Types of population reproduction table. Types and features of the reproduction of the population in various groups of countries and regions of the world

The concept of "population" is rather multi-vector and is considered in several senses.

The concept of population

In a broad sense, the population means the number of people who are in a clearly defined population (the population of the state, region or city). Also, the population is considered as a torque value, which indicates the number of people living on a certain territory of the state of the specified time frame.

For example: the population of the country n by the state on 01.01. 2001 is N millions of inhabitants. In modern demography, two numbers are used: the population is at the beginning of the year and average annual number of numbers.

Reproduction of the population

The reproduction of the population is a natural demographic movement, as a result of which generations change occurs. Reproduction is determined by two factors - Mortality and birthday.

According to the latest research data, in order for the reproduction of the population in natural mode, it is necessary that every couple, which consists of official marriage, there were 2 children.

Historical types of population reproduction

Population reproduction to share for four main types: archetype and traditional, transitional and modern type. Each type of population reproduction has individual features. For archetype, an uncontrolled mortality rate and fertility is characteristic, the low life expectancy, the number of peoples increases slowly, the time for which the number of nation is doubling exceeds 250 years.

This type of reproduction is characteristic of primitive society. However, in our time, members of isolated African tribes still belong to it. With traditional type, high fertility rates are observed, high percent Child mortality, the number of population is doubled over 50 years (medieval Europe, modern Bangladesh and Nigeria).

The main features of the transition type of production are the decline in fertility, a decrease in mortality among the population, including infants, a small population growth. Type is characteristic of modern India, Brazil and Mexico.

With a modern type of fertility, the number of children in the family is regulated by parents, there is a continuous process of improving life expectancy and the improvement of the domestic conditions of the population. This type is characteristic of all modern developed states.

Composition of the population

The composition of the population is two species: age and sexual structure. The political composition of the population is the ratio of the number of female and male individuals. Indicators of the age composition of the population in different countriesah differ, but according to world indicators, the number of men by 20 million exceeds the number of women.

So in the world of 100 women accounts for 101 man. The male population prevails in India, China and in the countries of the Middle East. In Latin America, Australia and Africa, sexual relationship is the same. In all other regions of the world women prevail.

The age structure of the population consists of three groups - children under 15 years of age, workable people are 15-60 years old, and elderly people. In developing countries, the percentage of older people, in developed - children under 15 years old. The percentage of workable population is high (about 60%) in countries such as USA, Russia and European countries.

Number and dynamics of population

Demography (from Greek demos. - people I. gRAPHO. - I write) - Science of the laws of reproduction of the population, studying its number, natural growth, age and sex, etc.

The scientific theory of population is considering the population participating in labor as the main productive strength of society, the basis of the entire social production. Constantly interacting with nature (geographical medium), the population plays an active role in its transformation. At the same time, the population acts in the role of the main consumer of all the material benefits created. That is why the population is one of the important factors for the development of each country, and and all mankind.

Table 1. The population of the planet from 1000 g.

Table 2. Growth of the population of the world in 1950-2001.

In 1987, the population of the world reached 5 million, and in 1999 on October 12 exceeded 6 million people.

Table 3. The population of the world in groups of countries.

Table 4. Share of individual groups of countries in the population of the world, global GDP and world exports of goods and services in 2000, in%

Table 5. The population of the largest countries of the world (million people).

Table 6. Forecast of the population of the Earth for 2025

Top of population growth shows how many percent the population increased this year Compared with any earlier period (most often with the previous year, called the base year).

Doubling time - Time for which the population is doubled.

Table 8. Growth rates (in%) and doubling time (in years) of the population.

Minimum doubling time: Brunei (11), Qatar (13), UAE (13).
Maximum doubling time: Bulgaria, Ireland, Hungary (1000),
Belgium, Poland, Falkland O-Wa, Puerto Rico (693).
As can be seen from the table, in different regions of the world, the population in our days is growing unenochnakovo: in some more slowly, in others - faster, and thirdly - very quickly. This is explained by the various character of its reproduction.

Reproduction of the population

Reproduction (natural movement) of the population - A combination of fertility processes, mortality and natural growth, which provides uninterrupted renewal and change of human generations. Or: reproduction of the population is the process of changing the generation as a result of natural (growth) movement.

Main demographic indicators

Absolute indicators:

• natural increase - the difference between the number of births and deaths;
• mechanical increase - The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.

Relative:

• fertility coefficient - the ratio of the total number of births in the country for the year to the total population of the country measured in thousands (i.e. the number of births for each thousand inhabitants;
• mortality coefficient - The ratio of the total number of those who died in the country for the year to the population of the country measured in thousands (that is, the number of dead per thousand residents);
• natural growth ratio - The difference between the fertility coefficient and mortality rate.

These coefficients are measured in ppm (‰), but can be measured as a percentage (%), i.e. Calculations in this case are carried out per 100 inhabitants.

"Formula" reproduction - type of record of relative demographic indicators: fertility coefficient - mortality rate \u003d natural growth ratio.

Table 9. Demographic indicators of reproduction at the beginning of the 90s (in ‰).

Birth rate, mortality, natural population growth is based on its biological processes. But, nevertheless, the crucial impact on them is provided by the socio-economic conditions of the life of people, as well as the relationship between them in society and in the family.

The mortality rate depends primarily on the material living conditions of people: nutrition, sanitary and hygienic working conditions and life, from health development.

The birth rate also depends on the socio-economic structure of society, on the living conditions of people. But this dependence is much more complex and controversial, causing many disputes in science. Most scientists associate a decline in the birth rate with the growth of cities and the spread of the urban lifestyle, which leads to increasing involvement of women in industrial and social activities, an increase in the timing of children's and the overall increase in the "child prices". Developed pension provision also leads to a decrease in fertility, because The role of a child as "walking pension" is reduced to no. On the contrary, the rural lifestyle contributes to a high birth rate, because In rural areas, the child is already from 9-10 years old - unnecessary labor hands. In poor countries, where the social sphere is well developed, the child is the main feeder of the elderly parents. High birth rate is also characteristic of Muslim countries, where traditions large seven Supports religion.

A very large negative impact on the reproduction of the population is provided by wars, primarily the world, which lead to a huge human losses, both as a result of direct hostilities and due to the spread of hunger and diseases, the breaking of family connections.

The increase in mortality is growing of such adverse events as crime, production injuries, natural and man-made disasters, accidents, worsening quality ambient.

Types of population reproduction

In the most simplified form, you can talk about two types of population reproduction.

The first type of population reproduction. Demographic crisis. For the first type of population reproduction (synonyms: the demographic "Winter", a modern or rational type of reproduction) is characterized by low birth rates, mortality and natural growth. He got spread primarily in economically developed countries, where the share of older and old people is growing all the time; This in itself reduces the fertility rate and increases mortality.

Reducing the birth rate in industrialized countries is associated, as a rule, with the spread of a urban lifestyle, in which children for parents turn out to be "burnt". In industrial production, the service sector requires highly qualified personnel. The consequence of this is the need for long-term studies ongoing until 21-23 years. He strongly influenced the decision to give birth to a second or third child's high involvement of a woman in the labor process, her desire to make a career, be financially independent.

But among the countries of the first type of population reproduction, three subgroups can be distinguished.

First, these are countries with an average annual natural increase in population in 0.5-1% (or 5-10 people per 1000 inhabitants, or 5-10). In such countries, examples of which can serve as the United States, Canada, Australia, is ensured by a rather significant increase in the population.

For this it is necessary that about half of all families have two children, and half - three. Two children with time "replace" parents, and the third not only covers the decline on diseases, accidents, etc. and "compensates" the absence of offspring at childless, but also provides a sufficient overall increase.

Secondly, these are countries with "zero" or close to it natural increment. Such an increase (for example, in Italy, Great Britain, Poland) no longer provides advanced reproduction of the population, which is usually stabilized on the level achieved.

Table 10 . Europe countries with negative natural population growth in 2000

Thirdly, these are countries with a negative natural increase, i.e., such where the mortality rate exceeds the fertility. As a result, the number of their inhabitants not only does not grow, but even decreases. Demographers call this phenomenon depopulation (or demographic crisis).

It is most characteristic for Europe, where is already one and a half dozen countries (Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, etc.) have a negative natural increase. Recently, Russia has entered among such countries.

Transition from characteristic of old Russia large family Macefully accomplished in our country during the existence of the Soviet Union. But in the 90s. First of all, the emergence of a deep socio-economic crisis began this "collapse" of indicators of the natural growth of the population.

In the 90s. As a result of a sharp decline in fertility and increasing mortality, the population of Russia should have decreased by several million people. And only due to the massive influx of migrants from other CIS countries and the Baltic countries, which more than 1/3 compensated for this decline, the reduction in the population was not so large. The rate of fertility in Russia (less than 9 people per 1000 inhabitants) and in the late 90s. It remains one of the lowest in the world.

So, in general, for economically developed countries of the world (the average indicator of their natural increase 0.4) is characterized by the so-called "rational" or "modern" type of population reproduction, mainly corresponding to the urban image and high level of life of their population. But this does not exclude that a number of European countries is experiencing a demographic crisis that adversely affects or may affect their development.

The second type of population reproduction. "Population explosion". For the second type of population reproduction (synonyms: the demographic "winter") are typical of high and very high fertility and natural growth and relatively low mortality rates. It is characteristic primarily for developing countries.

Table 11. Developing countries with the highest natural increase in the population in 1995-2000.

Leading ideas: The population is the basis of the material life of society, the active element of our planet. People of all races, nations and nationalities are equally capable of participating in material production and in spiritual life.

Basic concepts: Demographics, growth rates and population growth rates, population reproduction, fertility (fertility rate), mortality (mortality rate), natural increase (natural growth rate), traditional, transitional, modern type of reproduction, demographic explosion, demographic crisis, demographic politics, migration (emigration, immigration), demographic situation, sexual agent, sexual Pyramid, EAN, Labor Resources, Employment Structure; resettlement and placement of the population; Urbanization, agglomeration, megalopolis, race, ethnos, discrimination, apartheid, world and national religions.

Skills: To be able to expect and apply reproduction indicators, employment resources (EAN), urbanization, etc. for individual countries and groups of countries, as well as analyze and draw conclusions (compare, to summarize, determine the trends and consequences of these trends), read, compare and analyze sexually Pyramids of various countries and groups of countries; Using the atlas cards and other sources characterize changes in the main indicators throughout the world, to give the characterization of the population of the country (region) according to plan using atlas cards.

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abstract

Types of population reproduction

Introduction

The evolution of population reproduction is closely related to changes in the socio-economic conditions of the life of people. Together with social development, they changed both fertility and mortality parameters and their interaction in the reproduction process. In various periods of human history, including the present time, in the population of different countries, the ratios between fertility and mortality are different. This involves the differentiation of finite results of the interaction of fertility and mortality, i.e. reproduction of the population. expanded when the younger generation is more than the oldest; Durable, here the younger generation is numerically less than the elders; And simple, at which the numbers of younger and older generations are equal.

In the context of the historical development of population, together with public progress, a transition was made from one type of reproduction to another, which is quite clearly expressed in the change of largeness by improperness. Despite the general trend of the change in the historical types of population reproduction, this change in countries with different levels of socio-economic development and in different ethnic groups have been performed and is not committed at the same time. Moreover, the levels and intensity of changes in both parties to the reproduction of the population - fertility and mortality, i.e. What characterizes its mode is different for different populations. The reproduction mode of the population presents its quantitative measure and combines both the birth rate and mortality mode. Accordingly, the indicators of the population reproduction take into account the value of both.

1. Conceptreproduction of the population

The study of the reproduction of the population was consumed in the XIX-XX centuries. As the public need for a comprehension of demographic changes occurring in the world. The first attempts to comprehend the reproduction of the population as the unity of fertility and mortality were taken back in the XVIII century Mathematics L. Euler. For a long time, interest in the analysis of the individuals of the "natural" movement of the population clearly prevailed over their synthesis in the framework of the study of the reproduction of the population as a whole. Only in the first decade of the XX century in connection with the creation of a stable population model, it was possible to see the process of population reproduction as something holistic, to understand inherent internal quantitative dependencies.

The reproduction of the population is a probabilistic process, one of the main processes of reproduction of society, which forms a mass of random, single events - births and deaths. Long existence of populations involves saving fundamental conditions Their interaction with the external environment, which is possible only if the flow of demographic events is not chaotic, but in a certain way ordered. Such orderliness really takes place and is a consequence of self-organization of the demographic system. These processes occur in nature, due to which the continuity of reproduction of plant and animal populations and the relative stability of their number is achieved. The propagation management of populations in nature has a biological basis.

With the occurrence of human society, the population reproduction system undergoes a qualitative change, the biological control mechanisms are replaced by social, we are talking about the management of non-processes occurring at the individual level - birth and death remain biological phenomena - but about conscious incentive or deterrence and mortality at the level populations.

Considering the reproduction of the population only as the processes of reproduction of people - as carriers of all public relations, without specifying this concept, it may be that the concept of "population reproduction" is expanding to the concept of "processes of social production." Consequently, the study of the reproduction of the population throughout the wealth of their social characteristics leads to the erosion of the borders of the process of reproduction of the population.

According to Medkov, the reproduction of the population is a constant resumption of its number and structure as a natural change of outgoing generations with new and transition of some parts to others.

By definition proposed in the encyclopedic dictionary "Population" - the reproduction of the population is the constant updating of the population as a result of fertility and mortality processes, and for individual regions and migration. In a narrower sense, the reproduction of the population is the resumption of generations of people as a result of births and deaths.

Thus, despite the border of the life of each person, the population continues to exist, while maintaining or changing its number and structure.

In a broad sense, the term "reproduction of the population" includes the renewal and development of the composition of the population: on the floor and age; public groups; nationalities, family position; Education, professional composition.

2 . T.pOS reproduction of the population

Three types of population reproduction are distinguished:

Durable reproduction - when the living population does not reproduce their replacement. The absolute number of outgoing generations exceeds the number of generations entitled. This type is characteristic of countries with zero or close to it natural increase or with a negative increase, i.e. Such countries where mortality exceeds fertility. Demographers call this phenomenon to depopulation or demographic crisis. Depopulation (from Franz.Depopulatin) Reducing the population of the country, district as a result of a narrowed reproduction leading to absolute decrease.

Reducing the birth rate in industrialized countries associate, as a rule, with the spread of the urban lifestyle, in which children for parents turn out to be "burnt". In industrial production, the service sector requires highly qualified personnel. The consequence of this is the need for long-term studies ongoing until 21-23 years. He strongly influenced the decision to give birth to a second or third child's high involvement of a woman in the labor process, her desire to make a career, be financially independent.

Simple reproduction means that the generation of children replacing the generation of parents, and the generation of parents is equal in its absolute number. In such a population, permanent sexual structure (stationary type) is formed. The total population does not increase, under certain adverse conditions, the likelihood of transition to narrowed reproduction is greater. It is characterized by low rates of fertility, mortality and, accordingly, natural growth. (This method was distributed in the economically developed European countries of Iceveric America).

Socio-economic reasons that cause low fertility indicators:

A high level of socio-economic development (income growing in the family, and the number of children is reduced);

High level of urbanization - 75%, fast growth income;

Changing the status of women, emancipation and the emergence of a new value system;

Increase in the share of senior ages;

- "aging nation" (United Kingdom, France), reducing the age of young;

The consequences of wars, military conflicts, terrorism;

Production injuries, man-made disasters (automobile accidents annually carry up to 250 thousand people), road traffic accidents (up to 60 thousand people die);

Mortality from diseases (AIDS, Cancer);

Natural disasters.

Extended reproduction is characterized by an increase in each newly entering into the life of the generation compared with the number of outgoing generations. The population forms a progressive type of agent structure, its absolute number is growing. For this type of population reproduction, high and very high fertility and natural increase and relatively low mortality rates are characterized. It is characteristic, first of all, for developing countries (countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America).

Socio-economic reasons that cause high fertility fertility:

Low level of development of the economy, with a predominance agriculture (developing countries);

Not high level urbanization - 41% (in rural areas The birth rate is higher);

Peculiar public structure, religious customs, encouraging multi-way;

Podnyal position of women, early marriages;

Use of achievements of modern medicine to combat epidemic diseases, improving sanitary culture;

Bans on family planning in Muslim countries.

After conquering independence, these countries have become wider to use the achievements of modern medicine, sanitation and hygiene - primarily to combat epidemic diseases. This led to a rather sharp reduction in mortality. The fertility is mostly at a high level.

3. The most important characteristics of the population reproduction

reproduction social population economic

The most important characteristics of the reproduction of the population include the so-called common fertility and mortality rates of the population, which are calculated as the attitude of the numbers of those born alive and the number of those who died during the calendar year to the average annual number of cash.

Mortality. Analysis of the factors that led to the huge lag of Russia from countries with low mortality, and the structures of the main causes of death indicates that mortality is very high in Russia.

It is clear that if for decades the fertility of the population is reduced, and mortality is growing, the prospect of reducing the population (depopulation) becomes inevitable. It is enough to look at / p. 3 / in order to conclude that for almost 40 recent years in Russia, mortality has increased steadily, the birth rate has grew, and from the mid-80s he also began to decline intensively. This led to the fact that since 1992, mortality began to rapidly exceed the birth rate.

The values \u200b\u200bof the expected duration of the upcoming life indicate that even with an optimistic look at the future trend in mortality, Russia will not reach the levels of expected lifespan existing in most economically developed countries, but only somewhat approach them.

Fertility. It can be expected to stabilize or even some growth in the birth rate in the long run.

It is known that, as a rule, the birth rate among rural residents of Russia is higher than among urban. At the same time, in 1990, there were 13 territories in Russia, where a higher birth rate among the urban population was observed.

These include Pskov, Leningrad, Smolenskaya, Ryazan, Kurskaya, Bryanskaya, Voronezh, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Penza, Ulyanovsk and Magadan region, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In 1996, for the first five regions and the Republic of Mordovia, this situation has been preserved, in the rest of the regions listed above, it has changed to the opposite, and Novgorod region, Komi, Kostroma and Ivanki region, the Evenki Autonomous Republic were added to the territories with a higher birth rate District, Republic of Ingushetia and Kalmykia and Sakhalin region.

As a hypothesis of factors, the impact of which can lead to a lower birth rate rural population, It is possible to offer a hypothesis about a significant reduction in the standard of living and the demographic potential of the rural population in the respective territories. Under the demographic potential, a certain characteristic associated with elevated (high potential) or low (low potential) is a specific gravity of children and a female population capable of childbearing.

The most informative indicator characterizing the state and prospects for reproduction of the population of the territory is the coefficient of natural growth, which is calculated as the difference between the overall rate of birth and the overall mortality rate and does not depend on the direction and intensive migration exchange of this territory with its environment. The coefficient of natural growth in the village and in the city is represented by the C / P card scene. 6 /. The positiveness of the coefficient of natural growth means that the population of the territory under consideration increases, and the negativeness is that the population of the territory decreases.

The consideration of the evolution of this indicator leads to disappointing conclusions - if in 1990 only for 22 out of 89 administrative territories of Russia the ratio of natural growth was negative, then in 1996 it was negative for 72 territories. On the cartograms represented by the village 7 / The distribution of the coefficient of natural growth across the territories of Russia in 1990 and 1996 is shown.

Natural increase. The negative indicators of natural growth are noted in all areas of the North-West, central (except Bryansk and Oryol regions), other regions of the European part of Russia, with the exception of North Caucasian, as well as Eastosibirsk and Far Eastern.

Indicators of natural loss in the Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow and Sakhalin regions of 2.3 - 1.4 times higher than the average Russian (-13.0 - -8.0 ppm against -5.7 across the Russian Federation). The rate of mortality rate on the birth rate is associated not only with the deterioration of socio-economic conditions as a result of market transformations in the economy, a decrease in the standard of living of the most part of the population of Russia, the continuation of the aging of the population, immigration processes, increased loss of the working-age population: the proportion of the working age population in the total number of dead reaches thirty%. The decline in the total population of the population has an influence and unfavorable environmental state of the environment in many regions of the Russian Federation. According to the experts of the World Health Organization, up to 30% of diseases of the population are caused by anthropological pollution of the habitat. Natural decline is also characteristic of the state of Western and Central Europe (Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania) and individual CIS countries (Ukraine and Belarus). However, Russia significantly exceeds this indicator marked foreign countries.

The positive dynamics of natural growth is maintained in the national formations of the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Eastern Siberia and the Far East. A high population growth is celebrated in Ingushetia (24 people per 1000 people. Population), Tuva (20 people), Republic of Sakha (15 people). This is due to the preservation of the historically established multi-monthly traditions in these republics, as well as a high proportion of the population living in rural areas, where a high level of birth is preserved.

Migration of the population is the process of moving people across the boundaries of certain territories with a change in a permanent residence or regularly returning to it. The migration of the population contributes to the exchange of labor skills, experience and knowledge, contributes to the development of the personality, affects the family composition and geav of age, leads to refreshing personnel. It allows at each stage of economic development to achieve a certain placement of labor resources, which meets this territorial organization of productive forces, to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between supply and supply of labor in the economic regions of the country, taking into account its qualitative characteristics.

IN last years In the formation of the population and its placement in the country, the importance of migrations has sharply increased.

The main factors affecting migration in perspective will be:

The pace of economic development, speed and depth of market transformations;

Geography of the field of labor potential within Russia and the former USSR;

The geopolitical position of Russia;

Insufficient demographic potential of Russia, inadequate territory.

Thus, the influx of the population from the countries of the new abroad will be the most important source of migration growth in the population of Russia in the coming decades. In addition, there should be significant migration to Russia representatives of the indigenous ethnic groups of Central Asia, the Transcaucasia, to a lesser degree of Kazakhstan associated with agricultural overpopulation, with the pushing of excess labor resources in search of jobs. Russia is one of the most likely areas of economic migration of the population from Central Asia and the Transcaucasus.

Conclusion

Summing up the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn. The reproduction of the population is, in essence, the interaction of the two components of the processes: fertility and mortality. The intensity of fertility and mortality is due to many factors, some of which affect both processes, others or another. But all factors are in aggregate, and among them the most significant are socio-economic and ethnocultural, affect the reproduction of the population. In turn, they also influence many social processes in different extent.

Three types of population reproduction are distinguished:

Durable reproduction - when the living population does not reproduce their replacement. The absolute number of outgoing generations exceeds the number of generations entitled.

Simple reproduction means that the generation of children replacing the generation of parents, and the generation of parents is equal in its absolute number. In such a population, permanent sexual structure (stationary type) is formed.

And expanded reproduction, which is characterized by an increase in each newly entering into the life of the generation compared to the number of outgoing generations. The population forms a progressive type of agent structure, its absolute number is growing.

Listused literature

1. Electronic encyclopedia "Circular Mail" /http://www.krugosvet.ru/

2.Http: //sergeev-sergey.narod.ru/start/glava.html

3. Population. Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1994. - p. 35.

4. Alexandrova I.V. Reproduction of the population as an object of social management (on the example of a monopromic city). - Kazan: RIC "SCHOOL", 2007. - C. 168.

5. Breva E.B. Basics of demographics: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation Dashkov and Co., 2004. - p. 352.

6. Zvereva N.V. Basics of demographics: Tutorial / N.V. Zvereva, I.N. Velova, V.V. Elizarov. - M.: Horsis. Sk., 2004. - with. 374.: IL.

7. Medkov V.M. Demographics: textbook. - M.: Infra - M, 2004. - with. 576.

8. Osipov G.V. Sociology. Basics of general theory: Tutorial for universities / resp. ed. Academician RAS G.V. Osipov, L.N. Moskvichov. - M.: Ed. The rate is infra - M, 2002. - with. 912.

9. Symagin Yu.A. Territorial organization of the population: Tutorial / under total ed. V.G. Glochy. - M., 2004.

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In this article we will look at the various types of population reproduction, describe in detail each of them, we give examples.

Concept of "demographic transition"

The evolution of mortality and fertility is reflected in the concept of "demographic transition". This theory is that it is due primarily by socio-economic factors, and not biological. According to this presentation, in various regions and countries of the world, the demographic situation has a similar trend of its development. First there are high rates of mortality and fertility, and then mortality gradually begins to decrease due to the fact that economic and social conditionsAnd the fertility is preserved at the same level or decreases much slower. After some time, both of these indicators stabilize gradually at a low level.

Different regions of the Earth and the country in accordance with public evolution are today at different stages of their demographic development, thereby simultaneously there are several types of reproduction, which are characterized by a combination of relevant demographic indicators.

Archetype

The earliest and first of them are called an archetype, corresponds to the phase of the so-called "demographic transition". The archetype dominated the primitive society at the stage of the appropriate economy, and today it is very rare, for example, in some Indian tribes of Amazonia. These peoples have mortality so high that the number of their inhabitants can decline. There are other types of population reproduction. We present you the next.

"Traditional" type

The second type of population reproduction, called "patriarchal", or "traditional", exists when the material base is developed weak, there is a strong dependence of people from the forces of nature. Dominates a similar type in the agrarian or industrial society in its early stages. The main distinguishing features of it is a very high fertility, but at the same time mortality, low life expectancy of the population. People are focused on the maximum number of births. Cultural and social traditions are encouraged to be encouraged, which contributes to the best functioning in the agricultural society of the family. High mortality is a consequence that the standard of living of these people is low, they eat poorly and are engaged in difficult labor, they receive insufficient medical care.

In many developing countries (Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, etc.), this "traditional" type of reproduction has changed over the past decades. Significantly reduced the mortality rate (up to 6-10%), since health care was improved, in particular, the successes of medicine in combating various infectious diseases were noted. However, a traditionally high birth rate is maintained. The population growth as a result of this is very large, it is about 2.5-3% per year. These countries with a type called "transition" are predetermined in the second half of the 20th century, high population growth rates.

"Modern" type

We continue to tell you about the features of mortality and fertility in different states. Types of population reproduction are complemented by another one. The next, third, so-called "rational", or "modern," takes place when moving to the industrial economy from agricultural, decrease dependence on nature. The conditions of demographic relations are changing in a radically, they become more flexible, so allowing broad freedom personal choice. The "modern" type of reproduction of the population is marked by a reduced birth rate, the mortality rate close to the average on the planet, a small natural increase, as well as a high life expectancy. It is present in economically developed states with a higher level of culture and life of the population. Low fertility is closely connected here with a conscious family size choice, there is a large percentage of elderly people, which affects the mortality rate. In Denmark and Germany, mortality prevails over it, therefore, the number increases only by migration.

These are the main types of population reproduction.

Two types in the fertility rate

Today in most countries mortality rates differ insignificantly. But it should be noted that the reasons for this provision in them are different. For example, in Western Europe There are conditions, much more favorable in socio-economic terms than in developing countries. The average life expectancy, respectively, is higher, but the mortality rates are comparable, and sometimes there are higher than in some developing countries. This is because in Western Europe there are a large number of people of old age (that is, the so-called "aging of the nation" occurs). Consequently, according to one of the approaches, the types are divided mainly only in the fertility rate. Thus, the following types of population reproduction can be distinguished (there are only two of them).

"Demographic Winter"

The first one is called " demographic Winter"It was noted a small birth rate (up to 15%), as well as an average or low mortality. Natural increase, as a result, for countries with" demographic winter "is rather low - it does not exceed ten percent. The first type of reproduction of the country's population is characteristic of states, Developed economically. In countries with it, even demographic crises, in other words, natural loss of population number can be.

"Demographic Spring"

Second type (" demographic Spring") It has high fertility rates, therefore, a large natural increase. With similar reproduction, mortality can be medium, sometimes low. It includes developing states.

It should be noted that the division of territories and countries on the types of population reproduction is very conditional. There are many states, demographic development In which there is no pronounced traits of a particular type. Therefore, in order to characterize the countries in the demographic basis, sometimes specific indicators of the population increases. Thus can be distinguished, thus five groups. They are characterized by natural increase: very high, high, medium, low and negative.

One of the most important tasks facing the geographic sciences studying population is the identification of a demographic situation (situation), understood as a state at a certain period of demographic processes, which is a certain stage of a long-term trend in which the population is developing. In order to analyze it, it is necessary to determine the mode and type of reproduction of a separate social community or territory, for which the most important demographic indicators are used.

China Population Reproduction Type

China is a state that has recently experienced great changes in social sphere. At this time, this country is characterized by the first type of population reproduction - small mortality rates and fertility.

The policy of a state of birth restriction (one child in the family) has recently brought its fruits. In China, today it is approximately 1.7-1.8 (that is, this is the number of children entering the average mother), while for simple reproduction, a coefficient 2.1 is required.

The population of this country in recent years has slowly increases due to the fact that the life expectancy is growing, and not due to the birth rate. The share of older people is constantly increasing in China, which is also an indicator characteristic of countries that make up the first type of population reproduction.

The transition from the second to the first one also contributed economic developmentcommitted rapidly in recent decades. All this improves the demographic situation of the country. Today it is clear that it can be said that the type of reproduction of China's population is the first.

Types of population reproduction changed with the development of a human civilization. The specialists allocated three main stages through which society passed: the stage of the assignment economy, agrarian and industrial. In this regard, it is classified and types of population reproduction.

The archetype is characteristic of several tens of thousands of years since the beginning of human history. This first type arose in the conditions of domination assigning (hunting, gathering, fishing) of the economy. A characteristic feature was a high dependence of people from their environment.

That primitive period was characterized by small numbers and low population. Gradually, the assigning economy passed to producing (agrarian) - the beginning of developing cattle breeding and agriculture. This period is called the "Neolithic Revolution". Thus, there are prerequisites for the development of the following type.

There was a second type of population reproduction for several millennia. This period was characterized by the almost absolute domination of the agrarian economy. The main indicators at this stage were a high level of birth and mortality. At the same time, which is characteristic, the latter at that time blocked the first thing, which ultimately led to a low increase among the population. According to demographers, the main regulator was then mortality, in some ways stimulating fertility. Other types of population reproduction are characterized by other growth mechanisms.

The turning point in development common economy Societies became the era of 18-19 centuries. As you know, industrial revolutions began in European countries, and by the 20th century they covered all states in the world. During this period, a modern type of population reproduction began to be formed.

A new stage in the development of society is characterized by a focus towards the formation of an absolutely different demographic situation, the use of completely other mechanisms.

The person has become less dependent on nature, health care has reached considerable success, increased general level Life - all this led to a pronounced reduction in mortality, an increase in life expectancy (on average). These factors led to an increase in natural increment.

An important features that other types of population reproduction did not possess, at the new stage, significant flexibility should be considered and the activity of demographic relations that ensure freedom of choice of family. In this case, there is a significant increase in the cost-effectiveness, controllability in this period. Specialists in connection with this call modern view reproduction with a rational type.

All demographic processes require deep research and then interpretation. In the course of their study, the concepts of the revolution appeared. In some sources, these definitions are considered equivalent. In the other, the demographic revolution is characterized as the completion of the transition. In such cases, they are talking about three revolutions in human history: neolithic, period of 18-19 centuries and the epoch of the second half of the 20th century.

Each demographic revolution corresponds to the transition to a new type of population reproduction. Such a scientifically substantiated understanding of the change of stages has created prerequisites for the development of the transition theory. The main task is to explain the nature of the changes and the sequence in the structure of the mortality rate, fertility, the natural growth of the population, as well as estimates of long-term trends.