Photo layouts. Typical series of Khrushchev. Photo layouts House series 1 335 drawing
There are several regions in Russia with high seismic activity, including the Far East, the Caucasus and Baikal. In order to avoid casualties, multi-storey construction in these areas is designed for tremors. And if funds were transferred to the first two regions with the support of the federal government since 2009 under the programs of seismic strengthening of existing houses and the construction of new ones, then the Irkutsk region plans to receive funding only this year.
Dmitry Ruzhnikov said that Baikal is in the middle of a fault in the earth's crust. Up to 5-6 thousand shocks are recorded here per year. The last strong earthquake occurred in 2008. Many houses of the 335th series were seriously damaged: cracks appeared, the delamination of wall panels accelerated. It was assumed that the replacement and, in rare cases, the repair of these buildings would be carried out as part of the Russian earthquake-resistant construction program at the expense of the federal budget.
In the 1960s and 1970s, there was an active development of the region. The country's government has set the task of relocating people from barracks to comfortable apartments, - says the deputy. - Meanwhile, these houses were supposed to be completely demolished in 25-30 years. Projects of houses of the 335th series with an incomplete frame were involved in the development: they were built quickly and cheaply. The project started from Moscow, where seismic activity is 5 points. Before 2000, we had 7-8 points, and now we have 8-9 points.
1.5 million square meters in the city and 2.5 million in the Irkutsk region were built with the expectation of seismic 1-2 points less than the current requirements. Large-panel five-story buildings of the 335th series are not adapted to such a long operation in a region of increased seismic activity without major repairs, they have already stood in excess of the standard operating life. In addition, the quality of their construction also suffered. Now, when examining houses, Dmitry says, there are egregious cases. For example, when one of the concrete slabs is replaced by a wooden one. The expert explains: some product did not come from the factory, and the house needs to be put into operation, the builders got out as best they could.
The scientific community of the area drew attention to the problem of houses of the 335th series in the 1990s. But, unfortunately, none of the governments gave it much publicity. Our region did not participate in federal programs, and the authorities did not really think about what to do with these houses, - a representative of the social movement complains. - We, the initiative group "Regeneration of the city", independently began work. And, I hope, with the support of the current government, we will promote the project, reach out to federal institutions.
Houses of the 335th series are buildings with an incomplete frame and lightweight wall panels. In a modern monolithic house, floors - floor or ceiling - are supported by four or two columns, thereby distributing the load evenly. In a house with an incomplete frame, one side of the floor is on a column, the other is only on a panel. And if the column is designed for vertical loads, then the facade panel is not: it decays very quickly, delaminates, cracks appear in it. With the destruction of such a panel, the floor may first fail, and then the whole house may collapse.
Denis Voronov warns: residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame already pose a threat to the life and health of residents. Serious destruction in the critical elements of such houses is indicated by cracks in the facades and delamination of slabs. If you see that the cracks on the walls of your house go through several floors, forming a single line, this is already a big problem for the building structure.
A detailed survey of such houses is required in order to understand how much time is available to take appropriate measures. According to Dmitry Ruzhnikov, it is necessary to obtain an opinion on the nodes, panels and the project - the entire internal state of the structures.
We invited leading experts from IrNITU. In the near future, we will examine six houses in Irkutsk using non-destructive laser non-contact vibration measurement to further substantiate the danger of buildings to the life and health of Irkutsk residents, - the deputy explains. - This is a prerequisite for the inclusion of problematic objects in federal programs.
The city tried to solve the problem of Khrushchev houses with an incomplete frame by including these houses in the regional program for major repairs. Denis Voronov explains: in order to replace, for example, one of the load-bearing panels that is collapsing in such a house, you need to dismantle the roof and remove a few more panels. The money collected as part of the overhaul will not be enough for this. Now residents pay 5.6 rubles per square meter. It will take decades to accumulate the required amount. In addition, with such repairs, people need to be resettled somewhere - these are additional costs. And there is no mobile fund in the city for these purposes.
After reconstruction, we must put the building into operation in accordance with all modern requirements and legislation. The house must again undergo an environmental assessment, since we live in the Baikal ecological zone, an examination of the project, in which we must prove that it meets the current requirements for energy efficiency, seismic and is accessible to people with limited mobility. All this is very expensive and hardly realizable, - says the expert.
Solution
Dmitry Ruzhnikov recalled that the overhaul does not involve strengthening the structural parts of the building. And it is not possible to carry out repairs to strengthen the support nodes of the floor girders of all houses of the 335th series at the expense of the budget of Irkutsk - this is a colossal expense. A complete reconstruction of one house of the 335th series will cost as much as the construction of two new buildings. According to the expert, the way out is to create a maneuverable fund, where residents of an emergency building can temporarily accommodate. But without the participation of the state can not do.
In order to build modern residential complexes on the site of Khrushchev, it is necessary to create a maneuverable fund, Dmitry argues. - People are resettled there, and the building is demolished and a new residential building is being built in its place. We understand that it is impossible to do this without a federal program.
It is assumed that the region or the city will undertake the construction of a flexible fund, and a private developer or investor - the construction of a new residential building. After the work is completed, the owner can move to a new house built to replace the old one, or pay extra and improve his living conditions.
Denis Voronov notes that the best option is the construction of housing for the resettlement of owners in the same area where they lived. But given the lack of land in the city, this is not always feasible. In this matter, it is necessary to do a lot of work with homeowners: people must understand that it is dangerous to live in houses of the 335th series with an incomplete frame.
However, not all sites in Irkutsk will be of interest to private investors, Dmitry suggests. Therefore, in some cases, it is necessary to transfer the experience of Moscow to the region and build modern residential complexes instead of Khrushchev with federal money. Moreover, there is a federal program for seismic strengthening, which allows you to get the necessary funds for this. The task is difficult, but quite feasible, experts are sure.
Discussion and additional information on the forum -
Residential apartment building series 1-335 have a frame-panel structure. The project belongs to the developers of the design bureau of Leningrad, the design was finally improved and put into construction by the LenZNIIEP scientific institute.
House series 1-335 has 5 floors. The facade is recognizable by the four-leaf windows on the landings, the ends, consisting of four panels, as well as the windows in two rows.
In the history of Khrushchev housing construction, this series is characterized by the lowest cost, equal to 95 rubles. Panel houses are located in different Moscow districts, all of them are in disrepair. According to experts - the worst construction project of all Khrushchev's structural series.
Characteristics of a panel house 1-335
The number of entrances of the house starts from 3 or more. There is no elevator in the houses. Each apartment, except for the 1st floor, has a balcony. The design does not provide for a built-in garbage chute, there are no emergency balconies on the stairs. The roof has a hipped structure. The ceilings were made of solid reinforced concrete slabs. Inter-apartment and inter-room partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels. The load-bearing walls are made according to the constructive scheme, the frame is incomplete. The type of load-bearing wall is layered: reinforced concrete outside, and foam concrete insulation inside. The facade is tiled in light shades.
On the floors there are one-, two- and three-room apartments. Apartments are small. The area of a one-room apartment is no more than 31 m2, of which 19 m2 is residential space. In a two-room apartment, the total area ranges from 40 to 45m2 (about 35 - living area). Treshkas are 10-12m2 larger (about 55m2), with a living space of 44-48m2. Kitchens have a standard square for any apartment - 6.3 m2. Ceilings are low - 2.5 meters. The apartments are equipped with storage rooms.
Among the shortcomings of the panel "five-story building" note the combination of a toilet and a bathroom. The outer walls are extremely poorly insulated, so it is cool in the apartments during the heating season. The interior partitions are thin, which increases the audibility from the neighbors.
Viktorov D.A.,Safronova S.V., Khreschik V.V.(BGITA, Bryansk, Russian Federation)
The development of the construction of houses of the 1-335 series from development and experimental construction to the end of their construction is considered. The advantages and disadvantages of various modifications of this series are determined. The main directions of increasing the level of operation of the buildings under consideration are given.
1-335 - the most common series of panel 5-story residential buildings throughout the former USSR, which appeared along with houses of the K-7, II-32, II-35, 1MG-300, 1-464, 1-468 series in 1959 . The first house of this series 1-335 was built in Cherepovets, Vologda region. The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky House-Building Plant (DSK).
Initially, series 1-335 was an incomplete frame, consisting of one row of columns located along the longitudinal axis with a pitch of 2.6 and 3.2 m and crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the columns, and on the other side on metal supporting consoles ("tables"). Floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides.
External walls according to the constructive solution were divided into two-layer and single-layer. The first had an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed slab 30-60 mm thick and an insulating layer of non-autoclaved foam concrete 260 mm thick, the surface of which was plastered. However, as the practice of building operation has shown, the low mechanical strength of foam concrete, its weak adhesion and high hygroscopicity led to the appearance of shrinkage cracks, delamination and destruction of the panels. Cold bridges were formed in the places where the girders rested on the outer two-layer wall panels, which contributed to the corrosion of the metal embedded elements of the welded joint. In single-layer panels, made, as a rule, with a thickness of 350 mm from expanded clay concrete, no signs of corrosion of embedded elements were observed. The most common ceramic tile for cladding the outer surface of wall panels was 48x48x4 or less commonly 23x23x2 mm carpet tiles.
These houses had no internal walls, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the panels of staircases and intersection walls, thanks to which the principle of "free planning" could be implemented. Also, the biggest advantage of the 1-335 series was its low cost (for example, in 1971 an apartment cost an average of 5,760 rubles with an average salary of 131 rubles 32 kopecks; thus, it would take 3 years 8 months to save up for housing, which is 4.76 times shorter than now).
But, despite all the advantages, the 1-335 series had a number of disadvantages. It was recognized as the most unsuccessful of all the series of residential buildings developed under N.S. Khrushchev, because due to the complete lack of experience in the construction of prefabricated buildings, the level of fabrication of structures and their installation on the construction site was very low. Also, the disadvantages of the first houses of this series included external walls with insufficient heat-shielding properties, combined bathrooms, narrow corridors without built-in wardrobes, walk-through and semi-walk-through rooms.
Figure 1 - Ordinary latitudinal section of houses of the 1-335 series (2-2-2-3)
With further improvement of the 1-335 series, standard projects of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335K series appeared, developed by the Leningrad branch of the Gorstroyproekt State Design Institute (Leningrad GPI Gorstroyproekt) in 1961. The design difference of the 1-335K series was that instead of five prefabricated elements of the staircase, a spatial block was made. This greatly simplified the installation of houses and made it possible to facilitate the flight of stairs, which, after the introduction of a three-dimensional element of the staircase, was decided to be combined with only one platform, and not with two, as was the case in the 1-335 series.
With the approval of new building codes and regulations in 1963, the construction of residential buildings of more advanced series 1-464A, 1-464D, 1-468A, 1-468B, 1-468D, 1-510, 1605A, 1-515 / 9, 1 -468A, 1-468D, 1-447, 1-511, 1-510, which included various modifications of the 1-335 series (1-335A, 1-335D, etc.).
Houses of the 1-335A series, developed by the Leningrad Zonal Research and Design Institute for Typical and Experimental Design of Residential and Public Buildings (LenzNIIEP), were built in the period from 1963-1967 and had improved architectural and planning solutions. In this modification, to support the crossbars, 2 more rows of columns were introduced along the longitudinal outer walls. Thus, a frame-constructive system was obtained, in which the outer walls of the building became non-bearing, that is, any outer panel could be dismantled. The 1-335A series was solved with changes in the designs and dimensions of the main assembly units and parts of standardized elements and an increase in the number of additional forms associated with the use of separate sanitary units, a lightweight march and other design improvements.
Modification 1-335D is structurally similar to the 1-335A series. The heat-shielding properties of the walls of these houses are higher, they are stronger, they had more successful apartment layouts.
The next modification of the 1-335 series was the connection of blocks through reinforced concrete panels used in the 1-335AT series, which, unlike 1-335A and 1-335D, had an incomplete frame.
The five-story block sections 1-335Tul were designed in addition to the houses of the 1-335AT series to expand the capabilities of the architect and differed from them only in the originality of the types of houses and architectural and planning solutions. They were used for the layout of projects of representative houses and individual projects of houses of various lengths and volume-spatial solutions, depending on the conditions dictated by urban planning circumstances.
In 1969-1972, by order of the Novomoskovsk Chemical Combine, a modification 1-335TulM was produced. In this series, the bindings were redesigned, a technical floor was arranged instead of a combined roof, and technical undergrounds were replaced with full-fledged basements, for which reinforced basement panels with window openings were developed. But the main difference of the modified series was the presence of loggias. The two-sided orientation of two-room and three-room apartments and the presence of a wide panel spacing in the living rooms made it possible to arrange loggias in the apartment with their orientation both to one and the opposite facade and, accordingly, to obtain a greater number of facade solutions. If necessary (for example, when the house is located on a busy highway), all the balconies of the apartments could be removed from the street facade and oriented towards the courtyard. The heads of the smoke ventilation ducts were arranged no lower than 0.6 m from the top of the roof, since the necessary exhaust was not provided in the previous modifications.
The advantages of houses of the 1-335Tul and 1-335TulM series over 1-335AT is that they made it possible to completely move away from the system of free line building with uniformly arranged rows of identical standard houses and find a variety of spatial solutions with large spacious yards. This was possible due to the formation of residential areas of any length with vertical ledges, the use of loggia inserts for making turns at right and obtuse angles. Such a system made it possible to increase the linear building density and reduce the number of cold end walls, which, together with the reduction of engineering networks, contributed to an economically viable construction option. During the construction of residential buildings from block sections of the 1-335TulM series, attached loggias were used, which were obtained by adding special prefabricated side walls to standard balcony slabs. And with paired and even more so quadruple balconies, such a solution required less material consumption than with single balconies of the 1-335AT series.
According to the given chronology, the 1-335 series was mastered in the city of Bryansk. The first house was erected in 1959 . For houses of the 1-335 series in Bryansk, single-layer expanded clay concrete panels were produced by the Bryansk plant of large-panel housing construction (BZKD). During the installation of houses, metallization of through seams and joints was organized by spraying. When sealing the joints of the panels of the outer walls, modern materials began to be used instead of hemp ship ropes.
Experience in the construction and operation of houses has revealed the following shortcomings, typical for all modifications of the 1-335 series:
Sound insulation of airborne noise of interfloor ceilings, inter-apartment and inter-room partitions is low;
The mass of 1 m 2 of the floor is less than 2.2 kN, which does not satisfy the condition of impact sound insulation;
The quality of welds due to their large length is unsatisfactory;
The mortar most often breaks down and flakes off in the joint, since the adhesion surface between the mortar and the panels is small;
Water and cold air penetrate into the premises through cracks in the seams, which are formed during deformations that are inevitable for this design of houses;
The caulk does not provide the necessary water tightness and impermeability of the seams;
Floor slabs have insufficient support on smoke panels; some floor slabs have excess deflections.
The connection of hinged outer panels is unsuccessful.
Together, all these defects led to the fact that the construction of houses in this series was completely prohibited.
The physical deterioration of the buildings of 1963-1970 is much less than the houses of the first stage and, as a rule, hardly exceeds 20%. Therefore, it was decided not to demolish the five-story buildings built after 1963, but to reconstruct them. Buildings of the “unbearable” series can be destroyed if they are in an unacceptable technical condition or fall into a zone of mass demolition, where it is more economically profitable to build a modern multi-storey residential building on the site of a still fairly strong five-story building.
But it is possible to solve the housing problem in the conditions of a shortage of territories and the quite acceptable physical condition of the existing housing stock, which does not meet social and demographic needs, as well as comfort standards, thanks to its reconstruction. The increase in area is achieved by building additional floors, increasing the size and number of summer rooms (balconies and loggias) and adding new volumes to the reconstructed buildings. The superstructure of houses is the most effective method of expanded reproduction of the housing stock, since it does not require an increase in the land plot and allows you to realize all the reserves of the bearing capacity of the vertical structures of the building. Residential buildings of all modifications of the 1-335 series are of great interest as superstructure objects, since they are similar in terms of the width of the building, its configuration in plan, the location of staircases and windows, and allow the use of unified structural and technological systems for attic construction.
The Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings (TsNIIEP Housing) proposed five options for the renovation of residential buildings of the 1-335 series:
1 - redevelopment during major repairs;
2 - redevelopment in existing dimensions;
3 - redevelopment in existing dimensions with a superstructure;
4 - reconstruction with the addition of additional volumes;
5 - reconstruction with an extension and a superstructure.
On the basis of the territorial programs of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, a subprogram "Reconstruction of residential buildings of the first mass series" of the state target program "Housing" was created. In Bryansk, in 2001, project No. 08-011-02 “Reconstruction of large-panel residential buildings of the 1-335 series in the city of Bryansk” was developed, in which three main reconstruction options were developed at the feasibility study stage:
1 - enlargement of apartments;
2 - consolidation of apartments and the superstructure of the attic floor;
3 - enlargement of apartments with a broadening of the building and an attic superstructure.
In all three options, measures have been developed to improve thermal protection and overhaul the engineering equipment of existing floors with the engineering and social infrastructure of residential areas unchanged. The cost of 1 m 2 of the attic floor, according to the calculations made, was about 1.5 thousand rubles. The cost of work on major repairs and improving the thermal protection of buildings as a whole amounted to 200% of the cost of the attic floor. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out the reconstruction from two sources of financing: investor funds - for the construction of the attic floor, utilities - for the modernization of floors 1-5.
Literature
1 1-335 (Series of houses) [Electronic resource] // Wikipedia [website] - URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-335 (date of access: 2.11.10).
2 Series 1-335 [Electronic resource] // USSR Forever!!! [website] - URL: http://www.ussr-forever.ru/prui/125-1-335-.html (date of access: 2.11.10).
3 Banykin, B.N. Design and construction of large-panel houses. - M., 1963. - S. 45-51.
4 How much is housing? [Electronic resource] // Bullshit [website] - URL: http://mgsupgs.livejournal.com/144614.html (date of access: 11/30/10).
5 Types and series of houses in Moscow [Electronic resource] // Fot.com [website] - URL: http://fot.com.ru/lofiversion/index.php/t18616-50.html (date of access: 2.11.10 ).
6 This restless Shilin [Electronic resource] // Notes of local lore [website] - URL: http://stroyved.ru/2009/11/%c2%a0etot-bespokojnyj-shilin/ (date of access: 11/30/10).
7 Past, present and future of five-story buildings [Text] // Ideas for your home - 2002. - No. 4.
8 Unified architectural and construction systems of attic floors for the superstructure of reconstructed houses [Electronic resource] // Construction Library [website] http://www.zodchii.ws/books/info-609.html (accessed: 28.01.11).
9 SP 35-114-2003. Reconstruction and adaptation of buildings for social service institutions for the elderly [Electronic resource]. Access from the information and reference system "Techexpert".
10 Detailed information [Electronic resource] // Innovations to business [website] http://www.ideasandmoney.ru/Ntrr/Details/133223 (date of access: 01/28/11).
Polina Dedyukhova
Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were made at the factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR. Designs of the 335th series were produced at the DSC from 1960 to 1968.
The series is widely distributed in the former USSR. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series were built from imported structures; in block buildings it occurs in the form of individual inclusions.
The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, in total 1442 sections in the Krasnogvardeisky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are operated (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most massive series of residential buildings in Kazakhstan.
In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a nominal series, the builders faced a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, so the 1-335AT series (Tula) was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). Proletarsky became the first district where these houses were built.
The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (two-leaf windows look square), elongated windows on the stairwells, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. For houses built in Moscow, an iron 4-pitched roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by Polyustrovskiy DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be a flat roof without an attic at all.
Bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. 1,2,3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room in a 3-room apartment is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.
1-335 Partial Frame Specifications
| wall material | panel |
| Number of sections (entrances) | from 3 |
| Number of floors | 5, less often - 3, 4. First floor residential |
| Ceiling height | 2.54 m |
| Elevator | No |
| Balconies | in all apartments |
| Number of apartments per floor | 4 |
| Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
| Total number of houses built | about 500 (in Moscow - 76 with a total total area of apartments about 200 thousand square meters) |
| Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the north-east of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polyustrovo), and also. Country. Several quarters were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and others (including in several cities of Belarus). In less significant volumes, a series was built in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the areas of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the years. Shcherbinka and Podolsk |
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| The demolition of houses of series 1-335 has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolished in the first place, because it is not among the most common series of "Khrushchev" in Moscow, and in the BTI databases, 5-storey buildings of the 1-335 series are often mistakenly listed as buildings of the unbearable series 1-515/5). The demolition of all houses of series 1-335 in Moscow will be completed, according to experts from www.RussianRealty.ru, in 2015-2017. | |
| In St. Petersburg, houses of series 1-335 are being refurbished (overhauled), some blocks are scheduled for demolition | |
| Areas of 1-room apartments | total: 30-31 sq. m., residential: 18 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
| Areas of 2-room apartments | total: 41-45 sq. m., residential: 26-35 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3-6.9 sq. m. |
| Areas of 3-room apartments | total: 55-58 sq. m., residential: 42-48 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
| Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved structural design (full frame, better thermal insulation of external walls) and with 9-storey versions. Modified houses were not built in Moscow | |
| bathrooms | combined in all apartments |
| stairs | without common fire balcony |
| Garbage chute | No |
| Cooker type: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust, blocks in sanitary cabins (bathrooms) | |
| Walls of houses of a typical series 1-335 |
External walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. Ceilings: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick. Interroom partitions made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, and inter-apartment partitions - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm |
| load-bearing walls | columns and exterior walls (incomplete frame) |
| Type of sections (entrances) |
in-line (ordinary, a set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except for the corner apartments, face one side |
| Number of steps in the section (entrance) | 7 (in row sections), 6 (in end sections). Step width (distance between two adjacent load-bearing walls, span width): 260 cm, 320 cm. Hull width: 11.6 m. |
| Facing, plastering of external walls | facing with small square tiles (St. Petersburg), unlined (Moscow, St. Petersburg, other cities) |
| External wall color options | tiles: blue-white, light grey, uncoated: grey, white, yellow, beige |
| roof type | 4-pitched (Moscow), flat and flat-pitched (other cities) |
| Distinctive features | 5-storey panel houses of type series 1-335 are recognizable by large, full-height panels, windows of 4 horizontal leaves on the stairs, ends of 4 panels with 2 rows of windows |
| Advantages | balconies, closets |
| Disadvantages (in addition to the standard disadvantages of Khrushchev) | extremely low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in 3-room apartments |
| Manufacturers | Polyustrovskiy DSK (Leningrad), Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD, Plant of Large Panel Parts No. 6-DSK-1 (Novosibirsk), Krasnoyarsk Concrete Concrete Plant No. 1, Omsk Precast Concrete Plant No. 6, etc. |
| Designer | Design Institute "Gorstroyproekt" (Leningrad branch) |
| Varieties of typical projects of the 1-335 series (they differ only in the number of sections): | 1-335-1, 1-335-2, 1-335-3, 1-335-4, 1-335-30, 1-335-30sh |
| The cost of construction of 1 square. m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR | |
| According to a number of experts, 1-335 is the most unsuccessful of all the all-Union Khrushchev series | |
| 1-335 - the only series of houses found in both Moscow and St. Petersburg (at the same time, facade and roofing solutions differ significantly) | |
| Rating of RussianRealty.ru typical series 1-335 | 2.9 (on a 10-point scale) |
In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made of, and the normative durability will be determined by the attachment point of horizontal structures to the fence, let's consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. In appearance, it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities shown during long-term operation, make it possible to attribute such structures to the frame-panel capital group.
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Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame |
Plan of end typical section of latitudinal orientation |
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| Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame | Plan of an ordinary typical section of latitudinal orientation |
In the course of the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for a built-up residential area, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but at the site of binding the high-rise dominant - future 9-storey buildings with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which started in 1968.
In the 60s of the last century, in the conditions of the Cold War, there was a state housing program, during which each settlement, except for the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing, assembled according to the frame-panel type.
It was believed that the five-story structures used in the course of mass construction would be in operation for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reassembled in another place already with a decrease in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.
After 10 years of operation, they were to be transported to the countryside and assembled in the form of semi-detached one-story and two-story cottages with a durability of 150 years.
In order to facilitate assembly and disassembly in these houses, columns were not installed along the outer longitudinal walls. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of floor slabs went only along the inner longitudinal wall.
Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row at one end (highlighted in red in the figure), at the other end rested directly on the fence panel.
Here it is necessary to understand. Why is the frame-panel system in Russia (where the heating season is on average 9 months) has such a low standard durability, regardless of what in this case is assembled from fully assembled durable elements designed for three assembly-dismantling cycles.
As we know the heat in the room is understood upwards. Thermal engineering calculation is reduced to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.
In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What did not pass according to the requirements of heat engineering calculation. The crossbar-outer fencing panel assembly was constantly frozen. The calculation was that for the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the freeze-thaw cycles would not exceed the permissible maintainable level.
However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these peculiar "prefabricated" structures to continue. At a construction site, where in the estimates of the Soviet era there was an article "Temporary buildings and structures", which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: "There is nothing more permanent than something temporary."
Of course, the original idea of resettling housing in 15-10 years was utopian in itself, given that buildings with a normative durability of 150 years were chosen as the main instrument of housing policy.
As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, are still standing among structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them.
There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are exposed along the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from being exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.
Today, residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame pose a huge threat to residents.
By the end of the 1980s, all these structures were in a pre-emergency state. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle fracture of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. Such buildings were supposed to be reconstructed in the first place in the mid-80s of the last century.
At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all the allowable dates have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have a normative period of 150 years, but located in more attractive places for modern development.
According to the results of external inspections carried out back in Soviet times, the normative durability indicators for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are peaks, balconies and loggias.
In the first mass series, a metal fence was used at the protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange, it is at the contact with the “cold bridges”, which will be all metal structures, that the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons, irreversible damage occurs.
Without taking into account these data, today attempts are being made to strengthen the protruding reinforced concrete elements precisely with the use of metal parts and reinforcement structures.
The main advantages of the 1-335 series
The minimum number of load-bearing internal elements, which allows the principle of "flexible planning" to be implemented;
High manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;
Designing a technical underground, which made it possible to put housing into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.
General information about houses of the 1-335 series
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Purpose |
Residential building |
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number of storeys |
5 floors, ground floor, basement |
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dimensions |
67.2 m / 12.0 m |
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Space stiffness |
Longitudinal direction - longitudinal load-bearing walls, ceilings. Transverse direction - external end, transverse walls |
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Wed apartment area |
39.7 m2 |
Description of load-bearing structures of the 1-335 series
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Foundations |
Belt prefabricated reinforced concrete |
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Walls |
Double Layer Heavy Concrete Wall Panel |
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Partitions |
Plaster t=80 mm |
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Overlappings |
Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs |
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Coating |
Pitched, on wooden rafters from boards "on edge" |
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stairs |
Precast concrete marches |
Disadvantages of the 1-335 series
Insufficient rigidity of the embedding unit of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;
Wrong arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;
Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of wall panels, due to which the examination confirmed the leakage of the seams;
Inconsistency of space-planning and constructive solutions of apartments with modern requirements.
At the moment, these structures are no longer subject to disassembly and require urgent reconstruction measures with the strengthening of the entire building as a whole:
External frame devices with fastening of the crossbar support unit for strengthening and unloading the existing building frame;
Cutting worn out balcony slabs;
Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;
Replacement of floors, window frames, door frames.
In addition, the planned reconstruction of the entrance groups with the arrangement of ramps for baby and wheelchairs, the installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes is necessary.
In the course of reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for the residents of the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the arrangement of separate entrance groups.
It is easy to see that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the body, allows you to unfasten the frozen junction of the crossbar to the fence.
Such a solution allows not only to strengthen the incomplete frame, but also to create new heat-efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fence structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.
Projects of redevelopment of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias
There are various solutions that provide for partial dismantling of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are also more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias are being built to reinforce the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.
When expanding the building, problems arise with insolation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved with the construction of two-level apartments with a hall having a "second light".
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| Reconstruction project of the microdistrict of large-block houses building in 1964 in Izhevsk with a significant compaction of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments |
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The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation did not give positive changes. In the structures, an increased growth of black mold was observed in the upper corners of the living quarters, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.
Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on the outer panel of the fence from within, with similarity device inner frame- didn't work either. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.
The internal frame, which does not have its own foundation, based on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of frostbite, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of drywall. It should be borne in mind that most of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.
In structures of the semi-frame type of the series 1-335 during the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to perform a fastening unit for the crossbar head to transfer the load from worn units to the outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction activities scheduled for the end of the 80s were not completed, at present, during the reconstruction activities, balcony slabs and canopies must be dismantled.
The device of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:
- creation of an additional thermal protection belt before repair and sealing of panel joints;
— improvement of insolation of internal premises due to tripartite natural lighting;
- improving the comfort of living quarters;
- creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.
All these activities must be carried out within a short period of time. complete eviction of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would contribute to reducing social tension in society and solving the housing problem in an economical way, beneficial for all participants in the reconstruction process.
Series 1-335 is one of the first all-Union panel series. Houses of this series were built in many cities of the country: Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Volgograd, Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk.
This series was built from 1958 to 1966. Despite the fact that the total number of these buildings is small (about 500), it is considered one of the most common among the Khrushchevs. The vast majority of houses of the 1-335 series were built in St. Petersburg - 289 buildings.
About 70 houses have been built in Moscow, mainly in the districts: Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkinsky, Degunino, Kuntsevo, as well as 1-2 buildings each in a number of other districts.
In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of this series were built in single quantities, most of them in the cities of Shcherbinka and Podolsk.
This type of multi-apartment Khrushchev can be recognized by the large, almost full panel square windows and high elongated windows on the landings. And also on the ends of four panels with two rows of windows. There are options lined with small square tiles.
The cost of construction of 1 m² of living space for houses of the 1-335 series was a record low and amounted to 95 rubles. in 1961 prices. This is the lowest figure in the history of industrial housing construction in the USSR.
"" Series I-335 almost everywhere are in pre-accident condition. The reliability of the design scheme is practically exhausted.
The demolition of houses of series 1-335 has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not on the list of those being demolished due to the fact that it is not among the most common series of Khrushchevs in Moscow). According to experts, the demolition of all houses of series 1-335 in Moscow will be completed in 2015-2017.
In St. Petersburg, the houses of this series are mainly undergoing major repairs (sanation), some quarters are scheduled for demolition
According to a number of experts, the five-story buildings 1-335 of the project are recognized as the most unsuccessful series of buildings from the Khrushchev era.
Detailed characteristics of the series
| entrances | from 3 |
| number of storeys | 5, less often - 3.4. The first floor is residential. |
| Ceiling height | 2,54 |
| elevators | No |
| Balconies | In all apartments, starting from the 2nd floor |
| Apartment per floor | 4 |
| Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
| Built houses | about 500 |
| Apartment areas | 1-room - total: 30-31 m², living room: 18 m², kitchen: 6.3 m². 2-room - total: 41-45 m², living room: 26-35 m², kitchen: 6.3-6.9 m². 3-room - total: 55-58 m², residential: 42-48 m², kitchen: 6.3 m². |
| bathrooms | Combined in all apartments |
| stairs | No common fire balcony |
| Garbage chute | No |
| Ventilation | Natural exhaust, blocks in the bathrooms |
| Walls and ceilings | External walls - two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. Ceilings - reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick. Interroom partitions made of gypsum concrete panels, thickness 8 cm. Interroom partitions made of two-layer gypsum concrete panels with an air gap of 4 cm between them. |
| load-bearing walls | Columns and exterior walls (incomplete frame) |
| Colors and finishes | Tiling: light grey, blue and white. Uncoated: beige, grey, white, yellow. |
| roof type | Chetyrekhskatnaya |
| Advantages | Cheap cost, availability of balconies, storerooms |
| disadvantages | Very low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in three-room apartments |
| Manufacturer | Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD |
| Designer | Design Institute Gorstroyproekt (Leningrad branch) |
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