Wooden house where to start. Where to start building a house on the site - all stages, from the foundation to the roof. Preparing for reconstruction: problem areas
Having made the decision to build their own house or summer cottage, private developers are faced with a complex of questions. A certain difficulty is the solution of a number of organizational tasks, among which the first positions are taken by the correct choice of a construction site, as well as obtaining the necessary documents. It is important to choose a contractor, timely purchase building materials and draw up an action plan. The building should be erected after all issues have been resolved. Let's dwell on some of the nuances in detail.
General information on housing construction
The construction on its own territory of buildings intended for residential and economic purposes is called individual housing construction (IZHS).
It provides for the construction of the following types of buildings:
- residential cottage;
- private house;
- country houses;
- frame extension to the existing building.
In the process of individual housing construction, not only the construction of walls and the foundation of a residential building is carried out, but also the construction of a superstructure that increases the number of storeys. Private developers, simultaneously with the construction of a house, are erecting additional structures - garages, baths, outbuildings. Before the start of construction activities, it is necessary to draw up documents for the land, develop a site plan, and obtain a building permit from the local government.
There are more and more people who want to build their own home on their own.
Preparatory stage of construction
Novice developers are interested in where to start building a house. There are no trifles in this matter. At the preparatory stage, it is important to decide on the following points:
- design of the future building and its harmonious perception in the exterior. It is important to maintain the general style of the territory, which creates a holistic perception;
- time of the year to carry out construction activities. Given the duration of the work, it is advisable to start construction in the spring when the temperature rises to 5-8 ° C;
- building material used for the construction of walls. The volume of costs, the internal microclimate, the stability of the building, as well as its service life depend on the correct choice;
- the executor of construction work. Self-execution of construction activities will reduce the estimated cost, and the involvement of professionals will reduce the duration of construction;
- the possible amount of funding. The amount of costs is influenced by the design features of the structure, the type of foundation, roof design, as well as the presence of a basement, a bathhouse, an attached garage.
Quite often, dilapidated buildings are located at the construction site. In this case, it is necessary to carry out the following work:
- disconnect the engineering communications connected to them in agreement with the relevant services;
- dismantle the dilapidated buildings and report this to the bureau of technical inventory;
- clear the area from debris left after dismantling and plan the area.
It is not recommended to independently design a house, as well as planning a plot of a country house. Plot for the future home - selection criteria
You can start implementing your plans for building a house after purchasing a land plot. It is important to properly execute the transaction and obtain documents confirming the ownership.
When buying a land plot, consider the following factors:
- the distance from the site to the city center. It is preferable to locate the site within the boundaries of the settlement or at a distance of no more than 15 km from it;
- the size of the land plot. You should be guided by the proportion adopted in construction, according to which the area of the building being erected is no more than one tenth of the total area;
- location in the immediate vicinity of schools, kindergartens, hospitals and retail outlets. If there are children in the family and living all year round, the proximity of the infrastructure is one of the determining factors;
- condition of access roads. The presence of highways with high-quality asphalt pavement and proximity to bus, trolleybus or tram stops will allow you to quickly get home and to work;
- the presence of engineering networks on the territory of the site. The location in the immediate vicinity of water supply mains, power supply lines and sewerage networks will allow you to quickly put the facility into operation;
It is necessary to buy a plot on which the house will be built and to properly execute a legal transaction - the ecological situation in the area. It is advisable to use for construction sites located at a considerable distance from industrial enterprises, treatment facilities, swamps, as well as garbage dumps;
- the nature of the soil. The ability of the soil to take the load from the mass of the building determines the number of storeys and the structure of the building, and also affects the choice of building material and the type of foundation used;
- the presence of capital structures on the territory of the construction site. They may need to be dismantled. This will increase the volume of cash costs and increase the duration of construction activities.
When purchasing a plot, instruct specialists to check the correctness of the paperwork, as well as the compliance of the overall dimensions and area with the data specified in the cadastral passport.
House project development
At the preparatory stage, study the best projects of frame houses, as well as capital residential buildings. This will make it easier to decide on the design of the future home. A project is required for construction.
Possible options:
- purchase a standard project at an affordable price, which will reduce the amount of cash costs;
- carry out individual design by professional architects;
- carry out the development yourself if you have design skills.
Any adjustments made to the project directly at the construction site will inevitably entail an increase in the estimate and time. Mandatory sections of design documentation:
- working sketches providing general information about the design of the future building and its arrangement;
- the architectural part detailing the dimensions and mutual arrangement of the internal premises, the placement of bathrooms and utility rooms;
- a structural section containing engineering calculations and giving an idea of the structure of the foundation, the features of the walls and roof;
- the engineering part, providing information on the wiring of electrical cables, water pipes, sewerage, ventilation networks and heating mains.
Professional builders focus on the following points:
- opportunities, in the future, to increase the area of the building by increasing the number of storeys and the implementation of an extension to the capital structure. A strong foundation again and reinforced floor beams can withstand the additional load;
- responsible approach to the implementation of design work. It is important to foresee the features of connecting utility lines and agree with the owners of neighboring plots to connect to public highways;
- the expediency of conducting a topographic survey on the territory of the land plot. A clear fixing of the boundaries will allow avoiding problem situations with the owners of neighboring plots.
It is prohibited to carry out construction work in the absence of design documentation. A corresponding permit is issued only on the basis of a previously developed project.
After taking into account all the features of your future residence, you need to contact the designer How to get a permit for the construction of a private or country house
The list of documentation for obtaining permits includes:
- a statement from the owner of the site with a request to give a building permit;
- project documentation and documents confirming ownership;
- cadastral passport of the land plot and the act of land surveying.
The completeness of the provided documentation differs in different regions. It is advisable to clarify the list of documents in local administrations. It is also necessary to carry out a survey of the territory, conduct a topographic survey, obtain a construction passport, and also coordinate a construction plan with the relevant authorities.
Site preparation
Developers are interested in the question of how to start building a house on the site. Do the earthwork first:
- Remove vegetation.
- Plan your territory.
- Remove the soil to fill the base.
After removing the soil, proceed to concreting the foundation.
Many experts advise to conduct a geological survey exactly at the time of site selection. On-site installation of temporary buildings
Before starting construction activities, take care of the construction on the territory of temporary structures:
- rooms for storing tools;
- cabins for sleeping, eating and resting;
- capital toilet with a cesspool or dry closet.
As a change house, you can use a ready-made trailer or build a light frame room yourself.
We erect the fence of the future structure on the site
It is advisable to fence off the site before the start of construction work. As an inexpensive fencing used:
- Rabitz;
- unedged board;
- croaker.
For the construction of a permanent fence, it is necessary to prepare the foundation for the fence. Many developers use corrugated board that reliably encloses the construction site.
The last stage of preparation for construction is the choice of a construction company How to properly plan and prepare a construction site
When planning a construction site, several criteria should be followed:
- convenient location of access roads;
- the correct placement of utility and utility rooms;
- allocation of a site for temporary storage of construction waste.
Construction of the base for the building
Concreting the foundation is an important area of work. The type of foundation is influenced by the following points:
- the nature of the soil;
- freezing level;
- building features;
- the presence of a basement.
For the manufacture of the base of the building, the following is used:
- brick;
- stone;
- blocks;
- piles;
- reinforced concrete.
The plot is ready - it's time to build the foundation The main stages of the construction of the base:
- Filling the pit with 10 cm thick sand and gravel mixture.
- Installation of panel formwork.
- Reinforcement of the foundation.
- Pouring concrete mortar.
The stability of the erected structures is provided by a tape, pile or monolithic base.
We preserve the building at various stages of work
In the process of building a house, it becomes necessary to preserve unfinished construction due to the financial situation or weather conditions. The following parts of the building are mothballed:
- foundation;
- base;
- walls.
It is important to protect the unfinished structure from moisture by performing waterproofing work. For waterproofing, polyethylene, a primer for concrete, wooden boards are used.
Immediately after the foundation is laid, they begin to erect walls and install ceilings Errors in preparation for construction
Professionals draw the attention of novice developers to typical mistakes:
- construction work without design documentation;
- the use of low-quality and cheap building materials;
- construction of the foundation without soil studies.
The absence of a preliminary construction estimate and a diagram of engineering communications are also the reasons for unforeseen situations.
How to start building a house correctly - economic aspects
Before starting construction, it is important to determine the estimated cost of the work, taking into account the following factors:
- features of the project;
- the cost of the materials used;
- structural features of the building.
Correctly performed economic calculations will allow you to plan rational spending of funds at all stages of construction.
The nuances of acquiring material
When purchasing building materials, be guided by the quantity indicated in the estimate and project documentation. Consider the following factors:
- availability of certificates of conformity;
- manufacturer's image;
- manufacturer's warranty;
Our ancestors also recognized that wood is the best building material. Wooden houses have long been considered ecological, comfortable and durable. And how pleasant it is to be in a room fragrant with simplicity and freedom! You will probably want to buy a log house after reading this article.
Although, according to statistics, brick is considered the most popular building material in Russia. People are in no hurry to move from their "stone castles" to a house made of natural wood. Perhaps this is due to a lack of information, positive reviews and approvals. There are a million advantages of wooden structures that can destroy all the postulates that have formed.
- "Breath of the tree". This metaphor means that wood has the ability to pass air and moisture. Wood is an organic substance, therefore, it is able to independently regulate the room. In dry weather, wooden structures will provide air humidity in the room, and in rainy weather, it will easily eliminate its remnants.
Low thermal conductivity. It is believed that a wooden wall (25 cm wide) is the same in terms of heat retention as a meter-long brick wall. When building a house, consider the diameter of the log. Bars 15 centimeters in diameter are considered ideal.
Durability. Of course, most would like to challenge this claim. It is believed that the tree is easily rotting. All this can be, if you do not carry out special preliminary processing. It is necessary to choose the right type of wood, correctly process the surface and build a house according to all laws. In this case, a wooden house will stand for at least 100 years. It is up to you to decide whether it is a lot or a little.
Lower construction costs. Wooden houses are cheaper for the customer than stone ones. This is reflected both in the cost of material and its transportation, and in the cost of laying a house. Modern technology of wood processing allows you to buy a well-processed, polished log. Thanks to the ease of use of the timber, anyone can easily build a wooden house on their own.
Ease of construction. Wood is processed in such a way that then it serves forever. Specializing enterprises supply ready-made wooden structures, which will not be difficult to assemble. Also, for the construction of a house from a bar, you will not need to lay a reinforced foundation. The structure is not heavy, construction is possible on any soil. Since log houses can withstand foundation shrinkage, they are more resistant to various earthquakes.
Low cost of finishing materials. Wood is already a decorative element in itself. Such walls do not need to additionally putty, process and apply wallpaper.
Dreams come true. It is believed that building a house out of wood is already an art. When building your own home, you can use a variety of architectural solutions. Maybe even come up with your own style. Any dreams can come true thanks to wooden houses.
Undoubtedly, there are also categorical statements in the direction of a house made of wood. But still, we can talk about the merits of such designs continuously.
Building your own home is not an easy task, and it's not about the lack of significant savings. This is an objective reason.
Many are stopped by the fact that they do not know where to start building a house on their site. The variety of types of work, costs, documents, time, the risk of making a mistake and its possible consequences are frightening. Our goal is to provide information on how to complete all stages of building a private house with your own hands step by step. And the final decision is yours.
IZHS - what is it?
Explanation of the abbreviation IZHS is an individual housing construction. IZHS provides for the construction of a residential building on the owned plot of land.
The objects of individual housing construction are: residential building, extension, superstructure, garage and other permanent buildings. Those. those buildings for the construction of which you need permission from local authorities and, in some cases, the consent of neighbors.
Land plot is a territory with clearly defined boundaries. At the same time, the surface layer of the earth is also considered private property. The depth of the layer is not spelled out at the legislative level. But it is worth remembering that when you are going to dig a well, you are acting within the framework of your interests. If you plan to drill an artesian well, then you are encroaching on state property, which means that its drilling must be coordinated and documented.
Plot for building a house
To start construction, you need to have a certain budget and land plot. If there is no plot, but the budget allows, you can buy it.
What you need to pay attention to when choosing a site for building a house:
- personal interests... First of all, they set the direction for the search. Perhaps memories are associated with some place, or you want a site near the water, or in the forest, etc.;
- location... More demanded are areas located within the city or at a distance of 10-15 km from it;
- plot dimensions... Affect the scale of construction. In construction, the proportion of 1:10 is adhered to. That is, on a plot of 6 acres, it would be appropriate to build a house of 60 sq. Compliance with this recommendation or not is up to the owner of the site, but in the event of a sale, it significantly increases the liquidity of the property;
- availability of infrastructure... Even if the plans include complete privacy, it is desirable that there are several more buildings located on the territory of the development, a first-aid post, a shop, a school, etc. This is especially important if the house is intended for a family with children and year-round living is planned in it;
- proximity to transport... It is important for car owners to assess the quality of access roads, the presence / condition of the asphalt road. In order not to find yourself later in a situation where, in order to get to the house, you need to change the car for another one with a higher ground clearance. For those who do not have a car, proximity to public transport is desirable;
- availability of communications... Is it possible to connect to central heating, water supply, sewerage. Are there power lines to the site? This situation is often faced by land owners in newly created satellite settlements;
- the state of ecology in the area... It may turn out that living here is fraught with negative consequences (proximity of hazardous production);
- soil type... The choice of foundation, the possibility of constructing a well depends on it. In practice, it may turn out that this soil is generally not suitable for the construction of heavy objects. That is, you can put a summer house or a small cottage on it, but it is unrealistic to build a two-story house with an attic.
- market value of the site... It is determined by all parameters in the aggregate. The final price will depend on the owners of the site and your ability to reasonably bargain.
Advice. Having decided on the site, do not be too lazy to check the legal purity of the documents, the correspondence of the actual size of the site to those indicated in the cadastral passport. You may be sold territory that actually belongs to someone else.
The situation with the site can develop according to two scenarios:
At first, capital structures may already be located on the site. A fairly common situation is the acquisition of a plot with an already erected house. Now we are not talking about its restoration, but about its demolition. The advantage of such a site is that the main communications are connected to it. In this case, in addition to the above parameters, you need to check the legality of the communications.
Secondly, the site may not be built up. We will pay attention to this option.
How to start building a house on an empty lot?
1. Decide on the style of the site / house
The design will determine the appearance of the building, its location, the choice of material, etc.
The size of the house depends on the number of people living in it. The house can be made in several floors, thus, it is possible to obtain a sufficient area, but not at the expense of building the site.
Note. If you plan to dig a well, you need to immediately call the masters who will tell you where there is water. Perhaps the only place on the site where the aquifer is close to the surface will be exactly the place where it was planned to place the house. By the way, in this case, you need to talk to your neighbors and find out what is the quality of the water on the site.
Self-construction of a country house will be easier, since there is no need, for example, for heating.
2. When to start building a house?
It is better to start construction work as soon as it gets warmer - i.e. in early spring. Six months of good weather will be available. In practice, the best time to start construction is late spring. More precisely, the period when the night temperature does not drop below + 5 ° C. At such a time of the year, not only will the snow melt, but water will also leave, which interferes with digging a foundation pit or making a foundation. In addition, labor productivity is much higher in warm weather.
Note. Don't expect to finish building your home in one season. According to the norms, only the foundation must withstand for 1 year. And, for example, the construction of a brick house differs in time from the construction of a frame house. So, the conservation of unfinished construction is inevitable (with the exception of prefabricated houses).
3. What material to build a house from?
The choice will be influenced by: the operating time of the house (for permanent residence or only in the summer), budget, environmental requirements, fashion, the ability to perform work quickly with the involvement of specialists or with your own hands. Let's consider several options:
- ... Common building material. The undoubted advantage of a brick house can be called a time-tested service life;
- ... In terms of price / quality ratio, foam concrete takes an advantageous position. The foam block made of durable aerated concrete, due to air bubbles, has good thermal conductivity and low weight;
- ... This material is durable, lightweight, has high thermal conductivity and breathability, and is easy to process. Aerated concrete construction does not put forward special requirements for the foundation;
- ... It is practiced less often due to the high cost of the material. Arbolite blocks are a type of lightweight concrete, they consist of a mixture of cement and crushed wood (chips). They are characterized by low water absorption and high thermal insulation properties;
- frame or modular construction. Feature in the presence of modular designs. They are cheaper and the work is done on a tight schedule. Such a structure is light, therefore it does not require significant expenses for the foundation;
- construction of a wooden house. In terms of cost and manufacturability of work, it belongs to the category of elite construction:
Do not forget, any building material has both advantages and disadvantages that need to be eliminated.
What to build a house for permanent residence from?
Brief comparative characteristics of materials for the construction of a cottage in the table (approximate prices 2016-2017). Which is better, you decide.
| Material | Arbolit | Frame construction | Beam / log |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost, rub / cubic meter | from 000 | From 000 sq. M. squares | From 8,000 |
| Construction time | 4-6 months | 1-2 months | 3-4 months |
| Construction start time | End of spring | all season | The beginning of spring |
| Advantages | - speed; - reliability; - thermal conductivity. |
- speed; - no shrinkage; - light weight. |
- speed; - environmental friendliness; - no need for finishing. |
| disadvantages | - price; - the need for finishing; - the presence of falsification. |
- price; - additional finishing; - risk of fire; - low noise insulation. |
- shrinkage is possible; - drying out of wood; - the need to attract specialists. |
4. Who will build the house?
The solution to this issue involves a choice of three options:
The work is entrusted to the general contractor
This is a company that undertakes to deliver the facility on a turnkey basis. Everything is included in the package of services - from site assessment and project development to finishing work. Finding and delivering material is also their responsibility. The general contractor can attract subcontractors. But he must invest in the agreed time frame and budget.
The work is done entirely by hand
It is worth mentioning that it is almost impossible to build a house for one person. This implies the attraction of assistants from among friends, relatives, of whom at least one knows the procedure for performing work of a certain type. This option allows you to save up to 20% on the cost of the material (often contractors put their interest in the cost of the purchased material), as well as up to 100% on the cost of work. In addition, full control over the construction process is carried out.
Cons of an independent approach:
- increase in the construction period;
- lack of knowledge and experience in performing a particular type of work;
- difficulties in the design of design and permitting documentation;
- responsibility for the result of construction.
Part is carried out independently, and part - by a subcontractor
The most common and real way. In this case, the owner independently performs the part of the work that he is able to do, and for the rest of the tasks, specialists are involved. At the same time, the customer, being at the construction site, can quickly assess the quality of work.
But this approach is fraught with disadvantages:
- searching for highly specialized companies takes a long time, and the cost of their services is higher. As a rule, they turn to handicraftsmen (shabashniki), but here there is no certainty about the quality of the work;
- full control over the course of work. If the owner unknowingly missed some moment in the construction, no one will point him to an oversight. Hired people do their part and leave;
- violation of terms. Some part of the work may not be completed on time. Because of this, the construction of a cottage with your own hands will have to be suspended, which is fraught with additional payments and loss of time;
- shared responsibility. When a marriage occurs, it is difficult to find the culprit. For example, master tilers will blame a bricklayer or plasterer for crooked walls, or the floor has been filled incorrectly. And there are a lot of such examples.
Note. Users are advised to involve masters who will do the next stage of work with an assessment of the work of the previous ones. This is how they take responsibility for their part of the work.
5. The budget for building a house
After all of the above, it makes sense to revise the construction budget again.
Which increases the cost of construction:
- individually developed project;
- complex configuration of the structure;
- the presence of balconies, basements, winter garden, garage, swimming pool, sauna, etc .;
- a significant number of rooms;
- broken roof;
- use of unreasonably expensive material in construction.
What reduces the cost (what to save on):
- ready-made standard project;
- simple form of structure;
- abandonment of the second floor in favor of the attic (subjective);
- the presence of a significant number of windows;
- reduction of partitions;
- reasonable choice of the type of foundation;
- reasonable thickness of external and internal walls;
- selection of a roof configuration that allows rational use of lumber and minimizes waste of roofing material.
House building cost ratio
| Work cycle | Cycle content | % of the total cost |
|---|---|---|
| Preparatory | - preparation of documents; - search for contractors; - purchase or development of a project. |
0-1 |
| Null | - digging a pit; - pouring the foundation. |
15-35 (depending on the type of foundation) |
| Elementary | civil works: - erection of walls; - installation of the rafter system and roof; - preservation of unfinished buildings, if necessary. |
35-50 (depends on the number of partitions, roof configuration and cost of roofing material) |
| Final | - filling of window and door openings. | 5-15 (depends on the number, area, material) |
| Engineering works | - laying of intra-house communications and their connection to central networks; - installation of electrical wiring; - plumbing work; - heating and insulation. |
15 |
At this stage of planning is over, it's time to move on to direct action.
The beginning of work on the site with dilapidated buildings includes the demolition of old buildings and cleaning the area from debris. The demolition of the building must be reported to the local BTI and a document must be obtained to exclude the demolished house from the federal register.
If the house was connected to communications, it is necessary to agree on their disconnection before demolition in the relevant services, for example, the gas service. Easier when the site is empty.
In this case, the sequence of work can be presented step by step:
Step 1 - Private house project
As already mentioned, there can be three ways to acquire projects.
At first, buy a finished project. The cost of a house project depends on the complexity and uniqueness. The price starts at 3,000 rubles.Secondly, contact an architect. The cost of developing an individual project starts from 20 thousand rubles. At the same time, the implementation of the project and the author's control over its observance in practice are paid additionally.
Thirdly, develop a project yourself. How to develop a house project yourself without having sufficient knowledge? Building on the example provided below.
We want to offer you educational information, but it will be useful for those people who are familiar with tools such as a hammer, a hacksaw and a drill, and they also need to be willing to work. We will try to briefly explain to you where to start building a house from a bar and how to continue it, in other words, you will learn how to make a box into which the foundation, walls and roof are included.
This training will be general enough so that you can understand the essence of such a construction method, and in addition, you can watch the video in this article on the topic being discussed.
Construction steps for erecting a box
Everything can be divided into four main stages, and although this is not the complete completion of the installation work, the box in this case will already be ready. The very first thing is the planning and drawing up of a project that meets not only your wishes, but also the technical conditions possible in a given area. When the drawing is ready, then on its basis they equip the foundation, then the walls and cover them with a roof.
Planning
Any construction project begins with planning and this is not only a drawing on paper, but also careful planning for the location of the building with reference to the area. That is, we will not need to bind a ready-made plan of the house, but draw up this plan, focusing on the most diverse features of the site. First of all, these are the cardinal points and those rooms that most need heating (nursery, bedroom) should be placed on the south side.
You can insulate the north side of the house in a natural way by substituting a belt from the veranda, glazed terrace, boiler room or storage room for the cold. By acting in this way, you create favorable conditions for saving energy resources, which are spent on heating the house. But is it possible to locate the rooms most in need of heating on the south side, if it is windward?
There are areas of the terrain where the winds blow constantly, then this factor should be taken into account first of all. That is, the warmest rooms should be located on the leeward side, even if it is north, and on the windward side it is better to plan the so-called "cold rooms". Such a layout will allow not to over-expend resources for heating the house in winter.
Another important factor is the location of the windows for ventilation of the room or those that will most often be opened during the operation of the room. It is better not to plan any outbuildings associated with an abundance of odors near them, as well as baths or smokehouses.
It is also worth paying attention to neighboring yards, so that such buildings do not end up in the neighborhood with an open window and, instead of airing the room, do not bring unpleasant odors into the house.
Advice. When choosing a place for construction on the site, try to make it the highest in the entire area of the yard. This will reduce the impact of groundwater on the foundation.
Foundation selection
There are three main options - pile, columnar and strip foundations. Each of them can be divided into some subspecies that are most applicable in certain conditions or differ in cost and labor intensity.
Pile screw and bored foundations are mainly used for light-type buildings, such as, for example, a bathhouse or even a small residential building. In the first case, piles are mounted by screwing into the ground, but the second option implies pioneer drilling of wells and the installation of casing pipes in them, which are subsequently poured with concrete with the preliminary installation of a frame made of reinforcement.
A columnar foundation is very similar to a pile foundation in its capabilities, only the columns are made of brick or masonry, as well as reinforced concrete slabs. The pitch of piles or posts for wooden buildings usually ranges from 2 to 2.5 m, with their obligatory installation at every corner and intersection (walls, partitions). The grillage or frame in such cases is more often made of wood, although it is possible to use metal profiles and reinforced concrete.
For a large wooden house, the installation of a strip base is most often envisaged, the main factor in the variety of which is depth from the ground level.
So, strip foundations can be buried and shallow, but the instructions do not paint the exact dimensions - here the starting point is the point of freezing of the soil. If the tape is deepened to this point, then it is considered shallow, and if lower, then it is already a buried foundation.
To calculate the strip foundation, you can use the calculator:
Also, the tape can be either monolithic or prefabricated - only the price of the foundation changes from this, and the quality, with proper installation, remains the same. Monolithic bases can be supplemented on top with a brick plinth, but this plinth can also be a part of the tape that rises above the ground.
Advice. For some reason, it is generally accepted that for a shallow one, but this idea is deceptive and the truth is usually revealed within a few years after installation, or even after one or two years - the tape begins to deform. The minimum depth from the ground level in such cases can be anywhere from 50 cm or more.
Walls of a wooden house
- First of all, a salary is placed on the foundation, but it must be treated with antiseptics in order to at least partially block the natural process of wood decay. A shut-off waterproofing should be placed under the timber, which is most often the usual roofing material. As a rule, various antiseptics for such needs do not have a color and in order to prevent gaps in the coating, you can mix a stain into the composition, as was done in the top photo, and you will see all possible bald patches.
- Before erecting walls, you need to install logs for the floor, and in places where the load is greater, for example, in a large room, the logs can be double. Planks should be laid on this base as a temporary floor to make it easier for you to work. Moreover, such a flooring can be built, both before laying the lower crown, and after several rows, as long as there is enough growth of the masters to raise the timber to its place.
- The timber is attached to each other using dowels, which are hammered into pre-drilled holes with a diameter of at least 20 mm. The dowels themselves are prepared by hand, and they should be a few millimeters thicker than the hole itself. The pitch of such fasteners can be observed with a value of about one meter.
- If you do not have enough length of the bar (with the exception of the upper and lower rim), then it can be extended into an end butt with a ridge, as shown in the photo above. Weak points when joining the timber are successfully compensated for by the lower and upper rows, it is only important that the joining of all rows (and even two adjacent ones) does not occur on the same vertical line.
- Now let's find out how the timber joins the adjacent walls, that is, it means joining the corners along the perimeter and joining the partitions to the main walls. In the picture above, you see the main types of locks for the outer corners (along the perimeter), and usually a "oblique paw" is used for such connections. After fastening the lock on top, for strength, a metal bracket is hammered, applying this for each row.
Advice. Many builders advise to use tow for the "oblique paw" type lock, laying the joining points with it.
- It is quite difficult to lift to the upper rows, because it has a considerable mass. Therefore, for such transportation, they make a kind of ramp from the same timber, as you can see in the top photo, and along it, with the help of ropes, they raise the next profile. The number of rows for the construction of walls is practically unlimited, so the height of the building will mainly depend on the design plan drawn up in advance.
- Partitions, as a rule, are made of a bar of a smaller section, because such walls no longer bear responsibility for thermal insulation, the cut-in into the load-bearing wall or into the adjacent partition occurs with a "frying pan" or "dovetail" - this is a fairly strong lock, which is quite enough for such constructions.
- Buildings are mainly made of solid timber, taking into account subsequent finishing, since such walls do not look like a completely finished modern building. Another thing is when a grooved beam is used for these purposes, where spikes and grooves are made by a router in advance. In this case, the whole construction site is like a construction set, where all the parts are prepared in advance and connected to each other without preliminary processing.
Roof
After the walls have been erected, beams are laid on them, which will serve as the basis for the roof frame and, of course, will also support the entire weight of the roofing material. The pitch of the beams will depend on the pitch of the rafter legs, which, in turn, depends on the length of the rafters or the height of the ridge. So the higher the frame, the shallower the step of the rafter legs and most often this parameter fluctuates between 0.4m and 1.0m.
The rafters are attached to the beams with nails and metal brackets, as shown in the top photo. To fix the leg in a strictly horizontal position, you need to install braces from any rail 20-25 mm thick, which will be removed after installing the ridge beam, struts and struts.
For rafters and racks, a beam of 150 × 50 mm or 200 × 50 mm is usually used (the exact same material can be used for logs on the floor). But for the struts, you can use the bars, but this is only if the frame is low, no more than one meter. For the ridge beam, either exactly the same beam that goes on the rafter legs is used, or round timber with a diameter of at least 120 mm.
The lathing of the frame for the roofing material is made with an edged or unedged board with a thickness of 20-25 mm - the main thing is that its pitch coincides with the dimensions of the roofing sheets. In our time, such roofs are covered mainly with corrugated board and metal tiles, although sometimes ordinary slate is found.
Conclusion
If we talk about the price, then building from a bar, which is a solid solid wood, is much cheaper than from its glued counterpart. But after installation, such a solid-mass profile requires settling for shrinkage and a house built from it cannot be finished within 10-12 months. As you can see, a drop in material costs does not always translate into a drop in price as a whole, as everyone knows that wasted time is wasted money.
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