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Best investment tools. Investment Tools: Debt, Financial, Shares Cash Investment Tools

Today I will tell you about what exactly financial instruments Applied by investors for income. Each of these tools is unique in essence and, of course, deserves a separate article or even several. In the meantime, let's talk about their basic characteristics so that you have a general idea.

As you already know, to reduce the risk of losing your money, the investor must form a portfolio consisting of different assets classes. In practice, this means that you need to select financial instruments with different levels of risk - conservative, aggressive and moderate. The probability of obtaining investment income from the investor is directly proportional to the level of risk of used tools.

If you put all the money into a single share or cryptocurrency, in the case of a sharp and sudden fall in this action or cryptocurrency, we can get significant losses. To somehow "fly", reduce damages use diversification . This means that money is distributed among different tools. Usually when the crisis in the economy occurs in the economy, these tools behave differently. Shares are lightningly falling, and friendly. Bonds will also begin to decline in price, but probably not so sharply. "Feed" also real estate. But gold is moving at such economic moments in antiphase. And if you have it in your portfolio, its growth will compensate for the decline in the price of other assets. This is all, of course, very simplistic. But in general, the meaning is just such.

Diversification during investment is a prerequisite for regulating the risk level of its investment portfolio. It is necessary to apply it!

After such an important entry, we turn to direct consideration of investment instruments. Today there are a lot of them. Some suitable all are available only for experienced professionals. One way or another, due to their combination, you can configure the "Risk-yield" of its portfolio for itself.

1. Bank deposits.

The easiest and most popular investment tool. Historically, it happened that for the overwhelming majority of people in Russia, is the only way to invest money. Moreover, most other tools do not even know.

Bank deposits are a conservative asset, the main function of which is to preserve money, and not receiving income.
To invest money on a contribution, very small amounts.
Most banks are participants in the deposit insurance system. Due to this, if the bank collapses, deposits to 1.4 million rubles will be returned to their owners at the expense of insurance money.
Bank deposit is designed to invest money for a short time (from month to 2-3 years).
Interest rates on deposits usually cover inflation. Although there were periods of very low rates when inflation was higher (2002-2003). Just now (in 2018) we are experiencing another such period - the rates on deposits are very low and during the year will continue to decrease.
Income on deposits in the overwhelming majority cannot be taxed.
In case of early termination urgent contribution Interest, as a rule, are lost.
Future investors enjoy bank deposits to accumulate more or less large sums. After the amount is accumulated, it will be possible to immediately form a diversified investment portfolio.

2. Real estate.

The second most popular way of investing money from Russians.

Real estate in nature is a moderate asset at risk.
Designed for long-term investment.
The source of income is the ability to sell an object after the growth of its cost or lease.
Some properties may have very low liquidity. For example, a luxury or "old fund".
To start investment requires quite significant capital, although now the purchase scheme has become popular. investment real estate via mortgage loan In order to lease further. Significantly cheaper also buying apartments at the construction stage.
The cost of real estate depends very much on the situation in the economy. During the crisis, there is a significant decline in prices. In this sense, you can accurately predict price change trends for this asset.
When buying and selling real estate there is an opportunity to get a property tax deduction.

3. Securities.

Basically invest in stocks, bonds. Separately consider also savings certificates.

3.1. Stock.

The investor who has invested money in the company's shares becomes one of its owners - shareholders. Its shares are the share in the business of this company.
Shares refer to aggressive investment. They can quickly take off in price, but in the same way and fall sharply, i.e. You can easily get a loss or even losing the entire cost of investment.
The longer the term of investment in stocks, the higher the probability of obtaining good income.
Designed to obtain high income on turns over 3-5 years.
In general, to start investing in stock does not require a large amount. 5-10 thousand rubles are enough.
Basically, very liquid asset, i.e. Shares can be sold almost on any working day. Although there are also implications among them (for example, the shares of the second echelon, as well as those that are not traded on the stock exchanges).
Are divided by ordinary and privileged . The latter have some additional bonuses for the investor, for example, a guarantee of dividend payments.
You can become the owner of the shares in two ways. First - at the time of their emission (the so-called IPO. ) When all the money received falls directly to the company and are used for its development. The second is when buying on the stock exchange or on the over-the-counter market.
The source of income when investing in stocks are dividends and price increase.

3.2. Bonds.

Manufactured by companies to finance their projects, i.e. They get money in exchange for the obligation to return them back after a certain time with interest.
Among bonds can be both very conservative (for example, government bonds of developed countries) and very risky - aggressive (for example, corporate bonds are not very reliable companies, garbage bonds).
The bond is a tool with fixed regular payments - they are known to the investor in advance.
Bond is a securities that has its own appeal - repayment. When it expires, the holders of the bonds receive back its nominal value - the cost that the company initially occupied at the investor and which was obliged to pay him after repayment.
Government bonds are an excellent alternative to bank deposits. In early 2018, the yield of bonds of the same banks above their bets on deposits per 1-2% per annum and averages about 7%. For example, the yield of Sberbank bonds is 7.0%, while deposits will bring only 5% per year. And such a yield can be obtained within 5-7 years. Deposits are opening up to a maximum of 3 years.
Sources of investment income on bonds: coupon income, sale of bonds after increasing the market price, paying the nominal value at the time of repayment.
Coupon income on bonds - These are periodic payments that investors receive in their bonds from the company released. As a rule, 1-4 times a year. This is as interest on deposits.
Sometimes (fortunately, quite rarely), the company that issued bonds becomes bankrupt and then their bonds turn into garbage. This is the risk of investing in bonds.
Like stocks, bonds can be purchased with their emission company and by purchasing on stock Exchange.

3.3. Savings certificates.

This method of investing is a direct alternative to the usual bank deposit without the possibility of replenishment and partial removal. Rather, this is the same bank deposit, only packed in the form of security.
Issued by banks.
Has a documentary form, i.e. Printed on special blanks with elements of protection against fakes.
Savings certificates are divided:

— named - are made on a specific individual, only this person will be able to obtain money on the certificate;

— for bearer - Anyone who will bring a certificate to the bank will be able to get money.

The term of conversion of savings certificates - from 3 months to 3 years.
Interest is paid along with the amount of the certificate after its presentation to the bank.
Certificates for bearer are not insured in the deposit insurance system, so they should be executed only in banks from the category of system-forming.
Average interest rates are higher than in deposits.
Savings certificate can be given to anyone - it is enough just to give the paper to this person and that's it.
The risk is that if the certificate is losing, anyone who has found him can come to the bank and get money. As a rule, there are procedures for recovering a certificate if it is lost.

4. Precious metals.

Investors have the opportunity to invest their money not only in the impact of centuries Popular gold and silver, but also in platinum and palladium.
Dragmetals are usually considered as a protective asset in case of different kinds of crises, when prices for all other assets are rapidly falling. According to its nature, it is most likely to moderate assets than to conservative.
Metals investment in precious metals:

1) buying ingots;

2) purchase of coins of precious metals (memorable and investment);

3) opening of impersonal metallic accounts (OMS);

4) independent purchase of shares of companies producing precious metals;

5) Purchase mutual mutations or ETF based on investments in securities of companies;

6) Purchase futures contracts on gold on the stock exchange (in Russia - on the Moscow Exchange);

7) Buying an impersonal gold on the stock exchange (in Russia - on the Moscow Exchange).

All these ways have their own characteristics that we consider in detail in other blog articles.

When buying ingots, it will be necessary in addition to the price of metal to pay 18% VAT, and an income tax in the amount of 13%. Therefore, this method is disadvantageous. To buy and sell ingots at least in zero, the price of the ingot should grow more than 30%.
When investing in memorable coins, VAT 18% is also paid, but the investment coins of VAT are not subject to.
Disclinished metal bills (OMS) Not insured in the deposit insurance system, so when they open, you need to carefully choose a reliable bank.
With an independent purchase on the stock exchange of securities of companies producing precious metals, you will have to open an account with a broker, because only the stock exchange can be traded professional organizations. Such organizations have appropriate licenses.
The most simple and advantageous for a beginner investor in investment in precious metals are: the discovery of the OMS, the purchase of investment coins, as well as the investment of money in the PAI of the PIFs of precious metals and ETF (stock investment funds) on precious metals.

5. Investment lifestyle insurance (sorry).

Relatively new investment product For Russia, the demand for which has grown very much in 2017. It is caused by a significant drop in interest rates on deposits over the past 2 years.
This is an investment with the help of an insurance company. Investor pays insurance contributionsHis life is insured for the entire expiration date. After graduating from the Agreement, the saint insurance company is obliged to pay the investor the entire amount plus an accumulated investment income.
As an asset saint consists of two parts: guaranteed and investment. The guaranteed part is invested in conservative tools and provides the ability to pay in an emergency amount of insurance. The investment part is invested by an insurance company in high-income financial instruments with high potential income. Moreover, the investor himself can choose which assets the insurance company will invest in the investment part. Upon the occurrence of an insured event and after the end of the action, only the payment of 100% of the insurance premiums made is guaranteed. Income an investor may not get at all if the price of the asset chosen by the investor will fall, and will not grow.
it long-term investments - From 3 years.
In the event of the investor's death, 100% of the sum insured is paid to those people who marked the investor at the conclusion of the Agreement. And this is not necessarily the heirs.
When terminating an insurance contract ahead of time, the investor will be able to receive a redemption amount that will be significantly less (by 30-40%) than insurance premiums were made. Terminating the contract used to be extremely unprofitable.
When buying a policy, the money is transferred to the ownership of an insurance company, they do not belong to the investor. That is why it is impossible to impose an arrest of the court to the money in saint, to confiscate under bankruptcy, divided during divorce.
Under the TRAC agreements with a period of more than 5 years, it is possible to obtain a tax deduction in the amount of 13% of 120 thousand rubles. That is, every year you can get back 15 600 rubles paid taxes on income.

6. Cumulative life insurance (NCS).

Long-term insurance product with an additional investment component.
It is a conservative investment tool. Insurance company guarantees an investor to obtain a certain investment income throughout the term of NSG. This income accumulates and at the end of the action is fully paid to the investor together with 100% paid contributions. The income is guaranteed unlike the ins.
Investor makes insurance premiums gradually - once a month, quarter or year.
With the help of NSS, you can save money for large goals. For example, to pay for children to the child in the university. At the same time, the life and health of the child is insured throughout the entire period of NSS. It is possible to fix an additional option - in the event of the death of a parent who makes insurance premiums for a child, the obligation to make these contributions passes to the insurance company itself.
The NCT program can include an additional option - the ability to receive a pension from the insurance company.
Available tax deduction for the amount of insurance premiums in maximum size 15 600 rubles annually.

In Russia and ISP, and NICs already have a spoiled reputation. Most often, these products are sold through banks that literally "hit" them to left and right, without explaining the essence and risks. As a result, a person gets completely unnecessary and not suitable to him. At the same time abroad, the accumulative life insurance is a popular way to conservative investment through insurance company and receiving a decent pension in the future.

7. Derivatives financial instruments.

These tools are more famous as derivatives. Usually it is about buying and selling. fews, options, forwards, swaps, contractor CFD . These are complex financial instruments that need long and thoroughly study. Only professionals with great experience can invest in them.
In essence, Derivatives are securities to other assets (currency pairs, oil, metals, grain, other securities, stock indexes, etc.). These assets are as if basic for derivatives. Derivative owners have the right or obligation to sell or buy a certain amount of base asset in the future. Derivatives prices are constantly changing that it makes it possible to get potential income.
With the help of derivatives, an individual you can buy yourself, for example, some oil. To do this, you need to open an account with a broker and buy a futures through it, the basic assets of which is oil. Futures on oil - This is an agreement that provides for the purchase and sale of a certain amount of oil with a given quality according to a strictly fixed price through a period of time in the future.

8. Structured products (notes).

These are financial instruments that are already representing investment portfolios. They simultaneously include conservative and aggressive tools in certain fractions. Investor receives product with a pre-known level of risk.
Structured products with 100% of capital protection are formed in such a way that a possible drop in the high-risk aggressive part of the structured product is compensated by a guaranteed income on the conservative part.
For investment, large amounts of money are needed.

9. Investment funds.

Often the value of the asset is so high that alone the investor does not pull his purchase. And if several investors "throw off" and buy it together? Then each of them will belong to that part of this asset, how much money was in the original "casket". Attention, friends! Just you learned the meaning and the essence of the formation of investment funds.

The Investment Fund is a form of collective investment when the money of different investors is invested in different classes of assets.

There are a lot of various forms of organizing investment funds. The most famous of them - fUT INVESTMENT FUNDS AND ETF . Below briefly consider them.

9.1. Food investment funds (mutual mutual).

Food investment funds are "property bags", consisting of assets that were purchased by the management company for investors who granted her money for this.
Every mutual fund has management Companywhich forms it buying assets in accordance with the Fund's investment declaration.
Depending on which specifically, the asset is invested by the share of shareholders, mutual impacts can be both conservative and aggressive and moderate.
To start investing in mutual effects, the most minimum amounts are enough - from 1 thousand rubles.
PAIs are quite liquid. They can be sold within 3 days, and get money to the bill for 10 days.
The management of mutual funds is under the control of the state, which strongly reduces the risks of the loss of money due to the bankruptcy of the management company. Usually, in such cases, the fund is simply transmitted to the Office of another company. Schever can not even notice this.
When selling a share management company will immediately hold the income tax in the amount of 13%.
For the management of money, the management company takes his commissions. Also, the Commissions arise when buying and selling fells. The final commissions for PIPs reach 5%. The fee for the investor will be significantly declining due to these commissions. Pyp in general is not a cheap way to invest money. This is their main minus.
Abroad analogue are Mutual Funds - Mutual Funds .

9.2. ETF (Exchange Traded Fund).

it stock investment funds . ETF shares are traded on the stock exchange.
You can buy ETF on the stock market by opening an account at the broker.
ETF copy various world indices. They include securities of companies in the same proportions as in indexes. That is why, by purchasing an ETF share, you can automatically be invested in the entire index, a branch of the economy and even the shares of many countries and regions of the world. Thus, it is possible to very easily form a widely diversified investment portfolio and reduce their risks.
On the world market now in the area of \u200b\u200b9 thousand different ETFs, based on all possible world indexes. Any investor can find ETF for any of its goal.
Unlike mutual effects, the ETF structure is completely transparent and is known in detail.
The cost of ETF prices almost exactly repeats the dynamics of indices that are based on it.
The tasks of the management company ETF are minimal - just buy securities of different companies in those shares in which they enter indexes, i.e. Copy indexes. That is why the Commission in Investing in ETF is very low - about 0.5-1.0%.
Very flexible and liquid investments. Buy ETF shares can be on the stock exchange on any working day.
In Russia is 12 ETF from Finexwhich you can buy on the Moscow Stock Exchange.
ETF is an ideal tool for investing for beginners from a complete zero.

10. Trust management.

For those investors who have already formed significant capital (several million rubles), but there is no desire to spend time on independent investment, you can give money to trust management.

Trust management is the transfer of its capital - assets and money - to the management of professional managers, whose task is to maintain and multiply it.
Managers are banks and investment campaigns that have licenses for such activities. In this case, banks can manage only banks. Investment companies that are not banks, such rights are deprived.
Customer at the conclusion of the contract trust management Himself can choose, in the tools with what level of risk management company to invest his money. The manager at the same time will not be able to show amateur. That is, the investor plans in advance the ratio of risk and profitability of trust management.
For their services, managers receive remuneration. On average, 15% of the investment received. This motivates the manager to apply maximum effort to work "in Plus".
The manager does not have the right to guarantee some specific profitability of investment in favor of the client. This is prohibited by law.
You need to give your assets in trust management only to the most famous, reliable and repeatedly proven banks and companies. No "managers" from the Internet promising gold mountains, whatever confirming documents they have demonstrated!

11. Investing in business projects.

By purchasing shares of a company, the investor becomes the owner of the part of this company. Investment in stock is one of the most simple ways Investing in business. It is called portfolio and suitable for everyone. To invest in business in this way, you do not need to have a huge capital. The investor-shareholder is entitled to manage this company, as well as receive part of its earned profits - dividends.
Another way to invest in a business - direct investments . This is the provision of a company of money for its development directly for the opportunity to receive part of the profits and take part in its management. Investor money is entered into the authorized capital of the organization.
Business investment is an investment in real assets. Business generates profits, develops, becomes more expensive. At the same time, the cost of the share, the owner of which is an investor.
When investing money in business, you need to choose the sphere that is understandable to the investor.
Requires a thorough analysis of the business project. It is not necessary for all and requires consultation of various specialists who are not free.
The most risky, but potentially the most profitable investment option is investments in startups .

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe startup is advancing often on the naked enthusiasm of the founders of the startup. Will the idea of \u200b\u200bthe startup "shoot" is unknown, but if this happens, the profitability of investment may be simply unimaginable. In case of failure, most likely will be lost (if not all) the amount of investment.

It should be understood that in order for the young business to be profitably needed for a while. Most likely, at the beginning of its work, he will bring only losses to the investor. When investing in a successful, already working project, an investor will be able to receive income immediately.
Investments are the creation of assets that in the future will bring passive income to the investor. Nevertheless, an investor who has invested money in his own business will be able to receive active incomeIf it will take an active part in its development and management. For example, if you go to work every day, hold meetings, work with partners and employees. One does not interfere.

12. Investing in microfinance organizations (MFIs).

Microfinance organizations issue individuals short-term loans - For several days or months. Currently Central bank RF is engaged in the regulation of the activities of the MFI. They must be included in special registries, have a license and enter professional self-regulatory organizations (SRO). Nevertheless, in the market, full of "black" MFIs, which work by themselves, are not included in any SRO and, in fact, make economic crimes.
MFIs take money investors, and then at the expense of this money, microcredits are given by "mad" interest rates. The scheme is about the same as with banks. Only MFI accepts money under the loan agreement.
The method of pricing on alternative assets is special. Prices are set by expert. And they practically do not depend on the situation in the economy. Therefore, when all other markets fall, these assets may even grow in price.
To invest in alternative assets, large, and sometimes very large amounts of money are required.

So, friends, I told you about most investment instruments. The general idea of \u200b\u200beach of them you now have. In the future, I will make special articles about each of them, of which you can find out in detail how to use them in practice.

Today everything. Thank you for attention.

Be healthy and take faithful financial solutions. Before new blog meetings.

Sincerely, Yuri Durov.

Economist and independent financial advisor.

2 comments on "Investing from scratch | Basic money investment tools »

Good time of day, Yuri!

The article is fresh, but it does not have a word about "buns" from the state 🙂

In a sense, I am your colleague on abstraction. In a sense - I am a private investor 🙂

So, today, as they say, in the trend - a bunch of an individual investment account plus bonds federal loan or…

Actually, in 2015 the state adopted a law on individual investment accounts for citizens.

By itself, such an account can be perceived as a highly reliable and high-yield bond. Judge themselves - income of 13% guarantees federal Tax Service, and reliability is the very state.

Moreover, with the practical use of this gift from the state, undocumented, but legitimate possibilities to increase the profitability of this event to those who honestly pay taxes, but who remains little opportunity to postpone because most of the income goes to food.

For a financial adviser, this is a whole niche 🙂 after all, most citizens need literally "for the handle" to led to their happiness.

Good luck and profit!

Thanks for the valuable comment. This article is on investment instruments, and an individual investment account is, rather, one of the investment methods. A little later, I will make a big article on this topic.
You are right, IIS is an excellent opportunity to significantly increase the revenues of your investment portfolio at the expense of the state. And in this way, of course, it is necessary to use, while there is such an opportunity.

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Investments allow to receive passive income, but most of the Russians are still skeptical about such a way of earnings. In fact, much depends on the way of investing money: there are also extremely risky, and absolutely safe options. Native investors are rarely the first time can correctly define investment tools that are suitable for their purposes and relate to the means available. For all those who want to increase their capital, we collected the most proven and reliable investment options.

Investment tools are ways of investing finances aimed at preserving and multiplying the capital of the depositor.

Benjamin Franklin, during his lifetime, said that the largest dividends would bring investments in knowledge: it is better to spend time and, perhaps, some amount of money for studying the investment market, than to understand it by the method of trial and errors, losing its capital.

To determine for yourself the most suitable channel for investing funds, it is worth it for starting to understand their views.

Safer to invest money in legal projects and organizations

First of all, investment instruments are considered from the point of view of the purpose of investment of resources. Based on this, their types are distinguished:

real investments in material objects or items that it should not necessarily lead to profit in the future (purchase of real estate, art, precious metals, and other things);
intelligent - implies investment of funds to education, advanced training, innovations in any sphere; For example, an intellectual investment can be both the purchase of the training course and the contribution to the development of innovation;
financials - aims to increase money and include stock purchases, shares, bank deposits, currency operations, and so on.

Intellectual and real investment tools do not have to lead to profit in the future. For example, the investor who bought the house can live in it himself, and he can earn it by renting it for rent, or generally sell. The same situation is also with investments in education: it is assumed that this will allow to earn more in the future, but in practice the received diploma or skills can not come in handy.

Financial instruments are considered to be most beneficial for those who want to receive passive income, so they cause the greatest interest. However, it should be borne in mind that investments are not only the opportunity to increase capital, but also the risk of losing money. Moreover, different tools have varying degrees of risk, there are only three general groups:

conservative (low degree) are not carried by almost no threat of investor capital, however, it will increase it with less intensity than investment tools with a higher risk ratio;
moderate (average degree) - investment tools that have 10-20% profitability indicators from investor investment.
aggressive (high degree) with a competent and judicial approach bring to its investors from 30% of profitability from investments and more; At the same time, they are the most dangerous and weakly predictable in relation to the loss of capital investments.

Most investors prefer to combine their assets, distributing funds between tools with different levels risk.

Popular Financial Investment Tools

Some tools can be used, having only 1000 rubles, while others will require major capital investments.

Bank deposits and deposits

Deposits and deposits belong to the safest types of investments. They are quite common among those who are not aspiring to earn a fortune in the shortest possible time of investors. The profitability and profitability of these investment tools are directly related to the fact that banks for the full implementation of their activities need financial reserves, therefore always offer favorable conditions for investors.

The myth that deposit and bank contribution is the same thing in society. In practice, the deposit involves the ability to invest not only currency, but also for noble metals or securities, unlike deposits that limit the investor with an investment of exclusively monetary resources.

When opening an account, the determining factor becomes the conditions offered by the Bank. The main indicators of the profitability of investments in a deposit or contribution are as follows:

interest rate - set income size;
the possibility of replenishment, thanks to which the investor has the right to increase the amount of his deposit on his own request, while the bank directly proportionally should increase the accrued dividends on the deposit;
the possibility of capitalization is the addition of accrued interest on the body of the contribution, due to which the amount of income will further increase;
the ability to make money ahead of schedule (some banks in this case will recalculate income at the minimum rate).

As an example, on the contribution of "replenish" in Sberbank for the amount from 1000 to 100,000 rubles, yield is 4.75-5.21%. In case of early removal, interest is accrued at the request "to demand", which is 0.1%. Thus, the investor who invested 10,000 rubles will receive in case of early removal, not 10,475-10,521 rubles, but only 10,010 rubles.

The opening of deposits and deposits allows you to save your money. In particular, state guarantees contribute to this: according to the Federal Law "On Insurance of Deposits of Individuals in Banks of the Russian Federation" of 23.12.2003 N 177-FZ, each bank's depositor has the right to a full refund of the invested funds worth up to 1.4 million rubles.

Due to mandatory insurance The risks of such an investment instrument are significantly reduced.

The disadvantage of this type of investment is only low yield compared to other financial instruments.

The property

Like deposits deposits, investing in real estate has a low degree of risk. This is due to the permanent growth of the real estate market, as well as the fact that the need for residential and commercial space is quite high.

YouTube Channel Speaker Kira Yuhtenko talks about real estate investment trends in 2019:

The obvious minus such investments will be the initial need for a large amount for investment. However, even here there are alternative purchase options that allow you to save. To reduce costs, you can acquire real estate:

during development;
in installments;
together with a group of investors (relevant rather soon for commercial real estate than for residential);
on the secondary market, in order to carry out quality repairs and further more profitable sales.

These options will suit those who cannot immediately attach the necessary amount into the finished apartment, but has a certain amount of funds to buy square meters On more loyal conditions.

When choosing such a investment, it is worth assessing not only future profits, but also the costs that the maintenance of the premises is carried out, including the payment of taxes on it.

Such a tool also has its own risks. For example, the collapse of the real estate market, in which the object will lose its value. However, the risks can be bypassed real estate in the hands of the investor and the temporary surrender of it to rent in order to compensate for the drawdown and sell it upon subsequent price increases.

FIF.

Paving investment funds offer potential investors to acquire the share of companies in the formed portfolios in the form of securities. This type of investment does not imply quick profits and is suitable for those who seek to gradually increase their capital. As a rule, investments in mutual effects bring the income to the proportional size of the redefined share (registered security issued by the foundation).

According to paragraph 2 of Article No. 11 of the Federal Law No. 156 "On Investment Funds", transmitted to the FIF, the funds go to his property, so they cannot be taken. Get money back can be exclusively as part of the income from the financial operations of the Fund.

The main advantage is that the investor does not burden himself with excess activities, but simply invests money and receives passive income. The yield and risk level of the FIS directly depends on the size of the portfolio and the shares contained in it, as well as that there will be securities in the PIF to go to go or get cheaper.

FIves collect investors, due to the attachment of which fund capital form

Managing investors' finances is engaged in a broker who receives a percentage of profits. Accordingly, it is advantageous to properly predict further growth or a decline in shares and acquire those papers that will bring the greatest income.

Earlier, a certain threshold of entry into the FIF was installed for investors, which is usually at least 50,000 rubles. But today, such a restriction has almost heard itself, and now the threshold is calculated individually from the depositor portfolio.

Hedge funds

The hedge fund is an union of investors created in order to increase their profits. Their main difference from mutual mutual state regulation, due to which they offer contributors more opportunities for financial investments. For example, not limited to in their work only with shares and bonds and are actively working with futures, options, currency and other assets.

Banker and Financister Edward Dubinsky talks about the difference between hedge funds and pyfami:

The first hedge fund was founded by George Soros in 1949, and after about half a century, he proved its effectiveness: at the fall of the English currency in the so-called "black environment" (1992), he earned about 1 billion dollars. With that time such a way to combine And investment management began to acquire popularity.

In addition, a certain investment strategy is always laid in the work of hedge funds, which allows to make a profit not only during market growth, but also during the fall.

This is their essential advantages. Experts also note the low risk of such investment. However, the probability of damages still remains that is usually associated with either an incorrectly chosen investment strategy, or with an erroneous assessment of the market situation.

As in the case of PIFIs, investment investments manages a broker and receives percentage of profit.

The work policy of hedge funds is repelled from what shares, currency, bonds, they operate and in what market conditions are located. Thus, on a falling trend, the hedge fund can sell debt actions in the amount of $ 100,000 with one package for $ 80,000, and at a difference of $ 20,000 and with a deduction of $ 1,000 for the services of the broker, the Hedge Foundation will earn $ 19,000 profit.

Precious metals

Investing in precious metals is considered one of the most reliable and profitable types of investments, since gold has steadily shows a high growth ratio over several decades. Sometimes the cost falls, and therefore it is necessary to carefully follow the course to competently make financial transactions.

Kira Yuhtenko predicts the development of the dragometal market:

In addition to gold, the precious metals include:

platinum;
palladium;
silver.

Invest in metals in several ways:

purchase in the bank ingots;
purchase coins;
open an impersonal metallic account.

The first two options imply the storage of precious metals with the subsequent receipt of profits from the sale (if desired).

The impersonal metallic account (OMS) is among themselves the average between the investment and the deposit. In this case, the account owner does not receive metals in hand, and the income is charged due to rising gold prices (AU), silver (AG), palladium (PD) and platinum (PT) - it is such accounts that can be opened in banks of the Russian Federation. When opening an account, it is necessary to invest the cost of the selected metal at the rate in the cash equivalent.

From the video you can learn about the features, advantages and disadvantages of the opening of OMS:

Minimum amount Investments in OMS in most banks - 1 gram.

In the future, you can withdraw money on your card. The sum of the output will be equal to the weight of the metal on the account.

Main advantages OMS: no need to rent metal storage cells. However, there are some risks: these accounts do not fall under the state insurance program, so in the liquidation of the Bank, the investor may lose its money.

Securities

Securities - Documents confirming property rights to material or other benefits. There are basic and derivatives of their views. First include:

stocks;
bonds;
depositary receipts;
bill;
bank certificates;
state securities.

Derivatives securities appear with changes in the value of the base asset. These include:

swap;
options;
futures.

All securities have nominal and market value. The first is in the document initially, the second is formed on the basis of the influence of external economic factors.

Among investors, the most popular securities are shares and bonds. Both of these asset are considered investment instruments of the stock market, but they have their differences in them:

the action gives ownership of a kind of share in the company, as well as to receive part of its profits;
bond - debt, when buying which an investor becomes actually lender project.

Growth and decline in shares depends on a number of foreign economic factors and enterprise profits, so the purchase of the company's share does not guarantee regular income receipt

The issuer (the company issued a bond) returns the investor with a nominal value together with accrued interest. In general, this scheme is reminded on the principle of work Deposit contribution.

Distinguish two types of bonds:

coupon, dividends from which are paid gradually, while the cost of the asset itself is not reduced.
the savings certificate confirms the amount of the deposit invested in the bank, as well as the right not to refund funds with accrued interest.

The yield and risks from such investments are directly dependent on the success of the issuer, which issues specific assets. In addition, the cost of securities may vary depending on market conditions.

Shares of stock funds

The essence of investment in stock exchange investment funds (BIF) is that they are bought at a low price, and at the peak of growth - come true, and the investor earns at the difference in courses.

This type of investment is more suitable as an additional as the main, due to the high degree of risk. Its disadvantage is that financial "swings" is extremely difficult to predict, this forms a high risk factor of such investments.

Risks can be reduced by buying shares of popular companies, but they require large starting investments.

Less common tools

Usually people trust proven tools, so the following options are considered rarely, especially new investors. In any case, they all have a sufficiently high degree of risk, so the approach to them should be as cautious as possible.

Life insurance

Life insurance often acts as a need when you need to fly to another country or simply provide yourself and your health safety. However, this can be earned.

Allocate two types of life insurance:

accumulative (NWS), within which the investor acquires for itself insurance for a certain amount, in the future making deposits to a prescribed period;
investment (saint) - implies a one-time major contribution.

In contrast to the usual insurance, ISL and NIC imply a refund at the end of the contract.

The speaker of the project "Economist for an hour" by Rami Zaitanman tells about the investment insurance of life:

However, both types of ones are working on one principle: the possible investor's income is formed on the basis of the embedded amount and the rate offered by the Life Insurance Agency.

First of all, NSS is considered as a variant of the accumulative account. In addition, banks invest money received from the investment or accumulative customer life insurance, large projects. In this case, you can claim to receive income in the framework of the "participation coefficient", the indicators of which are prescribed in the contract.

Most often, the "participation ratio" is 50-80% of total amount Income: It is this percentage of profit that can receive a client.

Financial experts note that Russia and its population only recently began to actively master this type of capital investment after the decline in interest rates on deposit deposits. BUT B. western countries It has spread much earlier thanks to competent conditions and higher public awareness.

Trust management

This method implies the transfer of financial management powers to invest another person - as a rule, a specialist providing this kind of service.

The manager performs a key role, since the profitability of such investments depends on its professionalism.

This option is similar to the purchase of a portfolio of the FIF or investing in the hedge fund, but in this case it is not necessary to collect a group of other investors or enter it yourself.

Methods of communication with the manager depends on which group of assets is assumed to work. You can find a good specialist through:

stock markets;
stock exchanges;
brokers.

As a manager can be entity, Finance management, or a private person, whose qualifications trust the investor. These specialists or companies take from 10 to 20% of profits for their services.

MFU

Microfinance organizations (MFIs) specialize in the issuance of loans for small amounts and, as a rule, under high interest compared to banking.

Investor Andrei Knyazev talks about earnings on partnership with MFIs:

Like banks, they need financial reserves to provide services, so many of them offer partners favorable conditions for high-yield investment. You can invest money in MFIs in order to profit. The minimum amount of investments is 1.5 million rubles, and the interest rate is 21-23%, provided that the investment will be irrevocable throughout the year. But there is an opportunity to make investments with the possibility of early demand for money, their rate in this case is 16% -18%.

The risk of such investments is that, in contrast to bank investments, they are not insured by the state. In addition, MFI will hold on the payment of taxes of 13% of the total income of the investor.

It is important to competently approach the choice of a microfinance organization, otherwise there is a risk of getting into fraudsters.

Of all the listed tools for investing finance, deposits, real estate investment and public securities are the most risky. And the most risky - trust management, MFIs, as well as the shares of some stock funds. At the same time, it is tools with the highest degree of risk considered the most profitable.

We are confident that in front of each person sooner or later the question arises: "How to make money work and make a profit?". Moreover, in this case, the abstract knowledge of the theoretical side of investment helps little. Here you need a real practice. A potential investor should not only clearly understand what investment instruments currently exist in financial markets, but also have at least a general understanding of the fundamental principles of their use.

Without this, it is simply impossible to receive a stable high profits from invested money. The game blindly significantly increases the level of actual investment risks and threatens to contribute to a serious financial catastrophe. In order for this, it does not offer to meet more detail on learning this topic.

Investment instruments are specific ways to invest cash. In other words, this is all that the investor can invest money and receive a certain level of income, which depends on the specific species of the acquired asset.

In the understanding of most people to the category of investment tools, bank deposits or profits from securities are automatically related. Most often on this knowledge ends. However, in practice, this is a much more extensive concept.

Existing classification

Existing investment tools are customary to divide into three separate types:

real;
intellectual;
financial.

Under real investments, it is customary to understand the investment of funds in the existing objects in life and objects. The most striking example is the purchase of an apartment or land investor.

Under intellectual investments may be understood in human investment. We can talk about your own education, training in a prestigious university, passing courses and so on. In addition, you can invest in employees working in your enterprise or company. Such investments can be carried out as part of their retraining or increase production qualifications.

Under financial investments, it is customary to understand the tools that are most often interested in private investors. Here we are spelled about stocks, bank deposits, operations with national currency and so on.

For more information on this topic, we recommend you to get acquainted with the materials of the article "Types of Investments".

Main varieties

Currently, in financial markets there is a huge number of investment tools. Each of them will be disassembled separately. As part of this article, we present only the best and popular investment instruments.

Bank deposits

Deposits in banks today in Russia are the most popular and at the same time least risky ways to invest cash. The last part of the approval applies to all deposits in the amount of up to 1 million 400 thousand rubles inclusive. This is their advantages.

The main disadvantage is minimum size Profitability. Currently, it ranges from 5 to 10% per annum. That is, depending on the chosen bank and a particular contribution, the income received under certain conditions may not even cover the annual level of inflation. Simply put, this means that we not only do not prove with such an investment instrument, but do not even save our own savings. However, in any case, this method of investing is much better home storage.

When choosing a contribution to remember about such moments:

existence of the possibility of replenishing the deposit;
the existence of the possibility of removing the amount of funds from the account without losing interest;
the presence of monthly capitalization of interest or, in other words, add percent to the deposit amount.

Shares of companies

Shares are a kind of securities issued by a commercial company in order to attract special money from investors. They can be ordinary and privileged. Participation in the management of the joint-stock company can exclusively owners of ordinary shares. At the same time, holders of such securities do not have guaranteed income. The decision to pay it is taken at the end of the year on general meeting Shareholders and depends on the actual performance of the company. The holder of privileged does not control the company, but it is guaranteed to receive dividends. Moreover, their size is known in advance when purchasing securities data.

However, most private investors playing the stock exchange are not divided into chapter angle. They are primarily aimed at that income that can be obtained when resaking the cost-effective shares. It is clear that if they are, on the contrary, will be cheaper, then such an investment tool will bring some losses to its owner.

The easiest way to understand it on specific example. In 1999, one share of Gazprom was sold and bought for 8 and a half rubles. To date, its price is 155 rubles.

Currency operations

Such tools are in the focus of attention of investors playing on the currency exchange. The principle of their activities is completely coincided with the above described. You need to buy currency cheaper, and sell more expensive. The difference between the two prices is just to make an income profit.

Naturally, in practice everything is much more difficult. First of all, you need to choose a national currency for trading. You can earn a lot in two ways. First, the investor can operate large monetary sum. In this case, even a minor income when resale currency will bring significant profits from the volume of the perfect transaction. Secondly, you can choose a national currency that there is a significant increase in the near future.

Each successful player in the foreign exchange market realizes that currency fluctuations depend on a variety of factors. For example, the value of the US dollar affects both events within the United States and far beyond their limits. The same applies to the euro, the Russian ruble, the Chinese yuan and so on.

Other tools

Now let's casually dying and other tools that the investor can take advantage of. These include:

government bonds;
pAIs in investment funds;
futures and options;
real estate objects;
precious metals;
objects of art and antiques;
information websites;
mFI investment programs;
much.

As you now understand, the right choice of investment instrument plays a decisive role. Without him, the investor will not be able to succeed.

We all save money. Schoolboy saves on a new smartphone, a student on the car, a young family on the apartment (or more often on the initial fee for a mortgage), a vacation worker, and a pensioner for the funeral. And whatever the intense economic situation was, the money somehow go down. Otherwise, where are there so many iPhones and expensive cars?

But most people do not realize that when the accumulated money is lying under the pillow, their number is imperceptibly decreasing. Every night comes the "killer of savings" and steals with us a small part of savings. And the name is this killer inflation.

The official inflation rate in Russia for 2015 is almost 13%. But we know that he is not allegedly understated (it understands the one who remembers the prices of products 2014). The real level of inflation for 2015 was exactly more than 20%.

Thus, all our accumulations are depreciated at a rate of at least 20% per year or 1.65% per month. So, now most of the ways of investing helps not to increase your tools, and at least compensate for inflation.

In such a situation, it is very unreasonable to keep money under the pillow. Any free money should work. But how to put them as reliably and profitable?

Investing is not so difficult.

I think everyone imagine what investment is. When investing, you make your funds work. That is, you put money, counting in the future to get even more money.

But do not forget that investing is involved in risks. Instead of the expected profit, you can get a loss or even lose all your money.

Therefore, the main rule of investment is the diversification of risks. According to this rule, you must smash your savings on the part and invest them in different investment projects.

For example, let your investment portfolio make up 100,000 rubles. Then you need to choose a few investment tools suitable for you. Suppose you have chosen funds, PAMM accounts and betting and HYIP projects. Now you will need to distribute your briefcase between the tools, depending on how ready you are ready to risk.

Suppose you are tuned to moderate risks and distribute the money like this: PIFES - 40%, PAMM-accounts - 40%, betting - 10% and HYIP projects - 10%. Now you need to apply the principle of diversification within each selected investment method.

That is, you will need to choose several different PAMM accounts and distribute your 40% portfolio between them. The same must be done with other selected investment methods.

In order to comply with this rule, you need to use multiple tools that are able to multiply your money. I picked up the 12 best of them for you.

Compare 12 best investment methods among yourself.

I not only picked up for you 12 best ways Investment, but also compared them among themselves. For comparison, I chose several parameters, which decided to estimate the 10 point system, where 1 is a lower estimate, and 10 is the highest.

Comparison of the best ways to invest.

The following parameters were selected:

Simplicity. This parameter characterizes how easy it is to deal with this method of investing, understand the principle, find a suitable company and contribute.
Yield. The average profitability from the investment will be appreciated here. Most often, this and subsequent paragraphs are interconnected: the more yield, the higher the risks.
Reliability. This parameter characterizes the riskiness of the analyzed investment instrument.
Input threshold. Shows what minimum amount can be investing.
Liquidity. Assesses how quickly you can withdraw your deposit, and what losses you are waiting for a premature output of money.
Passivity / activity - This parameter shows how passive is this type of earnings. That is, 10 points mean "invested and forgotten", and 1 point suggests that to obtain maximum profit will have to additionally spend strength and time.

Of course, all my estimates will be subjective and, I think that many readers will not agree with them.

1. Bank deposit.

Bank deposit is the most understandable and easy way to invest for an ordinary person. Even any grandmother understands how everything works. After all, even in the Soviet Union, in which there was no investment, people kept money on savings books. And one of the heroes of the popular Soviet film called on fellow citizens to keep money in savings offices.

All you need to do to contribute is to choose a bank and come there with a passport and money. What could be easier? Stand 10 points.

In this case, yield bank deposit Not high. At the moment, deposit rates range from 7% to 12.5%. I think this is one of the lowest returns from all ways to invest. Deserves 1 point.

But in the reliability of your contribution you can be sure. Deposits are insured by the state. Even if you plan to invest a big amount, in order to insure the fact that your bank will take a license, you can smash the amount into small parts and invest in several banks. In this case, even if the bank is devoid of licenses, and your contribution was less than 600,000 rubles, then you compensate for both the contribution, and interest. 10 points For reliability.

It is possible to start investing with the amount of 10,000 rubles. It's not much at all, so you can put on the input threshold 8 points.

In most cases, you can pick up money from the contribution at any time. But with the early conclusion of money you lose most of the profits. 7 points For liquidity.

This type of contribution refers to the category "invested and forgotten." All you need to do at the end of the investment period is to come to the bank and pick up your money. Well, or prolong the deposit. 10 points.

Pros:

High reliability.
Availability.
Low taxes. It will be necessary to pay 35% of the taxable income tax, which is considered by the formula: all revenue minus refinancing rate.
Predictability of results.

Minuses:

Low yield.

Output. This type of investment is not more likely to increase its money, but in order to somehow compensate for inflation. In any case, if you do not want to risk at all, then this way is better than just keeping money under the pillow.

2. Food investment funds (mutual mutual).

For an ordinary person, investing in mutual impact seems not a very understandable venture. To understand this, try to explain your grandmother at the entrance that you buy PAIs in the Management Company Fund, which invests money into assets.

You also need to approach the choice of PIF, studying the statistics of different funds. After that, you need to go to the office of the company or its agent. For simplicity, I will put 6 points.

The yield here depends on the type of funds and from the approach to the choice of the FIF. The more risky investment makes the fund, the higher the potential yield is expected, but in most cases it is not high. 3 points.

Reliability also depends on the type of fund. At the time when bond blunders are one of the most non-educated investments, investments in venture funds carry very large risks. On average, reliability I would appreciate 7 points, After all, at least you will not be able to lose most of the deposit, as in other investment methods.

The minimum value of the share begins from 300-500 rubles per Pai, which will suit almost everyone. 10 points.

I think most people are investing money in open impacts, so we will only talk about them at this point. From open funds you can withdraw money by selling your pairs for 1-3 business days. Put 10 points.

Still, with this method of investment, you will have to spend some time to manage your investments. Of course, the management of the fund management company will do without your participation, but to translate money between the piffs and decide when selling PAI, and when you buy, you will have to sell you. 8 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

A large number of assets in which the Foundation can invest.
Low input threshold.
Relatively low risks.

Minuses:

The ability to get a loss with an unsuccessful choice of fund.
Relatively complex investment procedure.
Investor should be interesting stock market.

Output. With a successful selection of funds and properly managed its investment, the inclination from the deposit overlaps inflation and brings a small income. But it must be remembered that many funds bring losses to their depositors.

3. PAMM account.

Brokerage companies in recent years have invested so much money in advertising that only deaf did not hear about forex and about tempting perspectives to become a successful trader. Therefore, it is not difficult for an ordinary person to understand the principle of PAMM investment - to give money to the trader so that he played on them on the stock exchange.

You can find a suitable broker on the Internet. At the moment, Alpari is the most popular. So put 7 points For simplicity and clearer.

Some accounts can bring you more than 100% of profits per year, and some merge all your money. But, when using the principle of diversification of risks, income from this type of investment is slightly higher than in PIFAs and is assessed by me in 5 points.

Risks increase with increasing profitability. When using diversification principle, you will not lose the entire amount of investment, but you can get a loss. For reliability I would put 6 points.

It is possible to start investing in PAMM accounts with a number of 10 dollars. At the moment it is 700 - 800 rubles. The amount is small, so I put 10 points.

You can bring money at any time within one or two business days. Therefore, for liquidity 10 points.

Investment management will have to spend time. If you do not enjoy automatic tools, then in personal Area You have to go almost every day. After all, the market situation may change very quickly and your managers can make critical errors. Stand 6 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

Low input threshold.
The ability to independently make an investment portfolio.
Simple investment procedure.

Minuses:

It is possible not only to get a loss, but also draining the entire amount of the deposit.
Investor should be interested in trade in the foreign exchange market.

Output. This is a very common way of investing, which has become popular at the expense of advertising. This way to invest money is more like that people who like currency market Or who has experience trading on the stock exchange.

4. Hyip projects.

This type of money investment is often called quasi-investment. If we speak with simple words, these are pyramids that accrue profits from new contributions.

Attach money in these projects is very simple. Many of them take bank Translations And payment through the most popular payment systems. Most often, Highypes have a legend, which explains with gullible depositors, from where the company takes money to pay such high percent.

Make your contribution to such a project via the Internet is very easy. But if you are new on the Internet, it will be more difficult. For the convenience I would put 8 points.

Profit Hyip projects promise just cosmic. On average, long-term Highypes are offered to pay 20-30% per month. Short-term can promise to double the deposit amount in just a few days. 10 points For the promised yield, but in fact she, of course, is obtained below.

About some reliability of deposits does not have to speak. The project may collapse at any time. The 1-2 HYIP project opens daily and the same amounts. Therefore, for reliability I would have set only 1 point.

I think in this paragraph and paragraphs below we should consider only long-term projects. The minimum amount of entry in them begins from 1,500 thousand rubles. 9 points For a low input threshold.

In most projects, it is impossible to return the deposit. It will return to the depositor during the entire investment period with each payment. Therefore, only 1 point.

If you have invested money into one of the Haipov, then you only remain that sitting and hoping that the project will exist and pay. You can not do anything. Fully passive investments deserve 10 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

High yield.
Comfortable input and output of money.

Minuses:

Very high risks.

Output. EarnHyip projects can only one who is "in the subject". You need to be able to analyze projects and find those that can bring income. Most people who earn in Haiphas compensate for the loss when investing due to the attraction of referrals.

5. Becking (investing in poker players).

About such a game like poker, almost everyone knows. At the same time, many understand that successful players receive big money for victory in tournaments. But many people know that most poker players play in large tournaments not for their money?

That is, if a strong player lacks money for participation in the tournament, he turns to the investor (sponsor), which receives the percentage of prize in case of winning. The player may also have several sponsors that invest money in the player and receive profit from winning depending on the amount of investment.

To buy a player's share, you can only agree on this on specialized forums. For example, on the forum of this website: PokerStrategy.com. To buy you will need to personally write down with the player. For the convenience I would put 4 points.

The reliability of this type of investment is highly dependent on the choice of players. In addition, when buying a share, you do not sign any contracts and the player can "not want to give you your share for winning. 3 points For reliability.

You can buy a share from 10 dollars. But so cheaply sell only novice players, to buy a share of a professional will need to be investing 200-300 dollars. But still it is better to start with small investments, so I put 10 points For a low input threshold.

There is no such concept as a conclusion. You pay for a share, and in the case of a player getting into prizes, take profit.

After you contributed, you can only wait for a positive outcome. You can not affect anything. 10 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

The possibility of getting a big profit when the player is victory in the tournament.

Minuses:

More suitable for people who disassemble in poker.
The transaction holds only on oral agreement with the player.
Usually, players earn more than sponsors.

Output. Rather, Becking will suit people who are well versed in poker. Ordinary person It will be difficult to choose the "right" player.

6. Trust management in sports rates.

Most people relate to rates on sports, as a gambling game. But professional kapements are much and consistently earn at the rates on sporting events.

Many capers create their PAMM accounts in which investors actively attract. This type of investment is similar to PAMM accounts in the foreign exchange market.

In order to make a fee, you need to register on the platform of trust management betpamm.com and select multiple invoices for investing. 7 points For simplicity.

If you look at the profit schedules, you will see that the leading capers increase funds on their accounts for thousands of percent. Such income must be brought. But on average, the yield from this method of investing is much lower and deserves 6 points.

If you use the diversification principle and invest in several PAMM accounts, then, at a minimum, you will not lose the entire amount of investment due to caper errors. For reliability I would put 6 points.

Investing can be started with very small amounts. For a low entry threshold 10 points.

You can withdraw money quickly and easily. 10 points.

After investment, you will need to follow the selected PAMM accounts to translate money between accounts in case of leaving them at a loss or achievement maximum return. 6 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

Short-term investment.
Self-compilation of the portfolio.
A low entry threshold and the ability to use a demo account.

Minuses:

The possibility of obtaining a loss or drain of the amount.

Output. This method of investments is very much reminded of investing in PAMM accounts in the Forex market. But it is not so famous due to the lack of advertising.

7. Startups (venture investments).

In recent years, the history of successful startups will rattling from everywhere. Everyone understands how profitable the shares of young companies would be to buy, which would turn into large billionth corporations in a few years.

The first way to invest in startup is the conclusion investment Treaty with a company directly. Some companies actively attract investors on their own, selling them future shares at low prices. An example of such a startup can serve as SkyWay Yunitsky.

You can also invest in a startup using seaming sites and start-up stock exchanges. I have a trust in me, since I consider them Highips (read my ShareInstock review). But many authoritative sources call them real companies. Going on the stock exchange, you will see the past audit and verification of the company in which you can buy a share. You will only need to choose a suitable startup and buy a share in it. For simplicity 7 points.

For the purchase of shares on the stock exchange, the company will pay for you dividends in the amount of from 2% to 7% per month. In addition, the investor can sell his shares if the company will develop and its shares will grow in price. Also, he can sell a share if they lose in price and he will understand that he invested in the Box. For profitability 6 points.

It should be understood that the startups are a risky type of money investment. According to statistics, 70% of them are unprofitable, and 20% of these 70% are simply fraudsters who assign investor money. But from those companies that are in 30% of successful, half breaks in the near future due to internal problems.

One of the ways to invest in startups are seen platforms. Unfortunately, in Russia they are not very developed and the minimum amount of investments through them is quite high. But all companies presented on the site hike a mandatory check. There is also the possibility of investing in startups directly. For reliability 6 points.

The entrance threshold in this type of investment is not high. 10 points.

If you decide to bring money or redistribute them within the stock exchange, selling all or part of purchased shares, then you will need to sell them on the stock exchange at a price below market. The lower the price you put, the faster your shares will buy. 7 points.

For the most profitable investment, you will have to give your time. It will be necessary to track changes in the cost of shares on the stock exchange, selling and buying them. The manager is not here, so everyone will have to do it yourself. 5 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

Comfortable and simple investment procedure.
Very low input threshold.
High potential yield.

Minuses:

High risks with passive investment.

Output. If you decide to invest in startups, it is better to use stock exchanges. You pay about 5% for the output of money, but you will be protected from fraudsters.

8. Currencies and precious metals.

Surely, among your friends and acquaintances there is a person who, with a smart look, claims that money must be stored in gold (platinum, dollar, pound, Jena, etc.). Such an approach says that a person does not understand investment, but simply uses popular "stereotypes".

For example, if you look at the dynamics of gold prices, you will see that since 2012 it depreciated against the dollar almost one and a half times.

If you decide to do without managers and independently buy precious metals or currency to store money in it, this procedure will not be much labor.

You can buy a currency in the departments of banks, or by using the services of brokers (which will be more profitable than buying through the bank). Also you can change currency using online and offline exchange points or payment systems.

Precious metals can also be bought in banks. And to buy gold it became possible with payment system Webmoney.

Also, do not forget about cryptocurrencies, for example, Bitcoin, which will be expected in all forecasts in the long term. Buying these assets will not be labor, so I put 8 points.

Purchase of precious metals or currencies for long-term investment primarily protects you from depreciation national currency. For many countries with a weak currency, this is a reasonable solution. But the courses behave unpredictably, so the yield may not be. 2 points.

The newcomer is unknown, in which direction will go in the near future, so his attachment is more like a gaming game. Even if people now prefer to keep money in dollars, then what is the guarantee that oil does not rise in price in the near future with the ruble?

Probably, you can protect against the depreciation of the national currency, keeping half of its money, for example, in dollars, and the other half in rubles. So with the fluctuations of the courses you will not lose anything, but also do not earn.

Yield depends on the luck and I would put everything 2 points.

The entry threshold depends on the type of asset and on the method of purchase. On the Exchange 1 lot will cost a minimum of 1000 dollars, and you can change the amounts of several dollars through exchange points or payment systems. So buy currency or precious metals can each. 10 points.

Sell \u200b\u200bcurrency you can also quickly like buy. In exchange points and stocks, this is done almost instantly. Gold is also a highly liquid asset. 10 points.

In general, attempts to influence profits by tracking courses and the subsequent sale of assets already turns you into a trader. And trading, I would not have to investment. Therefore, investing in currencies and precious metals, I understand how "invested and forgotten." therefore 10 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

It is able to protect against the depreciation of the national currency.

Minuses:

Output. Purchase of precious metals and currencies for a novice is a very unpredictable way to invest money. It is possible to reduce the risks and increase the yield can either trust the money manager, or by independently learning the trade in the foreign exchange market.

9. Securities.

I think that most people from securities are familiar with only shares. The most financially competent, probably, will be able to call more bonds. Only units know about how to invest money in securities.

In fact, buy securities are not more difficult than buying currency. You also need to contact a large bank or to a broker. 7 points For simplicity.

When buying securities newcomer, profit is under a big question. And, if, when investing in bonds, even a newcomer can count on a small income, the stock market can bring a loss of a novice investor. 3 points For profitability.

Actually, usually low yield attracts and low risks, but not in this case. The risk stock market is high. 3 points For reliability.

You can start investing with a small amount. The input threshold starts from about 1,000 rubles. 9 points.

Securities can be sold on the stock exchange just like you bought. This asset is considered quite liquid. Stand 10 points.

Again, if a person begins to manage his securities independently, he is already turning into a trader from the investor. Therefore, here we consider only passive investment. 10 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

Simple investment procedure and a small entry threshold.

Minuses:

For a beginner, this is a risky and low-income way of money investment.

Output. If you decide to invest in securities, it is better to turn to the professional manager, which for a small commission will manage your means. Independently investing a novice in the stock market is more like a gamble game than to invest.

10. Real estate.

Among people there is one stereotype: " The most reliable investment of money is the purchase of real estate." But do not forget that real estate include not only apartments, but still different buildings, structures, water objects, forests, etc.

In general, there is some truth in this, because many people want to scatter on an extra apartment to old age in order to rent it and receive a good retirement. And in the case of which you can sell it and get a good capital.

You can invest in a residential or commercial real estate, built or already constructed, country or in the city. Easy investment depends on the choice of real estate.

For investing B. residential real estate It will be necessary to turn to the realtor, look for suitable options, make up a lot of documents and, possibly, make repairs. As for me, so the procedure is pretty vigorous.

If you decide to buy commercial real estate, then the troubles are becoming much more. You will need to keep accounting, pay taxes, manage objects, reissue power supply. On average for convenience I would put 2 points.

As for profitability, with residential real estate you can receive no more than 1 percent per month with long-term lease. This is 7-10% per year. The delivery of residential facilities is becoming a job and is not considered.

If you expect some time to sell it more expensive, then far from the fact that prices will grow. In general, I would put for profitability 3 points.

Real estate, indeed, has a high reliability. Unless, of course, this is not a facility.

Even if real estate prices fall, you will continue to make a stable profit from rent. For reliability I put 9 points.

The entrance threshold is high, even if it is a collective purchase of real estate. The minimum amount of investment begins with a few hundred thousand rubles. Put 2 points.

It often happens that in order to faster selling real estate (especially commercial) you have to put a very low price. Sometimes objects cannot be sold within a few months. Stand 3 points.

If we consider long-term rental of residential real estate, then not much will have to spend on management. You will need to be 1 time to find tenants and then take money once a month. 8 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

An understandable income generation scheme.

Early, here we will talk not about investing in creating a business from scratch, but about buying a finished company. Creating a business from scratch is hard work with an unpredictable result. For the investor it is an interest formed business with well-established processes, which brings a stable income.

In order to find a company to purchase, you can use newspapers or bulletin boards. But most often the entrepreneur does not apply to the sale of his child, so as not to cause doubts from employees and customers.

Therefore, they prefer to contact the Brokers companies that will be engaged in selling their business. Also they distribute information about selling among friends and acquaintances.

After you have found a suitable business, you will need to make it an audit to make sure that business processes are normal. The whole procedure for a beginner can turn into an irresistible barrier. 1 point For simplicity and clearer.

Superfreight business is rarely sold, so it costs to count on the middle profitability. Of course, the yield strongly depends on the type of activity and quality of management. Put 6 points.

Many people think that entrepreneurs sell only unprofitable businesses. But actually it is not. The reason for the sale can be: urgent need for money, disagreements between owners, loss of interest, lack of time (especially if there are several types of business in one entrepreneur), etc.

The audit will help analyze the reliability, profitability and promising business. Therefore, the chance of buying an unprofitable asset is very small. Stand 7 points.

The entrance threshold in this type of investment is relatively high. Yes, there are very small companies, but they are far from a penny. Buying a profitable business with well-established cost processes is similar to the purchase of real estate.

Often people are combined into a group for buying a business. For example, several friends and acquaintances are buying a company. But in this case, the input threshold remains high. Put 2 points.

If you urgently need money, then the company can be sold. If your business is a loss, then it will be difficult to sell it or practically impossible. Profitable business to sell easier, but most often this procedure takes a lot of time. therefore 3 points.

If you become independently managed by a purchased company, then turn out of the investor in a businessman. Therefore, you will need to hire an executive director who will manage your business. But in this case, you will have to control it and analyze the company's activities.

Yes, and the selection of the manager you will need to do it yourself. therefore 2 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

This method of investing money is similar to investing in a business, but with a simpler purchase and management procedure. Again, you do not need to create and promote the site. You can just buy a ready-made project.

The site itself is more tool than the asset. The present asset is an audience that comes to this project daily. The owner of the site receives a profit due to advertising, affiliate programs and other sources of monetization.

To buy a site, you can use the stock exchange. One of the most popular stock exchanges in RuNet is Telderi.ru.In the list of sold sites, you can see all the information on projects: the size of the audience, yield, dynamics of development, payback period, etc.

The transaction is protected and passes according to the rules of auction, where the site goes to the buyer who has suggested the highest price. For simplicity you can put 4 points.

Usually, normal sites are sold at a price of equal income from it for 12 months. That is, if the project brings 20 000 rubles per month, then fair price For him will be 240,000 rubles.

But in most cases, on such sites, monetization works far from 100%. Thus, after the "twist" of the monetization, the contribution will be possible for 6-10 months. 7 points For profitability.

If the site is made qualitatively and moved only by the "white" ways, then such a contribution can be called reliable. Of course, if you want the project to bring you a profit more than one year, then you need to hold at least minimal work. But, for a year or two projects, there is enough without additional investments. 8 points For reliability.

In general, some sites are sold very cheap. Can be found for 500 rubles. But such sites should not be interested in the investor.

You can buy like one expensive and high-quality site, the same and several medium. Therefore, I do not advise you to start with too small amounts. For the input threshold will put 6 points.

If the project ceases to be interesting or you need money, you can always sell it on the same stock exchange. For it put 4 points.

When buying a site that will bring you passive income, you can make a profit, without doing it during the year or two. But, over time, without administration and updates, the project will lose its audience, bringing less and less income. Put 4 points.

Pros and disadvantages of this method of investment:

Pros:

Comfortable for each investment amount.
High reliability of investments.
You can deal with the development of the project, increasing profits.

Minuses:

You need to have minimal knowledge of sites and methods of their monetization, or seek help from an experienced specialist.

Output. Investing in content, informational and other relevant sites is one of the best ways to invest. This type of money investment can be easily turned into a business, working on purchased sites and increasing profits.

Which method do you like most?

As individual and institutional investors, a variety of financial instruments are available, featuring a functioning period, price, risk level, tax conditions.

All investment instruments are divided into the Central Bank (stock values) and property investments. In more detail, we will consider stock values, as they are most popular and sold in organized markets.

Securities (Central Bank) are called investment instruments confirming debt obligations or participation in the Company's rights, the legal right to sell or buy a certain proportion of participation.

We will look at the main types of financial instruments, let them brief description:

1. Short-term tools;

2. Ordinary shares;

3. PCB with fixed return;

4. Speculative financial instruments.

I. Short-term tools are tools to accumulate funds within one year. The most important tools of this kind are: savings deposits In banks, Central Bank of mutual funds, treasury bills, deposit certificates, short-term commercial paper (short-term unsecured promissory sustainable companies).

Such tools are usually bought to "attach" free money for a while and earn some income on them until approaches suitable long-term tools. They are also widely used by investors of the conservative plan. These tools are also able to reduce the risk of the entire investor portfolio, because Can be useful when urgent need for cash, and this is an important function of any financial plan.

II. Ordinary shares are a tool of investment in equity, which gives ownership of it. The income on the ordinary share is two types: 1) periodically entering dividends; 2) Currency income. Dividends are periodic payments to the firms to the owners of their shares. The amount of dividends is not constant and depends on the size of the profit. Course income is a profit obtained from the sale of a promotion at the rate above the purchase price.

III. A fixed-income CB is financial instruments that bring periodic income at a predetermined rate. These papers, thanks to the property, bring fixed income, especially becoming popular during periods of high loan interest rates (in Russia - the beginning of the 90s). These include: bonds, preferred shares and convertible shares.

Bonds - These are debt documents of corporations and government. The owner of the bond receives income at a pre-agreed rate plus the return nominal value of the bond by the moment of repayment. If you bond $ 1000 with a payment of 9% per annum once every six months, then you will receive $ 45 every 6 months (0.5 * 9% * $ 1000 \u003d 45 $), and by the time you will receive $ 1000 as a repayment nominal value of the bond. Of course, the investor can buy and sell the action to the maturity of the course, which will differ from the nominal.

Preference shares - This is the Central Bank, giving ownership of the company's capital and bringing solid income in the form of dividends, which are paid before dividends on ordinary shares. Typically, investors buy them for dividends, but they can receive exchange income on them.

Convertible Central Bank - This is a special type of fixed-income papers that provide the owner with the opportunity to exchange them for a certain amount of shares.

IV. Speculative financial instruments are financial instruments related to high levels risk. Usually they are issued under inaccurate projects, dubious income, unstable market assessments. Due to the risk of above, the average rate of return on these tools is also high. The main types of speculative tools are: options, commodity and financial futures, real real assets.

Option is the Central Bank, which gives the investor the right to buy or sell another Central Bank at a special price during a certain period. Most often, the option is bought in the calculation of the game on the expected growth or decline in the course value of shares. Three main types of options: 1) rights; 2) Warranta; 3) Option of the type "Put" and "Call".

"Rights" is a short-term option for the purchase of a certain proportion of a new issue of ordinary shares of this element at the rate below the market. Usually a period of 1-2 months.

"VARRANT" is a long-term option for the purchase of ordinary shares at the rate, which at the time of the release of warrants is set above the market. The term for warrants is from 2 to 10 years and above.

Option "Put" gives the right to sell 100 ordinary shares of the company at a certain rate before the established date.

The option "Call" is an option to purchase 100 ordinary shares at a fixed rate before the expiration date. Most options "Put" and Call are designed for a period of 1 to 9 months. Investors prefer to buy options "Put" when the course is expected to be reduced, and the options "Call" - when the increase is expected.

Commodity and financial futures are contracts in which the seller assumes the obligation to put certain assets (financial or commodity) at a fixed price within a prescribed period, and the contract buyer undertakes to acquire these assets on these conditions. Futures trade - this activity is highly specialized and related to greater risk, because The possibility of making a profit on these transactions depends on the set of uncontrolled factors lying in the field of economic conjuncture.

On the contrary, real assets are any real estate, except for real estate (gold, diamonds, collectible items, antiques). In these tools, money is investing on the rise in prices. At the same time, being in the hands of the owner, they deliver him a certain psychological and aesthetic pleasure.

Other common investment instruments: shares of mutual funds and real estate. Mutual funds are a company that invests in the diversified portfolio of the Central Bank and selling its shares to investors who in this way acquire a share in this portfolio.

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