filled due to a faulty water supply, an accident and the repair of the car, and most often Nothing, costs as a result of the purchase of expensive medication and much more.

In addition, the Insurance Institute avoids a unquilized clarification of relations between harm caused and victims: who is right, and who is to blame. Of course, our society is still far from the Hollywood exchange of business cards after an accident, nevertheless introduced since 2002. The OSAGO system made it possible to make a certain element of civilization for domestic autodists.

Insurance is considered as a multifaceted phenomenon. It is at the same time the economic mechanism; It is considered as a form of a financial institution that invests monetary resources for profit; characterized as one of the types of entrepreneurial activity; acts as a sphere of redistribution of risk from random events that do not depend on the will of the subjects of insurance; And also serves as a factor in insurance protection of property interests, life, health, human ability.

This unique institution, in our opinion, has so obvious social orientation that some types of insurance are legally called social.

Insurance protection (as a legal way of protection) is an important factor in the formation of a civil society, which in Russia is still only formed. The state should create conditions under which civil society appears as a result of the active activities of the Company and its members. Since each individual is a member of society, the insurance system, in our opinion, directly affects its formation.

Insurance makes it possible to balance the property interests of citizens and legal entities in conflict situations without the participation of the state. After all, insurance is based on the fact that as a result of the placement of losses, the definition of the property of one person, between a large set of persons for each of them separately the loss becomes hardly tangible, at the same time the property situation of the victim is restored quickly and almost without great losses for him. As V.A. rightly notes Musin, the unified economic nature of insurance is to compensate for losses by their decomposition among many subjects Musin, V.A. On the nature of insurance legal relations [Text] / V.A. Musin // legal state. - 1970. - N 4. - P. 46 .. That is why insurance is the form of mutual assistance, since the victims are rewarded at the expense of inconsticating, the loss is declined between all the insureders.

As part of the civil society, the Insurance Institute is the combination of relations that develop in a democratic society independently, autonomously from the state. Sure, regulatory regulation From the state, there are also some public-legal elements in insurance legal relations: licensing, insurance supervision, consolidation of a number of mandatory types of insurance, etc. Undoubtedly, insurance may become an alternative regulator of public relations on harm reimbursement, reducing partly the number of numerous lawsuits. In addition, by consolidating the implementation of certain types of insurance in a mandatory form (for example, OSAGO, the liability insurance of the tour operator, etc.) the state provides guarantees of compensation for harm caused to life, health or the property of victims. There is a paid transfer to the insurance organization of losses arising from the insured from the impact of certain malicious factors. That is, the solution to the issue of reimbursement of such harm is slightly shifted to another plane, and with the participation of the members of civil society.

But the role of insurance in civil society is not exhausted. Eluminating or relaxing the moment of risk, the insurance thereby gives the carrier of economic activity - a person - the opportunity to lick with confidence in an unknown future.

The trend in the development of insurance in our country is in accordance with the principles of the Constitution of Russia Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by a national vote 12/12/1993) (taking into account the amendments made by the laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, from 12/30/2008 N 7-FCZ) [Text] // Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2009. - N 4. - Art. 445., as well as the objective needs of the formation in our country of civil society.

The changes in the insurance sector of the economy would have been impossible without the appropriate change since the beginning of the 1990s of the insurance legislation, which, being relatively young, is constantly developing and improved.

We can say that the impetus in the development of insurance in modern Russia has become the adoption of basic regulatory Act - The Law of the Russian Federation of November 27, 1992 N 4015-1 "On the organization of insurance business in the Russian Federation", which has already experienced more than one change of his edition, but showed, in our opinion, its consistency, efficiency, passing the time test.

The present breakthrough for insurance organizations was the adoption of the Federal Law of April 25, 2002 N 40-FZ "On compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners" on compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners [Text]: Federal Law of 25.04.2002 N 40 -FZ) // Meeting of the legislation of the Russian Federation. - 2002. - N 18. - Art. 1720. With the entry into force of this law, insurance premiums from motorists flowed to the insurers, and this development of the insurance market is characterized by the emergence of many hundreds of non-state insurance organizations with a wide range of insurance products offered by the physical and legal entities of Shikhov, A.K. Insurance law: studies. benefit. 4th ed., Pererab. and add. [Text] - / A.K. Shikhov - M.: Jurisprudence, 2006. - P. 4 ..

Thus, insurance is one of the components of the increase in the overall and legal culture of citizens, which will overcome legal nihilistic trends in society and, finally, to exit the socio-cultural crisis and form the institutions of civil society. In Russia, the development of regulatory acts in the field of insurance should go in parallel with carefully thought out public Policyaimed at increasing the level of legal consciousness of the population, to a clear understanding of the moral maintenance of modern democratic civil society.

Any activity of a person is associated with risky situations that are damaged to his health, property, intellectual property, money. Moreover, the timing of these situations, the scale of the damage is not known in advance, and the increase in production, the introduction of achievements of science and technology, the occurrence of crisis phenomena in the economy, accompanied by the growth of crime, leads to an increase in adverse events.

Insurance is a way to protect against random risks requiring significant financial resources that a particular subject may not be at the right moment. The unbearability of the elimination of damage, the random nature of emergencies led to the need to create specialized funds funds. This circumstance is determined by the need and social significance of insurance.

As an economic category insurance is an integral part of finance. Just like finance, insurance is due to movement monetary form cost. Formation of insurance funds through contributions (premiums) and their subsequent use for damage to damage is carried out in the process of distribution and redistribution cash income and savings.

The economic entity of insurance is manifested in features such as risky, preventive, distribution, savings, control. It should be distinguished by the economic essence of the category of its content. The essence of the category is constant, the content is changeable and in each social and economic formation has its own feature. So, in the market type economy, insurance is functioning in two aspects:

• - insurance as a solidarity association of insurers in order to pay for damages upon the occurrence of insurance events;
• - Insurance as a business scope, bringing profits.

Insurance is a special scope of redistributive relations in the field of the formation and use of target funds funds for the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities and compensation to them material damage Upon the occurrence of adverse events and events.

I have studied the definitions that are presented in Appendix A, and the analysis of these definitions is presented in Table 1.1.1.

Table 1.1.1 - Analysis of the definition of the concept of "insurance"

Criteria	System (set) relationship	System (aggregate) of events	Method (mechanism)	Education	Special fund funds	Risk Reduction (Transfer)	Reimbursement of losses (damage)	Protecting interests	Giving help
A source
Dictionary of insurance termines
Insurance and risk management
Marketing: Industrial Terminology Dictionary
Large economic Dictionary
Innovative activity: Dictionary-Directory
Economy: Encyclopedic Dictionary
Dictionary-Directory for Economics
Economy and Law: Encyclopedic Dictionary
Dictionary Modern Economic and Legal Terms
Economics and Mathematical Dictionary
Great Encyclopedia in 62 volumes
Oxford illustrated encyclopedia
The newest Encyclopedic Dictionary
Popular Encyclopedic Dictionary

Note. Source: own development, on the basis of economic literature, electronic resources and regulatory acts

After analyzing all the definitions, it can be concluded that in various sources the concept of insurance is presented in different ways, i.e. Insurance can be defined as a relationship between subjects of insurance, a totality of measures, a mechanism, method, education. However, the absolute majority of definitions have a common part.

Thus, insurance is a set of measures to create a target cash fund, from the funds of which are compensated for losses upon the occurrence of adverse events related to the life and working capacity of insured persons.

In the conditions of the market, along with the traditional protection opportunities for protection against natural phenomena of natural nature (earthquake, IT.p.) and technical risks (fires, accidents, etc.), the need of entrepreneurs in insurance coverage Damage in violation of financial and loan obligations, insolvency of counterparties, etc. Factors leading to loss of profits. Insurance protection of life, health, etc. has great importance. The interaction of the parties interested in the conclusion of insurance relations occurs in the insurance market. The object "Purchase" in this market is an insurance service.

Insurance services can be provided on the terms of commitment or voluntaryness. Accordingly, the formation form may be mandatory or voluntary. The classification of insurance by type is presented in Appendix B and V.

Mandatory insurance is insurance of various objects defined at the legislative level. With this form of insurance, the amount of insurance liability and tariffs are as a rule, are also regulated at the state level and are mandatory for all forms of ownership. The functioning of individual industries of production and livelihoods is practically not possible without ensuring compulsory insurance.

Compulsory insurance is carried out by the law, based on public expediency. With it, it acts unlimited insurance responsibility on the institutional insurance facilities established by law and the circle of insurers it comes automatically.

Voluntary insurance - is an independent choice of the insured on the terms and at the tariffs of insurance companies. In modern market conditions, voluntary insurance is a significant competitive advantage and does not rarely define the financial and economic sustainability of the enterprise and the confidence from partners.

Voluntary insurance is carried out by virtue of a law on a voluntary basis. The law determines general terms and Conditionsand specific insurance conditions are regulated by the insurer in the insurance contract. This form provides the possibility of free selection of services in the insurance market. Voluntary insurance has selective coverage, in addition, restrictions are established for individual categories of persons.

A set of insurance is called the assortment of the insurance market. The types of insurance of homogeneous objects are grouped in the industry, which constitute the basis of the insurance classification.

There are the following main insurance branches:

• - personal insurance;
• - property insurance;
• - liability Insurance.

This classification is characteristic of the Belarusian insurance market and is fixed in the "Regulations on the procedure for issuing special permits (licenses) on insurance and reinsurance activities in insurance".

Personal insurance - the insurance industry, where the life, health and working capacity of citizens speak as insurance objects. Personal insurance is divided into groups: life insurance and insurance not related to life insurance.

The main types of voluntary personal insurance relating to life insurance are:

• - voluntary life insurance;
• - Voluntary insurance of additional pensions.

The voluntary types of personal insurance, not related to life insurance, belong:

Voluntary insurance against accidents.

This type of insurance includes the following varieties:

• - Individual insurance against accidents;
• - Insurance against accidents at the expense of enterprises;
• - insurance of drivers and passengers from accidents;
• - insurance of children from accidents, etc.;

voluntary insurance against accidents and diseases.

The varieties of this type of insurance are:

• - Insurance against accidents and diseases during a trip abroad; Insurance against accidents and diseases of foreign citizens temporarily living in the Republic of Belarus;
• - reproductive (core) insurance of women, etc.;
• - voluntary medical expenses;

other types of personal insurance, not related to life insurance.

Mandatory types of personal insurance include:

• - compulsory public personal insurance of certain categories of citizens;
• - compulsory insurance against accidents in production and occupational diseases.

Property insurance is an operation in which the object of insurance is not contrary to the legislation of the Republic of Belarus property interests associated with loss (death) or damage to property in possession, use, disposal. Insurers are not only owners of property, but also other legal entities and individuals, bearing responsibility For its safety.

In the form of ownership and social Groups Insureders distinguish the property of business entities: public, private, leased and individual citizens with personal property rights.

The state and prospects of property insurance directly depend on the economic situation of the country, cash income and the standard of living of the population, the availability of a developed network of insurance companies that have a sustainable position and offering a wide selection of insurance services.

At the present stage of development, the insurance market of the Republic of Belarus offers the following classification of voluntary property insurance:

• v Voluntary insurance of legal entities, which includes the following varieties:
  • - voluntary hostess of crops;
  • - Voluntary Insurance of Cass valuables, etc.;
• v Voluntary insurance of the property of citizens, this type of insurance includes:
• - voluntary household insurance;
• - Voluntary Insurance of Animals;
• - voluntary insurance of buildings belonging to citizens on the right of ownership;
• - voluntary insurance of monuments;
• - voluntary insurance of ground vehicles;
• - voluntary insurance of aircraft;
• - voluntary insurance of inland water transport;
• - voluntary cargo insurance;
• - voluntary insurance of construction and assembly risks;
• v Voluntary entrepreneurial risk insurance, to this kind Insurance include:
• - Insurance of the risk of improper loan;
• - loss insurance due to a forced interruption in production;
• - insurance of financial risks; Deposit insurance and others.

The property insurance also includes compulsory insurance of buildings belonging to citizens on the right of personal property.

Responsibility Insurance is an insurance industry, where the object is responsible to third (physical and legal) persons who may be damaged (harm) due to any action or inaction of the insured. Through the insurance of liability is being implemented by the insurance protection of the economic interests of possible damage injuries.

Liability insurance is divided into categories:

• - insurance of civil liability;
• - professional responsibility insurance;
• - Insurance of liability for product quality.

The scope of liability insurance applies to the private sphere through professional areas to the risk of liability of the enterprise.

The feature of liability insurance, in contrast to other industries, is that it is:

• - first, protects the policyholder from material losses if they are necessary for compensation for damage to third parties;
• - secondly, provides victims to the compensation for damage caused by the risks provided for by the Treaty;
• - Third, the insured amount is determined by the parties depending on the maximum possible limit, the financial capabilities of the insurer;
• - Fourth, certain types of liability insurance are made in mandatory form.

In the Republic of Belarus, the following types of liability insurance were distributed and developed:

• - voluntary insurance of aircraft owners;
• - voluntary insurance of professional responsibility;
• - voluntary insurance of civil liability of enterprises creating increased danger to others;
• - voluntary insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners;
• - mandatory liability insurance of the carrier before passengers;
• - insurance of civil liability of the employer for harm caused by the life and health of employees.

In accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for issuing licenses in each of the three branches of voluntary insurance (personal, property and liability insurance) there are risky and accumulative types of insurance.

Risk insurance is short-term (as a rule, up to one year). The insurance fee for risky insurance is paid at a time as a percentage of the sum insured. In some cases, the insurance fee is allowed in parts (for example, with voluntary property insurance of citizens). The insurance amount due to the insurance contract is paid by the insurer when the insured event occurs during the insurance contract.

Cumulative insurance is distinguished by long-term (more than one year), regular (during the entire insurance period) by the insured of insurance premiums and ensuring payment by the insurer to the insurer.

Introduction

Basic concepts of insurance

The role of insurance

Conclusion

Introduction

Insurance has a centuries-old history and refers to such fundamental categories as money, credit, taxes. To date, insurance is a way of compensation for damage caused by the owner material values As a result of natural disasters, accidents, fires, earthquakes, robbery, etc. These events violate the normal course of human life and are distinguished by their suddenness and urgency.

Naturally, any owner, anyone is interested in ensuring the preservation of its property, life, health and would like to be able to compensate for the damage when the insured event occurs. This interest is a subjective basis for the emergence of insurance.

Insurance is a relationship in the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities upon the occurrence of certain events (insured events) through cash funds formed from insurance premiums paid by them (insurance premiums).

Insurance arose and developed due to the economic need to protect the person and its property from random dangers. In insurance, certain economic relations are being implemented, developing between people in the process of production, circulation, exchange and consumption of material benefits. It provides all business entities and members of the Society guarantee in damages.

Periodic repeatability of the echigorate events that are caused by nature and society and entail material losses, proves that they have an objective, legitarious nature associated with contradictions economic relations and technogenic problems.

The contradiction arising in the process of reproduction creates objective conditions for the manifestation of negative consequences that are random. Risk arises. The risk objectively inherent in various stages of public reproduction and any socio-economic relations.

Compensation of damage caused by the manifestation of devastating contradictions from the interaction of the forces of nature and society gives rise to the need to establish certain relationships between people to prevent, overcoming and restricting the destructive effects of natural disasters. These objective relations of people to ensure a continuous and uninterrupted production process, to maintain stability and stability. reached level Life in aggregate constitute the economic category of insurance protection.

Symptoms characterizing the economic category of insurance

The following signs can be distinguished, characterizing the economic category of insurance:

the presence of insurance risk (and its evaluation criterion);

the random nature of the occurrence of a disaster or other manifestation of the destructive forces of nature;

an objective need for damage compensation;

formation of the insurance community from among the insurers and insurers;

expression of damage in natural or cash;

implementation of measures to prevent and overcome the consequences of a specific event;

the return of insurance payments;

self-sufficiency insurance activity;

a closed layout of damage based on the likelihood that the number of victims is usually less than the number of insurance participants;

the presence of redistributive relations in space and in time, i.e. Redistribution of damage both between territorial units (internal, external, global (world) insurance markets) and time (years, seasonality, etc.).

Only under the observance of the territorial redistribution of insurance reserves is possible an effective layout of damages from natural disasters and other phenomena, covering large territories and sovereign states.

The specificity of the economic category of insurance protection of social proceedings causes three main features:

the random nature of the occurrence of the insured event;

material damage expressed in natural or monetary measurements;

the need to overcome the consequences of the insured event and compensation for material damage. In the insurance risk and in protective measures consists of the essence of the economic category of insurance protection.

The powerful impetus to the organization of insurance protection gave public division of labor, the development of handicraft production and the allocation of trade in an independent industry. Growth of cities, the development of craft production, trade, especially international trade related to the increased risk and the use of cash loans, required appropriate insurance. In this regard, the loan and insurance were closely interrelated. The insurance of the borrower's property transmitted to the lender to ensure the loan (maritime loans), caused the allocation of creditors from among the creditors, and first of all the Roshovists, a special group of professionals - insurers, or underwriters, in the hands of which the resources of the Insurance Fund were concentrated. Operational management of the resources of the Insurance Fund on the part of insurers objectively required against them assessing the insurance risk, based on the analysis of facts and circumstances, their accumulation, generalization and systematization.

As a result, scientific knowledge of insurance risk and its assessment based on the knowledge of the laws of nature and society is being formed.

Thus, a scientific base is supplied under the economic category of insurance protection. Despite the random nature of the occurrence of a disaster or other devastating event, the possibility of their scientific foresight appeared. It became possible with a great degree of reliability to predict a possible amount of damage in kind and monetary form. Thanks to the scientific anticipation, the insurer could consciously realize measures to prevent the adverse effects of the onset of insurance risk.

Prevention measures (ie, preventing possible damage in the future), undertaken by the insurer, allow it to optimize the resources of the Insurance Fund and use them often as a source of investment. Insurance has become one of the specific forms of insurance protection of the social production and organization of the insurance fund.

Insurance is a way of compensation for damages that have failed a physical or legal entity, through their distribution among many persons (insurance aggregate). Damage compensation is made from the insurance fund, which is managed by an insurance organization (insurer). The objective need for insurance is due to the fact that losses sometimes arise as a result of devastating factors, not under the human (natural forces of nature) at all, in any case, they do not entail anyone civil liability. In such a situation, it is impossible to collect losses from anyone and they "settle" in the property sphere of the victim himself. A predetermined insurance fund can be a source of damage compensation. Insurance is advisable only when insurance events (risks) are provided for by the legal relationship of the insured and insurer (risks) cause a significant need for money. So, for example, an individual who has this need arises, as a rule, cannot cover it from its own funds without sensitive restriction of its living standards.

Basic concepts of insurance

We present the basic concepts and terms used in insurance, reflecting the specifics and features of insurance as an economic category and field of activity:

"Insurance" - relations to protect the property interests of citizens, foreign citizens, individuals without citizenship, organizations, including foreign and international, as well as administrative-territorial units, foreign countries upon the occurrence of certain events (insurance cases) at the expense of insurance reserves formed insurers from paid insurance premiums (insurance premiums);

"Reinsurance" - insurance with one insurer (reinsurance) on the conditions of their obligations determined in the contract at another insurer (reinsurer);

"CONSTRUCTION" - insurance for one contract shared by several insurers of the same insurance object;

"insurance"- insurance activities, including on coordinating and reinsurance;

"Insurance Object" - non-contrary to legislation Property interests related:

with the causing harm to life or the health of the insured or otherwise named in an individual (personal insurance that is not related to life insurance);

with the achievement of citizens of a certain age or with the onset in their lives of a different insurance case provided for in the contract (personal insurance relating to life insurance);

with loss (death) or damage to property, which is in possession, use, the disposal of the insurer or other beneficiary named in the contract, or with damage to their property rights, including the emergence of entrepreneurial losses due to non-fulfillment (improperly) its obligations with counterparties of the business entity or with a change in the conditions of this activity on the initiation of the entrepreneur (property insurance);

with responsibility for obligations arising in the event of causing an insured or other person, on which such responsibility can be assigned, harming the life, health or property of others, or with responsibility under the contract (liability insurance)

"Insurance Subjects" is:

the insurer is (always an insurance company) a legal entity, which, in accordance with the proposed or concluded insurance contract, assumes obligations to compensate the damage incurred by the insured when provided for by the contract Insurance case for a certain remuneration.

insureders - citizens, foreign citizens, stateless persons, organizations, including foreign and international, and its administrative-territorial units, foreign states that have entered into insurers insurance contracts.

"Insurance Payment" - the amount of funds paid to the insured (insured person, beneficiary) upon the occurrence of the insured event. In the property insurance and insurance of responsibility, the insurance payment is made in the form of insurance compensation, with personal insurance - in the form of insurance support;

"Insurance amount (limit of responsibility)" - the amount of money established in law or the insurance contract, within which, unless otherwise provided in the law, the Insurer is obliged to carry out insurance payments upon the occurrence of the insured event;

"Insurance Cost" is the actual value of property or business risk. Insurance cost is considered:

for property - its real value at the location on the day of the conclusion of the insurance contract;

for business risks - losses from entrepreneurial activity, which the insured will incur in the occurrence of an insured event;

"Insurance Agent" - an individual or organization that is on behalf of the Insurance Organization Mediation Insurance Activities;

Insurance Broker is a commercial organization that performs mediation insurance activities on its own behalf on the basis of the instruction of an insurance organization or the insurer or at the same time each of them on the basis of a special permit (license) for insurance activities.

"Insurance fee (insurance premium)" - the amount of funds payable by the insured by the insurer for insurance;

"Insurance Risk" - an estimated event with signs of likelihood and chance, in case of the occurrence of which insurance is carried out;

"Insurance case" - an event provided for in the insurance contract or legislation, upon whose occurrence of the insurer, the obligation arises to carry out insurance pays to the insured (insured person, beneficiary);

"Insurance rate" - the rate of the insurance premium from the unity of the sum insured;

"Insurers" - commercial organizations created for insurance activities and having special permits (licenses) for insurance activities (hereinafter - insurers, insurance organizations);

"Diversification" - the condition for placing insurance reserves by the insurer, involving their simultaneous distribution of investment activities on non-other objects;

"investment activities"- the activities of the Insurer to invest in insurance reserves in securities, real estate, precious metals and other property in the manner prescribed by law, as well as otherwise, not prohibited by the legislation, investment investment for profit (income);

"Association of Insurers" - a non-profit organization, which is established by insurers and insurance brokers in the form of the Association (Union) to coordinate the activities of its members, protect their interests, jointly perform certain tasks and not entitled to engage in entrepreneurship, including by education commercial organizations and (or) participation in them.

economic Civil Law Insurance

The role of insurance

Insurance relations enshrined in the written insurance contract as a civil law deal are known for at least the era of the late Middle Ages. Then, thanks to the great geographic discoveries, the horizons of marine international trade noticeably expanded. Entrepreneurs needed major capital to use new horizons of the opened opportunities.

Historically, having arisen in connection with the need to make compensation for damages not subject to arrangement on other persons, the insurance has undergone significant changes during its long-term development and is now applied to many cases where the attack of losses is associated with the civil liability of their injury. In such cases, insurance serves as a victim of an additional guarantee for the protection of its property interests. In the future, along with property insurance, providing compensation for losses associated with loss or damage to the material benefits, personal insurance appeared, guaranteeing payments for certain monetary sums upon the occurrence of death, injury, diseases, during survival to a certain age of a person.

Insurance and entrepreneurship are closely interrelated. For entrepreneurship is characterized by organizational and economic innovation, the search for new, more efficient ways of using resources, flexibility, willingness to take risk.

At the same time, certain insurance interests arise due to the nature of entrepreneurial activity. These insurance interests, enshrined in relevant insurance contracts, orient entrepreneurs to mastering promising development forms, to find new areas of capital application.

The transition to a market economy provides a significant increase in the role of insurance in public reproduction, significantly expands the scope of insurance services and the development of alternatives to state insurance. With the command and administrative system of management of the national economy, the dominant role of state ownership and the weak economic responsibility of managers and labor collectives for its safety, insurance could not get the place in economics and social relations.

Deploying market relations, when the producer begins to act at its own risk, according to its own plan and is responsible for this, increases the role and importance of insurance. At the same time, along with the traditional destination - ensuring protection against the natural element (earthquake, flood, storms, etc.), random events of technical and technological nature (fires, accidents, explosions, etc.) - the object of insurance is increasingly becoming losses from various criminogenic phenomena. (thefts, robbery attacks, hijacking vehicles, etc.).

Enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership, acting as insurers, have the need not only to compensate for damage expressed in death or damage to fixed assets and working capital, but also in compensation for economic (entrepreneurial) risks. Today it is customary to allocate two main directions of insurance of these risks: the risk insurance of direct and indirect losses. Direct losses can be attributed, for example, losses from misunderstanding profits, losses from equipment downtime due to the misuse of raw materials, materials and components, strikes and other objective reasons. Indirect - insurance of missed benefits, bankruptcy of the enterprise and so on.

Changes also affect the sphere of property and personal insurance of citizens, which is directly related to economic interests population. The ratio of long-term and short-term insurance contracts, a combination of risky, preventive and savings conditions of insurance, level bank interest The reserve of contributions to life insurance agreements, the accounting of price trends and the implementation of anti-inflationary measures with the transition to a market economy is inevitably becoming the subject of insurance policy. The proposal of insurance services is increasing. There is a gradual formation of the insurance market. Priority is given to voluntary types of insurance, although compulsory insurance is maintained or even introduced in certain areas (for example, medical, servicemen from accidents, etc.).

Insurance serves as an important factor in stimulating production activity and ensuring healthy image Life creates new incentives for productivity growth in accordance with the personal contribution to the production and provision of their own well-being.

The economic essence of insurance corresponds to its functions expressing public significance This category.

The main risky function is, since the insurance risk as a probability of damage is directly related to the main purpose of insurance for the provision of monetary assistance to victims. It is in the framework of the risk function that the monetary form of value is redistributed among insurance participants in connection with the consequences of random insurance events.

The preventive function is aimed at financing at the expense of a part of the Insurance Fund of Insurance Risk Remedies.

Insurance can also bear a savings function: in the case of saving insurance sums through life insurance due to the need for the insurance protection of the achieved family wealth.

The control function of insurance is concluded in strictly targeted formation and use of insurance fund funds. In accordance with the control function, on the basis of legislative and instructive documents, financial insurance monitoring is carried out for the rules for conducting insurance operations.

Analyzing the presented subsection, we can make the following brief summary conclusions.

Insurance is a way of compensation for damages that have failed a physical or legal entity, through their distribution among many persons (insurance aggregate). Damage compensation is made from the insurance fund, which is managed by an insurance organization (insurer).

Economic category Insurance is an integral part of the financial category and is a system of economic relations between insurers and policyholders for the protection of property interests of individuals and legal entities in the onset of certain insurance cases due to cash funds generated from insurance premiums paid by insureders (premiums), as well as the system of economic and entrepreneurial activities, investment of capital and investing temporarily free cash in order to receive income into profitable objects of material production, securities, deposits, bonds, real estate, etc.

In a market economy, insurance speaks, on the one hand, a means of protecting the business and well-being of people, and on the other - the type of activity that bring revenue. Sources of profits of the Insurance Organization are income from insurance activities, from investments of temporarily free funds into objects of industrial and non-productive areas of activity, enterprise shares, bank deposits, securities, etc.

Conclusion

Insurance can be defined as a set of redistributive relations of a closed circle of its participants about the formation of the target insurance fund due to their contributions, intended for compensation for the property of legal entities and individuals, as well as for the material support of citizens upon the occurrence of certain events in their lives.

In countries with a developed market economy, insurance plays an important and multifaceted role. In this regard, four insurance functions can be distinguished: the function of compensation for damages, social, investment and preventive.

Economic and social relations in society as a whole, within a separate economic entity or citizen and his families face different and latitude of exposure, sources and destroying risks. The listed criteria are predetermined by the use of various forms of organization of insurance relations (forms of insurance). The interaction of various forms of insurance for risk management on the macro- and microeconomic levels ensures the integrity of the national insurance system.

List of used literature

1. Ageev N.R. Insurance: Theory, Practice and Foreign Experience. - M.: Youth, 2008.

Alexandrov A.A. Insurance. -M.: Prior, 2008.

Vobful K.G. Basics of insurance economy. - M.: - Ankil, 2002

4. Grishchenko N.B. Fundamentals of insurance activities. - Barnaul: Publishing House Alt. University, 2001.

Denisova I.P. Insurance / - 4th ed. - Rostov N / D: Publishing Center "March", 2011.

6. Serbinovsky B.Yu., Giantush V.N. Insurance: Tutorial for universities. - Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 2000

7. Yakovleva TA, Shevchenko O.Yu. Insurance. - M.: Economist, 2004.

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