General economic and geographical characteristics of Western European countries. Western Europe

1) Characteristic features of EGP, geography of natural resources and population of foreign Europe.

The EGL of the countries of foreign Europe is determined by two main features: the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other and the coastal position of the overwhelming majority of countries.

In the northern part, widespread ore and fuel minerals... In the southern part, ore deposits of both magmatic and sedimentary (bauxite) origin prevail. The hydropower resources of foreign Europe are quite large, but they fall mainly in the regions of the Alps, the Scandinavian and Dinaric mountains.
Agroclimatic resources the region is determined by its position in the temperate, and in the south - in the subtropical zones. In the Mediterranean, sustainable agriculture requires artificial irrigation. Most of the irrigated land is in Italy and Spain.
The greatest natural prerequisites for forestry are found in Sweden and Finland, where typical forest landscapes prevail: forests cover lowlands and hills, the banks of rivers and lakes, and approach settlements.
Foreign Europe also possesses large and varied natural and recreational resources.

Recently population of foreign Europe began to increase very slowly. This is due to the fact that the reproduction of the population of the region is characterized by a complex demographic situation... In some countries, there is even a natural decline in population. At the same time, the age composition of the population is changing, the proportion of older people is growing.

All this led to a sharp change in the share of the region in the world system of external migration of the population. Having been the main center of emigration since the Great Geographical Discoveries, foreign Europe has become the world's main hotbed of labor immigration... Now there are 12-13 million foreign workers here, a significant part of whom are in the position of not citizens, but temporary guest workers (in German "guest workers").

By ethnic composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: The vast majority of the 62 peoples of the region belong to the Indo-European language family. But there are also many states with a complex ethnic composition, in which the aggravation of interethnic relations has recently been observed; Yugoslavia is an example of this kind.
In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. In Southern Europe, Catholicism prevails sharply, in Northern Europe - Protestantism.
Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.

2) The main features of the territorial structure of settlement and economy of foreign Europe.

Foreign Europe, as an integral region, ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in reserves of gold and currency, in the development of international tourism..
The economic power of the region is primarily determined by four countries that are part of the "big seven" Western countries - Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest range of various industries and industries. But the balance of power between them has changed over the past decades. The role of the leader has passed to the Federal Republic of Germany, whose economy is developing more dynamically along the path of reindustrialization. Great Britain, the former "workshop of the world", has lost many of its former positions.
From the rest of the countries of foreign Europe Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the largest economic weight... Unlike the four main countries, their economy specializes primarily in individual industries that have won, as a rule, European or world recognition. Small and medium-sized countries are particularly deeply involved in global economic relations.

3) The main features of the structure and location of the leading industries and the main industrial regions of foreign Europe.

Mechanical engineering- the leading industry in foreign Europe, which is his homeland. In Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, mechanical engineering is very scattered.
Chemical industry in foreign Europe it ranks second after mechanical engineering. Before the Second World War, the chemical industry was focused mainly on coal and brown coal, potash and sodium chloride, pyrites, but there was a shift towards oil.
In the fuel and energy sector In most of the countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was taken by oil and natural gas produced both in the region itself (the North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia.
The metallurgical industry in foreign Europe was mainly formed before the beginning of the scientific and technological revolution era. Ferrous metallurgy has developed primarily in countries with metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials - Germany, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, and the Czech Republic.
The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy- aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production originated both in countries with bauxite reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece), and in countries where there is no aluminum raw material, but a lot of electricity is generated (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria).
Copper industry received the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.
Timber industry focusing primarily on sources of raw materials has become an industry international specialization Sweden and Finland.
Light industry has lost its former importance and is shifting to southern Europe, where there are still reserves of cheap labor.
Many countries also retain rich national traditions in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glass, metal, jewelry, toys, etc.

4) The main features of the location of agriculture in foreign Europe and its types.

The northern European type, which is widespread in Scandinavia, Finland, and also in Great Britain, is characterized by the predominance of dairy farming, a in crop production - fodder crops and gray bread.
The Central European type is distinguished by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock, as well as pig and poultry farming. A significant part of the arable land is occupied by fodder crops.
The southern European type is characterized by a significant predominance of crop production, while animal husbandry plays a secondary role. Although cereals occupy the main place in crops, the international specialization of southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, and essential oil crops. The Mediterranean coast is the main "garden of Europe".
Fishing has long been a branch of international specialization in Norway, Denmark and especially Iceland.

5) The main features of the regional transport system of foreign Europe.

The regional transport system is of the Western European type. In terms of the distance of transportation, it is slightly inferior to the USA and Russia, and in terms of the provision of a transport network it takes the 1st place in the world. The rapid development of road transport is characteristic. The railway network is shrinking. The configuration of the transport network is formed by highways of latitudinal and meridional directions of international importance.
River paths also have a meridional (Rhine) or latitudinal (Danube) direction.
At the intersection of land and waterways, large transport hubs arose ( seaports) - Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, Hamburg, London, etc., which have turned into industrial port complexes.

6) Sub-regions of foreign Europe.

7) Federal Republic of Germany as the most economically powerful country in foreign Europe.
Germany is the most economically powerful state Overseas Europe... This country is part of the "Big Eight" Western countries.
EGP features: centrality, location at the crossroads of trade and transport routes, access to the Baltic and North Seas, proximity to 9 European countries.
The biggest software population a country of foreign Europe (230 people per 1 km2).
Farm Germany has reached a very high level of development. By volume GDP country second only to the USA, China, Japan.
By size industrial production Germany ranks fourth in the world, behind the United States, China, and Japan. Key industries are mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.
Agriculture is distinguished by a very high level of productivity of field and garden crops and productivity of animal husbandry.
In cargo turnover and passenger turnover leading role belongs to road transport... A dense network of pipelines has been laid across the territory.

Western Europe is more than 20 states that are distinguished by their historical, ethnic, natural, economic, social and cultural originality. The Western European region is one of the powerful centers of the world economy in modern world.

The countries of the region are located in favorable natural conditions: a good combination of plain and mountainous landforms, a temperate climate, fertile soils. The provision of countries with mineral resources is not uniform. There are industrial oil reserves in the Netherlands, in France; coal - in the Federal Republic of Germany (Ruhr Basin), Great Britain (Wales Basin, Newcastle Basin); iron ore - in France (Lorraine), Sweden; non-ferrous metal ores - in Germany, Spain, Italy; potash salts - in Germany, France, etc. But in view of the fact that the countries of Western Europe have long embarked on the path of industrial development, many deposits are close to depletion. In some countries, the problem of primary energy resources is acute. Western Europe is less well supplied with minerals than North America, which increases its dependence on imported raw materials. The northern and western parts of Western Europe are well supplied with fresh water resources. Large river arteries - Danube, Rhine, Loire. In Norway, 3/4 of all electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants. A characteristic feature of the region is the almost complete absence of natural landscapes.

Western Europe is one of the economic centers of the world; is an important financial center (London and Zurich are financial capitals).

Energy. It is based both on its own resources (oil and gas of the North Sea shelf, gas from the Netherlands, coal from Germany and Great Britain), and from imported ones. In the countries of Northern and Southern Europe, hydro resources are of great importance. Iceland uses thermal water outlets as energy sources. The region leads the world in the development of nuclear energy. Ferrous metallurgy. Old metallurgical districts: the Ruhr in the Federal Republic of Germany, Lorraine in France. The focus on the import of iron ore led to a shift in ferrous metallurgy enterprises to the sea - Taranto in Italy, Dunkirk in France, Bremen in Germany.

Non-ferrous metallurgy uses ore concentrates from Africa and Asia. Its territorial structure changes more slowly than in ferrous metallurgy.

Chemical industry. Germany produces dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, wood chemistry is developed in Sweden and Norway, and pharmaceuticals in Switzerland.

Changes in the geography of industry in Western Europe are associated with the formation of large port-industrial complexes (Rotterdam in the Netherlands, Marseille in France, etc.), the development of oil and gas fields in the North Sea, the industrialization of less developed countries, and industrial decentralization.

Transport is highly developed. There is a dense network of highways. The role of sea transport is great (Rotterdam, Marseille, Le Havre, Antwerp, Hamburg are the largest ports). The importance of pipeline and air transport is growing. The tunnel under the English Channel is of great importance.

Mechanical engineering defines the industrial face of Western Europe. The world's largest manufacturer and exporter of machinery and equipment, machine tools, forging and pressing equipment, optics. The importance of transport engineering, especially the automobile industry: the firms Volkswagen (Germany), Renault (France), Fiat (Italy), Volvo (Sweden). Mechanical engineering is represented in almost every major city.

Germany produces dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda, wood chemistry is developed in Sweden and Norway, and pharmaceuticals in Switzerland.

Agriculture is characterized by extremely high productivity. Only goods of tropical agriculture and feed grains are imported. The main type of agricultural enterprise is a farm. In most countries, animal husbandry predominates. The world's highest wheat yields are harvested in Western Europe. They grow barley and corn, potatoes; from industrial crops - sugar beet (France, Germany, Italy). Viticulture, growing olives, almonds, and pomegranates are developed in Southern Europe. Italy - the first country in the world for the production of wines and grape harvest, Spain - for the collection of olives.

The leading countries of Western Europe are the countries - members of the "Big Seven" - Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy.

The countries of Western Europe are united not only by their geographical location, but also by close economic and political ties. By the form of government of the republic: Germany, Ireland, France, Austria, Switzerland; constitutional monarchies: Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein.

The area of ​​Western Europe = 1.5 million km2. Population = 296.3 million

Region composition: Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Ireland.

general characteristics region.

Among these European countries there are large, and there are "dwarf" states. The economic and geographical position of the countries of Western Europe is determined by:

• - good transport "cross-country ability",
• - the coastal position of these countries, which are located near the busiest sea routes. The life of these countries has been closely linked with the sea for a long time. The political map of these countries has not changed throughout the 20th century.

Geographical position.

Western Europe occupies the western narrowed part of the Eurasian continent, washed mainly by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and only the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula - by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. For all the "mosaic" relief of the territory of Western Europe, the borders between individual countries, as well as the border separating Western Europe and Eastern Europe, runs mainly along such natural boundaries that do not create significant obstacles to transport links.

The EGP of the sub-region is very favorable. This is due to the fact that, firstly, the countries of the subregion either go out to the sea, or are located at a short distance from it (no further than 480 km), which contributes to the development of economic ties. Secondly, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other is very important. Thirdly, the natural conditions of the region are generally favorable for the development of both industry and agriculture.

The economic power of the region is determined by four countries: Germany, France, Great Britain and Italy, the leading position among them is Germany (with a GDP of $ 2 trillion 811 billion (in PPP), Germany in 2009 was in fifth place in the world (after the USA, China, In addition, Germany occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of exports (automobiles, electrical engineering, pharmaceuticals and perfumery.) In terms of living standards, the country ranks 10th in the world, according to the Human Development Index.

The region is characterized by high level regional economic integration, the union of countries into the European Union; opening of state borders within the framework of the Common European Economic Space.

Germany, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) is a state in Central Europe. Germany shares borders with 9 countries. In the north - Denmark, in the east - Poland and the Czech Republic, in the south - Austria and Switzerland, in the west - France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands. In the north it is washed by the North and Baltic seas. The area of ​​the territory is 356 978 thousand sq. km.

Population - about 82.080 million people. Germans - 95.1%, Turks - 2.3%, Italians - 0.7%, Greeks - 0.4%, Poles - 0.4%. In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Europe. The official language is German. V different regions there are dialectal differences.

Religion - Christianity. Protestants (mainly Lutherans) - 45%, Catholics - 37%, Muslims - 2%, Jews. Germany is a federation with 16 states. The head of state is the president; the head of government is the federal chancellor. Germany is a parliamentary republic. According to the territorial and political structure, it is a federation, consisting of 16 states. Capital - Berlin (official) - seat of the president, Bonn (administrative). The urbanization rate is 87%. Largest cities- Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, Essen, Dortmund, Dusseldorf, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Dresden, Bonn.

Large rivers are the Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder. About 30% of the territory is covered by forests. National parks - Bavarian Forest, Berchtesgaden; numerous reserves, natural monuments.

Germany is a highly developed industrial country. Germany's economic potential is one of the most powerful in the world. Ranking 12th in the world in terms of population, it is second only to the United States and Japan in terms of GDP and industrial production, it consistently ranks second in terms of merchandise imports, and in some years even came out on top in terms of merchandise exports, ahead of the United States.

The structure of the German economy is such that 1.1% of GDP is created in agriculture, 34.5% in industry, 64.4% of GDP in services. The German economy is characterized by "over-industrialization", i.e. a fairly large share of industry in GDP production compared to many developed countries of the world. Perhaps only Japan, Ireland and Portugal are more industrialized than Germany. And this is no coincidence. Germany's specialization in the world economy is the production of industrial (primarily machine-building) products.

German agriculture was distinguished and distinguished by a very high level of development. It satisfies about 90% of the country's food needs. Agricultural production, like many basic industries, derives from state budget considerable subsidies, which somewhat reduces its effectiveness. Germany exports agricultural products such as meat, milk, grain.

The German economy still attracts foreign investors thanks to a well-developed infrastructure, a skilled workforce with a high motivation to work. Excellence in Research and Development is another German trademark.

One of the important advantages is the coastal position of Germany and the proximity to major port cities of neighboring countries (Rotterdam, Antwerp, etc.).

The sea front of the FRG increased sharply after the unification of Germany at the expense of the Baltic coast. But all the same, the ports of the North Sea remain the facade of German external relations - its "window to the Atlantic".

Among the countries of foreign Europe, Germany stands out for its coal reserves (1st place) - mainly in the Ruhr, Saar, Aachen basins. Quite large natural gas fields are located in the north of Germany. Iron ore reserves are available, but their quality is low. In the north of the German Plain, there are significant deposits of rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

Germany is one of the most developed countries in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is second only to the United States and Japan.

The power industry of the Federal Republic of Germany provides more than half of its needs through imports (oil, gas, coal). The main role in the fuel base is played by oil and gas, and the share of coal is about 30%.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important branches of Germany's specialization, but is currently in crisis. The main factories are concentrated in the Ruhr and the Lower Rhine; there is also in the Saar and in the eastern states of Germany. Converting and rolling enterprises all over the country.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - works mainly on imported and secondary raw materials. In terms of aluminum smelting, Germany is second only to Norway in foreign Europe. The main factories are in North Rhine-Westphalia, Hamburg and Bavaria.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking is a branch of Germany's specialization in MGRT; it accounts for up to 1/2 of industrial products and exports. The largest centers: Munich, Nuremberg, Mannheim, Berlin, Leipzig, Hamburg. Bavaria is the leader in the electrical industry. The automotive industry, marine shipbuilding, optical-mechanical, aerospace industries are highly developed.

Agriculture - uses about 50% of the territory; more than 60% of all production comes from livestock breeding, where cattle and pig breeding are distinguished. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, and barley. The FRG provides itself with grain completely. Potatoes and beets are also grown; along the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, horticulture, tobacco growing.

In terms of the density of transport routes, the Federal Republic of Germany occupies one of the first places in the world; the transport network is based on railways. In the total cargo turnover, the main role belongs to road transport (60%), then railway (20%), inland waterways (15%) and pipelines. External sea transportation and air transport are of great importance, playing a major role in the country's external relations.

France, French Republic, a state in Western Europe. France is the most big country Western Europe. From north to south and from west to east, France stretches for almost 1000 km after Russia, it is the largest European country. Area 551 thousand sq. km. The capital of France is the city of Paris. France occupies the extreme western part of the European mainland. In the northeast, the country borders on Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany, in the east - with Germany, Switzerland and Italy, in the southeast - with Monaco, in the south - with Spain and Andorra. The country's maritime borders are longer than the land ones. The sea border stretches for 3,120 km, dividing into three bands: the Mediterranean coast (the Gulf of Lyon and the Ligurian Sea), the Atlantic coastline with the Bay of Biscay and the shores of the English Channel in the North Sea.

The economic and geographical position of France is favorable for the development of the economy. The common European market, the use of various types of transport, favorable natural conditions, satisfactory natural resources (since most of the deposits are already depleted) are the obvious advantages of EGP. In the system of the geographical division of labor, France occupies one of the leading places at the moment. France is the former owner of a huge number of colonies. France's GWP is favorable and has a beneficial effect on the economy. The country is one of the leading in the world. Favorable geographical position, resource endowment, developed transport system, the country is a member of the UN, NATO, EU, WTO, OSCE - the undoubted advantages of GWP in France. But in terms of political influence, it is still inferior to countries such as the United States and Great Britain. There is a weak military-strategic potential, which the country compensates with the help of multipolar diplomacy, as well as the build-up of the military-industrial complex. There is a danger of aggravation of political relations, since France borders on a large number of states. Thus, in order to reach a compromise, a large amount of diplomatic effort must be expended.

France is home to about 61.9 million people. There are no megalopolises. A large share of the population employed in the service sector is about 40% of the economically active population(EAN) employed: 22.3% in industry; in agriculture, forestry and fishing 7.3%; in construction 7, 3%; transport and communications 6%. Unemployed - 10%. EAN France makes up over 40% of the total population of the country.

France is rich in reserves of iron ore (ferrous metallurgy is developed), bauxite (non-ferrous metallurgy is developed) and potassium salt, large uranium reserves, poor in combustible mineral resources, in connection with these, a powerful oil refining industry arose. The country is switching to alternative energy sources, trying in every possible way to eliminate dependence on imports of raw materials. A large number of nuclear power plants have brought it to a leading position in the world in the production of atomic energy. Agro-climatic resources contribute to the active development of agriculture. Rich land, water resources... Most of the area is occupied by arable land, a lot of land adapted for pastures. Natural resources for the development of industry and agriculture are generally favorable.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Great Britain, or England (by the name of the main part of the country) - a state located off the western coast of Europe on two large - Great Britain and Ireland - and adjacent numerous small islands (more than five thousand islands) ... Capital London. The largest cities are Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Edinburgh, Belfast.

Great Britain occupies an area of ​​244.1 thousand square meters. km, and its population is 58.2 million people (as of 1992), of which 80% are British, 15% - Scots, Welsh (or Welsh) and Irish. The state language is English. Most believers are Protestants. Great Britain consists of 4 administrative and political parts: England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London), Wales (8 counties), Scotland (9 districts and an insular territory) and Northern Ireland (26 counties).

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Formally, the state is ruled by the queen, but practically the highest legislative body is the parliament, which includes the queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is a national assembly, elected every 5 years. House of Lords - aristocrats, princes of the blood, hereditary peers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks 5th in the world after the USA, Japan, Germany and France. But I haven't done it yet. In Britain, the necessary minerals are being mined, the development of newest ways mining extreme. Due to the fact that Britain is an island government, it remains one of the largest maritime powers today.

Italy. The official name is the Italian Republic. Area - 301.2 thousand km2. Population - 57.4 million people (2003 p); 94% of them are Italians. The capital is Rome. Parliamentary republic, unitary state. Italy is a state in the south of Europe. The territory consists of three parts: mainland, peninsular (the Apennine peninsula) and insular (the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and a number of small islands). About 80% of its borders are maritime. It shares borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia.

Italy is a parliamentary republic. The head of state is the president, elected by the parliament and representatives of the regions for 7 years. Legislative power belongs to a bicameral parliament, which approves the highest executive body - the Council of Ministers - and controls its activities.

The large area of ​​Italy is 301.2 thousand km2. Administratively, the country is divided into 20 regions, and they, in turn, into 95 provinces, and those into 8 thousand communes. A feature of the economic and political geographic location Italy is that independent states are located on its territory: the Vatican is the center of the Roman Catholic Church, the residence of the Pope and the Republic of San Marino. With Italy, these states are closely related economic relations... Millions of tourists and pilgrims seeking to visit the Vatican and San Marino spend a lot of money in Italy, bringing huge incomes to the country.

Tourism is a very important sector of the economy, providing jobs for more than 1 million Italians and bringing in $ 6-8 billion annually in revenue, as more than 30 million foreign tourists visit the country annually. A highly developed "tourism industry" controlled by government bodies... The reception base has more than 3 million places. More than 3/4 of the total turnover of Italian business from tourism falls on only three cities - Rome, Venice and Florence.

Forests cover 1/5 of the area, but these are mainly mountain low-growing trees and shrubs. Coniferous forests are common in the Alps. Italy is not rich in minerals. The exception is Construction Materials- marble, granite, travertine.

Urbanization is about 70%. 12% of the total population lives in four large cities - Rome, Milan, Naples and Turin.

Italy is a highly developed post-industrial country. Contrasts between the developed North and the backward South. The largest industrial centers are located in the north. In terms of the relative level of industrialization (3.3), Italy has already overtaken the UK, but lags significantly behind Germany. The main features of its industry are: 1) the prevalence of heavy industry is not as great as in other large countries of the region, and, on the contrary, a greater importance of light industry is noted; 2) the leading role of mechanical engineering and chemical industry; 3) the modest scale of the mining industry and the very widespread use of imported raw materials and energy sources; 4) lagging behind in the development of technically complex, knowledge-intensive industries; 5) the great importance of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the light and food industries, metalworking; 6) sharp territorial contrasts in the level of industrialization - more than 2/5 of the industry is concentrated in the north-west of the country in the zone of the "industrial triangle" Milan - Turin - Genoa.

The main industry is mechanical engineering. Automotive (FIAT concern), production of office equipment (calculators, typewriters, etc.), agricultural machines (tractors), looms, sewing machines, electric heating equipment. The second place is taken by the textile and clothing industry. The production of footwear is widely developed.

The chemical industry, including petrochemicals and the production of synthetic fibers, accounts for about 1/7 of the total manufacturing output.

The country's energy industry is based on imported oil, coke and coal, its natural gas and water resources. More than 3/4 of electricity is produced at thermal power plants operating mainly on fuel oil. The share of hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers is relatively high. Geothermal power plants operate in Central Italy. Nuclear power plants are decommissioned.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy use imported raw materials, enterprises are located near ports.

Agriculture in Italy employs about 14% of the economically active population. In the EU, Italy specializes in the cultivation and export of vegetables, fruits and wine. Traditional viticulture. Livestock production plays a secondary role.

Ireland (Republic of Ireland) - a state in Western Europe, occupying 5/6 of the island of Ireland, it is a large island in the west of the British archipelago, separated from about. Great Britain by the St George's Channel, the Irish Sea and the North Strait. It is located on the edge of the shelf, dissected by deep underwater valleys in the north, west and south; in the east, the waters are shallow. Ireland is located on important sea and air routes from Europe to North America.

Ireland is most extended from the north-east to the south-west, the length in this direction is 486 km. Total area 84,423 sq. km, of which the independent Republic of Ireland occupies 70,280 sq. km, and Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 14,138 sq. km. Out of the total area 70 280 sq. km, water occupies 1390 sq. km, and land, respectively 68 890 sq. km. The length of the coastline is 1448 km.

The main natural resources are: zinc, lead, natural gas, copper, heavy spar, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat.

Ireland is a small, developed country with a focus on foreign trade. Ireland is the most trade-dependent country in the world.

The main types of agricultural products produced are in crop production: turnips, sugar beets, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes; in animal husbandry: meat, milk, cheese, wool. Crop production largely serves the needs of animal husbandry. Ireland has a long and successful history of producing high quality dairy products. Ireland has a strong international reputation as a green and clean country, which creates a positive image for Irish dairy products, especially when combined with natural pastures. In the agricultural sector, Ireland must pave the way for the international market with high-value, high-margin new commodities such as expensive gourmet cheeses. In the industry and services sector, Ireland's promise is to develop software, the design of hardware systems, microcircuits (something Ireland is already strong in), as well as new technologies such as quantum mechanics, DNA computation, molecular nanotechnology, bioinformatics.

The Netherlands, or, unofficially, Holland, is a state in Western Europe, on the North Sea coast. The name of the country ("Low Lands") contains the main characteristic of its relief. About half of the territory (mainly in the western part) lies below sea level. In the east, flat and gently undulating plains prevail; their height rarely reaches 50 m above sea level. In the south, the territory is crossed by the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt rivers, forming a single delta, providing maritime transport with access to the hinterland of Europe. The area of ​​the country, with the area of ​​all rivers, lakes and canals, is 41.2 thousand square meters. km., and without water areas - 36.9 thousand square meters. km. This small area is home to 14.56 million people. Officially, the king is considered the head of state. The monarch exercises legislative power, together with the States General (parliament), which consists of two chambers. With the consent of parliament, the country was involved in the North Atlantic bloc (NATO), which determined it foreign policy course and strengthened economic ties with other members of this group. The Netherlands is also part of the European Economic Community (EEC). The country is directly connected to the North Sea, which is used by cargo and passenger ships between Europe and America. The nodal transport and geographical position of the Netherlands contributed to the development on their territory of such gigantic international industrial and transport complexes as Rotterdam and Amsterdam.

Holland is one of the most populated countries in Europe and the world. Forests are small and carefully guarded. The country is poor in natural resources. Small deposits of peat and coal are found in the province of Limburg. In the 1950s, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered in the province of Groningen.

List of sources and literature used

• 1. Internet
• 2. Russian encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Russian Encyclopedia, 1979.- p. 204.

Europe

Europe- one of the six parts of the world, forming, together with Asia, the largest continent of Eurasia in terms of area and population. The area of ​​Europe is 10 million km², the population is 730 million people.

The average height is about 300 m. Plains prevail (large - East European, Central European, Middle and Lower Danube, Parisian basin), mountains occupy about 17% of the territory (the main ones are the Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Crimean, Pyrenees, Apennines, Ural, Scandinavian mountains, mountains of the Balkan Peninsula). There are active volcanoes in Iceland and the Mediterranean.

In most of the territory, the climate is temperate (in the west - oceanic, in the east - continental, with snowy and frosty winters), on the northern islands - subarctic and arctic, in southern Europe - Mediterranean, in the Caspian lowland - semi-desert. On the islands of the Arctic, Iceland, the Scandinavian mountains, the Alps - glaciation (an area of ​​over 116 thousand km²).

The main rivers are the Volga, Danube, Ural, Dnieper, Western Dvina, Don, Pechora, Kama, Oka, Belaya, Dniester, Rhine, Elba, Vistula, Tahoe, Loire, Oder, Neman, Ebro.

Large lakes: Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoe, Venern, Balaton, Geneva.

Countries of Foreign Europe. Economic and geographical characteristics. Common features and regional differences.

Europe is washed by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans and their seas.

Geographically, Europe is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Black, Marmara and Mediterranean seas, the Bosphorus and Dardanelles in the south. The eastern and southeastern borders of Europe are usually considered the eastern foot of the Ural ridge, the Emba River and the Caspian Sea, the northern border of the Ciscaucasia along the rivers Kuma, Manych, Don.

The countries of Europe are divided into four regions: Western, Eastern, Northern and Southern. Some geographers identify the fifth region - Central. In total, there are 65 countries in Europe: 50 of them are independent states, 9 dependent territories and 6 unrecognized republics. 14 countries are insular, 19 are inland, 32 have wide access to the seas and oceans.

Three states - Russia, Turkey and Kazakhstan, according to all authoritative sources, have territories in both Europe and Asia; two more states (Azerbaijan and Georgia) refer entirely to Asia (when drawing the Europe-Asia border along the Kumo-Manych depression), but a number of American sources (when drawing the border between Europe and Asia along the Greater Caucasus) claim that these Asian states have small European parts, there are also sources that believe the countries of the Caucasus and Cyprus are closely related to Europe. Geographically located entirely in Asia, Armenia and Cyprus are classified as Europe according to a number of geopolitical criteria.

A number of European states have a part of their territory in Africa - these are Spain (the Canary Islands and the so-called "sovereign territories of Spain" on the Moroccan coast belong to Africa), Portugal (the Portuguese Madeira belongs to Africa), as well as France (which has composed of the overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion related to Africa).

Two European states have a part of their national territory in America - Denmark (America includes its autonomous region Greenland) and France (America includes its overseas departments and communities French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthélemy, Martinique and Saint Pierre and Miquelon).

Also, all island states and territories of the Mediterranean Sea are referred to European countries.

27 states are members of the European Union, 25 are members of the NATO bloc, the Council of Europe includes 47 states.

On the territory of Europe are located both the largest (Russia) and the smallest (Vatican) states in the world.

Western Europe- a geopolitical region that unites mainly Latin-speaking countries, as well as the countries of the Celts and Germans, located in the western part of the Europe Peninsula. One of the most economically developed regions in the world.

The beginning of the formation of the region is considered the end of the existence of the Roman Empire and its division into Western and Eastern.

The main religions in the region are Catholicism and Protestantism.

EGP determined by the coastal position of most countries, also the position on the main world sea routes leading from Europe to America, the neighboring compact position of the countries in relation to each other; proximity to many developing countries means proximity to sources of raw materials. Countries in Africa and Asia supply Western Europe with cheap labor.

There are industrial oil reserves in the Netherlands, in France; coal - in the Federal Republic of Germany (Ruhr Basin), Great Britain (Wales Basin, Newcastle Basin); iron ore - in France (Lorraine), Sweden; non-ferrous metal ores - in Germany, Spain, Italy; potash salts - in Germany, France, etc. But in view of the fact that the countries of Western Europe have long embarked on the path of industrial development, many deposits are close to depletion. In some countries, the problem of primary energy resources is acute. Western Europe is less well supplied with minerals than North America, which increases its dependence on imported raw materials. The northern and western parts of Western Europe are well supplied with fresh water resources. Large river arteries - Danube, Rhine, Loire. In Norway, 3/4 of all electricity comes from hydroelectric power plants. A characteristic feature of the region is the almost complete absence of natural landscapes.

The leading countries of Western Europe are the countries - members of the "Big Seven" - Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. The region is characterized by a high level of regional economic integration, the unification of countries in the EU, the opening of state borders within the framework of the Common European Economic Space.

Eastern Europe-The region was formed during the heyday of the Byzantine Empire.

Basic religion is Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The region uses Cyrillic writing (in the Slavic states with a predominance of Orthodoxy) and Latin.

The countries of Eastern Europe are a single natural-territorial massif stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic seas. The region and adjacent countries are based on the ancient Precambrian platform, covered by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as an area of ​​alpine folding.

An important feature of all countries in the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS.

Among the reserves of natural resources are allocated: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas (Romania), iron ores (the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary), chromites (Albania).

In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a vivid example of the "incompleteness" of the set of minerals. So, in Poland there are large reserves of coal, copper ores, sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of copper ores and polymetals.

The population of the region is about 130 million people. The population of Eastern Europe is complex ethnic composition, but the predominance of the Slavic peoples can be noted. Of the other peoples, the most numerous are Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, Lithuanians.

in the 2nd half of the XX century. great changes have taken place in the economies of the countries. Firstly, industries developed at a higher rate - by the 80s V. Europe turned into one of the most industrial regions in the world, and secondly, previously very backward regions also began to develop industrially (For example, Slovakia in the former CSFR, Moldova in Romania, northeastern Poland). Such results became possible thanks to the implementation of regional policy.

Due to the shortage of oil reserves, this region is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated at thermal power plants (over 60%), but hydroelectric and nuclear power plants also play an important role.

Now in terms of the volume of traffic, railway transport is in the lead, but road and sea transport are also developing intensively. The presence of the largest ports contributes to the development of foreign economic relations, shipbuilding, ship repair, and fishing.

Northern Europe- a geopolitical region uniting the Scandinavian and Baltic states located in the northern part of Europe.

The region was formed in the second half of the first millennium AD on the basis of Germanic colonists, and inherited many of the characteristics of this people.

Dominant religions in the region are Lutheranism and other areas of Protestantism.

The EGP of Northern Europe is characterized by the following features: firstly, advantageous location for the intersection of important air and sea routes from Europe to North America, as well as the convenience of the countries of the region entering the international waters of the World Ocean, secondly, the proximity to the highly developed countries of Western Europe(Germany, Holland Belgium, Great Britain, France), thirdly, the proximity on the southern borders with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, in which market relations are successfully developing, fourthly, by land proximity with the Russian Federation, whose economic contacts contribute to the formation of promising markets for the sale of products; fifth, by the presence of territories outside the Arctic Circle (35% of the area of ​​Norway, 38% of Sweden, 47% of Finland).

The climate of the remote territories (islands) is arctic, subarctic, maritime.

Important for the Nordic countries are hydropower resources... Norway and Sweden are best provided with hydropower resources, where abundant rainfall and mountainous terrain ensure the formation of a strong and uniform water flow, and this creates good prerequisites for the construction of hydropower plants. One of the greatest treasures of the Nordic countries is forest resources, that is, "green gold". In terms of forest area and gross timber reserves, Sweden and Finland stand out, ranking first and second in Europe for these indicators, respectively. The forest cover in these countries is high. In Finland it is almost 66%, in Sweden - more than 59% (1995). Among other countries of the Northern macro-region, Latvia stands out with a high forest cover (46.8%).

The northern lands are among the least populated areas.

The countries of Fenoscandia, except Sweden, are characterized by a positive but low natural increase in population, with the exception of Iceland, where the natural increase remained at 9 persons per 1000 inhabitants. This tense demographic situation is explained, first of all, by the low birth rate.

Southern Europe- a geopolitical region uniting the South Slavic, Romano and Greek-speaking states located in the southern part of Europe.

The region began to form in the era of Ancient Greece about 2 thousand years BC and was finally formed during the dawn of the Roman Empire. This is the oldest European region.

The religious composition is represented mainly by Orthodoxy and Catholicism.

An important feature of the EGP of the countries of Southern Europe, which are located on the peninsulas and islands of the Mediterranean Sea, is that all of them are on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa and Australia and Spain and Portugal also to the Americas. All this since the time of the great geographical discoveries has affected the development of the region, the life of the countries of which is closely connected with the sea. No less significant is the fact that the region is located between Central Europe and the Arab countries of North Africa, which have multilateral ties with Europe. The former metropolises Portugal, Italy and Spain still retain influence in some African countries. In the post-war years, by the beginning of the 21st century, there was a massive migration to the countries of southern Europe.

All countries (except the Vatican) are members of the UN, OECD, and the largest are members of NATO and the European Union, Malta is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, led by Great Britain.

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1 Topic 11. Foreign Europe: EGP, composition, natural resources, population and economy General characteristics of Europe Area of ​​about 10 million km² (of which in Foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries, there are 5.1 million km²) Population 740 million people (10-11% of the world's population). Average height is about 300 m, maximum m, Mont Blanc mountain. More than 40 sovereign states. Most states by the form of government are republics, 12 monarchies. According to the administrative and territorial structure, all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) are unitary. Largest countries by area: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. Largest countries by population: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Included in the Big Seven: France, Germany, Italy, Great Britain. EGP of Europe 1. The length from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km. 2. Relief "mosaic" of its territory: lowlands and elevated territories. Most of the mountains of Europe are of medium height. 3. A high degree of ruggedness of the coastline. 4. Seaside location of most countries. Average distance from the sea km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the east - 600 km. 5. The "depth" of the territory of most countries is not great. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there is no place that would be more than a km away from the borders of these countries. 6. Neighboring situation is favorable for integration processes. 7. Favorable position in terms of contacts with the rest of the world, because is located at the junction with Asia and Africa, extended far into the ocean - "the great peninsula of Eurasia." 8. Diversity of natural resources, but non-complex location by country, many deposits are largely depleted. Subregions of Europe Based on the map of the atlas "Subregions of Europe", fill in the table: SUBREGION OF COUNTRIES Northern Europe Iceland, Norway Natural resources of Europe For the world economy, the following resources are of greatest importance, located within the borders of Europe: 1. Coal 2. Zinc 3. Lead 4. Copper 5. Oil 6. Gas 7. Bauxite 8. Soil

2 Mineral resource Bituminous coal Brown coal Oil and natural gas Iron ore Copper ore Bauxites (aluminum ores) Uranium ores Potash salts Sulfur Graphite Country / field Germany (Ruhr basin), Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvin basin), Ukraine (Donetsk basin) Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania North Sea shelf (Norway, Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden) France (Alsace), Ukraine (Kryvyi Rih basin) Poland, Serbia Croatia, Greece, Hungary France Belarus, Germany, France Poland Czech Republic Countries of the first type of reproduction (demographic crisis): predominance of the female population, “aging of the population”, low proportion of children. Germany 82 million Labor migrations are the center of attraction of the EAN. Representatives of the Indo-European language family predominate. The level of urbanization 78% Religions Christianity: 1. Orthodoxy (examples of countries) 2. Catholicism (examples of countries) 3. Protestantism: Lutherans, Calvinists, etc. (examples of countries) Industry sector Industry specialization of European countries DZ countries: textbook, p, 202; fill in the table, repeat the countries and capitals of Europe. SR 10. Continue to study the geographical nomenclature (country and capital). DOWNLOAD Wed 11. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of foreign Europe, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining industries, timber, light, food).

3 Internal differences in Foreign Europe. FRG and Poland Comparative economic and geographical characteristics of FRG (Germany) and Poland COMPARATIVE FEATURES FRG POLAND General information about the country: 1) the type of country by the level of economic development 2) the size and composition of the territory 3) state structure 4) the capital 5) participation in international economic and military organizations Geographical location: 1) type of geographical location 2) location in the region 3) with which countries and where it borders 4) what and where it is washed 5) features of the political and economic-geographic situation Natural conditions and resources: 1) climatic features 2) natural resources Population: 1) number 2) type of reproduction, fertility, mortality, natural growth 3) sex and age composition 4) peculiarities of location 5) ethnic composition 6) religious composition 7) level of urbanization 8) largest cities and agglomerations 9) characteristic features of internal and external migrations 10) quantitative and qualitative characteristics labor resources Branches of specialization of industry: the largest industrial regions and centers. Branches of specialization of agriculture, main agricultural regions. Conclusion on the development of countries: Attention! A typical mistake when performing this work is to write two parallel characteristics that are weakly related to each other. Pay attention to the comparison of the two countries, identifying features of their similarities and differences in all points of the plan.

4 Topic 12. Foreign Asia: EGP, composition, natural resources, population and economy Z.A. 27.7 million km 2 The population is over 4 billion people. About 40 sovereign states, there are monarchies: AM Saud. Arabia, UAE; KM Japan, Bhutan, Cambodia, etc. Giant countries: China, India EGP: main features Neighboring position; Seaside location of most countries: access to the seas of 3 oceans; The deep position of some countries: Mongolia, Nepal, Bhutan. The presence of a large number of disputed territories, "hot spots". Assignment: using the atlas, textbook, reference information, write out natural resources Overseas Asia: type of natural resource of the country (oil, gas, coal, iron, copper, manganese, aluminum ores, phosphates, potassium salts). Characteristics of the population The population is over 4 billion people. " Population explosion»In many countries (especially Southwest Asia: Yemen) Fertility Mortality Natural population growth. Examples of countries with the highest EP rates: Proportion of children. Examples of countries with a high proportion of children in the population structure: Proportion of older people. Countries with a high proportion of older people: Gender composition: men predominate in, women predominate in. Ethnic composition The largest peoples of foreign Asia in terms of population (over 100 million people): 1. Chinese. 2. Hindus. 3. Bengalis. 4. Japanese. Multinational countries: India, Indonesia. Religious composition Foreign Asia is the homeland of world religions. Christianity: Philippines, Georgia, Armenia, a significant proportion of Christians in Kazakhstan, Japan, Lebanon. Buddhism: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Mongolia. Islam: Southwest Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh. National religions: Confucianism (China), Shintoism (Japan), Hinduism (India). In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds. Population placement and migration Distribution uneven Population density

5 Bangladesh: 1,100 people for 1 sq. km In some cities of foreign Asia (Manila, Mumbai, Delhi) over people. for 1 sq. km Mongolia: less than 2 people for 1 sq. km Migration Immigration centers: Gulf countries, Singapore, major cities in China. Emigration centers: Philippines, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. Urban and rural population The level of urbanization is 45% The largest cities in Overseas Asia in terms of population: Tokyo, Shanghai, Mumbai, Jakarta, Seoul, Manila, Dhaka, Delhi, Istanbul, Manila In overseas Asia, according to the level of economic development, 6 groups of countries can be distinguished: 1. Highly developed countries Japan, Israel. 2. China and India These countries have achieved significant breakthroughs. China and India are the second and third economies in the world, respectively, but GDP per capita in these countries is negligible. 3. New industrialized countries of Asia (NIS) This group includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Xianggang (Hong Kong), Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand. Currently, Indonesia and the Philippines are also included in this group. 4. Oil-producing countries Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman. Currently, these countries are developing not only oil and gas production, but also other sectors of the economy (mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, tourism, metallurgy). 5. Countries with a predominance of mining and light industries Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam. 6. Least developed countries Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Yemen, Bhutan. In these countries modern production practically absent. Agriculture RICE, WHEAT, CORN: China, India Agriculture prevails over animal husbandry. Technique and technology are for the most part very primitive. The main areas of agriculture overseas Asia: 1. Monsoon sector of the countries of East, Southeast and South Asia. Rice China, India, Indonesia. Livestock raising is less developed. KRS: India; poultry, sheep and pigs China. 2. Region of subtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast). Wheat, millet, rubber, dates, almonds, cotton are grown. Livestock and poultry farming is well developed. 3. Area of ​​grazing livestock: Mongolia, Southwest Asia. Agriculture is represented in oases. DZ: textbook, p; repeat the countries and capitals of the region. SR 12. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of Foreign Asia, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food).

6 Topic 13. North America: EGP, composition, natural resources, population and economy Economic and geographical position Third place in terms of area (S = 24.2 million km²) Washed by the waters of three oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic Coastline strongly indented Along the western coast of the mainland, the Cordillera mountain system (Mount McKinley m) In the east, the ruined Appalachian mountains Center and east of the mainland flat areas Population approx. 475 million people Features of EGP: 1. Significant influence of the USA on the EGP of the countries of the region; 2. Access to the ocean - the development of predominantly sea transport. Natural conditions and resources North America is located in all climatic zones except the equatorial one. Large water systems: r. Mississippi, b. Colorado, Great Lakes. The richness and variety of minerals: in the sedimentary rocks of the plains - oil, natural gas, coal; the northern part of the plains - iron, copper, manganese ores; Cordillera - ores of non-ferrous and precious metals, oil, coal. Assignment: using the atlas maps, fill in the table Natural resources Countries Deposits Oil Canada Edmonton USA East Texas Comparative economic and geographical characteristics of the USA and Canada EGP features COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF THE USA CANADA Natural resource potential Population Features of economic development General conclusion about the development of countries and their role in MGRT DZ: textbook, p; repeat the countries and capitals of the SR region 13. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of North America, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food).

7 Topic 14. Latin America: EGP, composition, natural resources, population and economy Economic and geographical position 1. Proximity to the USA. 2. Remoteness from other regions of the world. 3. The presence of the Panama Canal. 4. Almost all countries (except Bolivia and Paraguay) have access to the sea. More than 33 countries. According to the form of government, all countries of the region of the republic. Are part of the Commonwealth (for example, Guyana, Dominica, Trinidad and Tobago). Guiana belongs to France. Cuba is a socialist state. In terms of the form of the administrative-territorial structure, unitary states prevail. The following countries have a federal structure: Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Saint Kitts and Nevis. Natural conditions and resources The richness and diversity of renewable natural resources of the region is primarily associated with its position mainly in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical climatic zones. Huge wealth of Latin America forests (more than 1/2 of the entire region). According to the provision of forest resources per capita, the first place in the world. The largest forest resources are possessed by Brazil (second only to Russia), Venezuela, Colombia. On the territory of Latin America there are large reserves of niobium, lithium, beryllium, molybdenum, copper, sulfur, antimony, silver, bauxite, oil, etc. Andes ore minerals: 1. Copper. 2. Pewter. 3. Iron. 4. Lead-zinc. 5. Tungsten. 6. Antimony. 7. Molybdenum. 8. Noble metals. A copper belt is stretched in Latin America (Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia). Natural resources Assignment: using the atlas maps, fill in the table Natural resources Countries Deposits Oil DZ: textbook, p. 3, "Population"; repeat the countries and capitals of the SR region 14. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of Latin America, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers for the leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food).

8 Topic 15. Africa: EGP, composition, natural resources, population and economy Area 30.3 million km² Population about 1 billion people. 54 sovereign states 15 countries are landlocked (the most backward) 3 monarchies (Morocco, Swaziland, Lesotho), the rest of the republics 4 federal states (Nigeria, Ethiopia, South Africa, Comoros) economic development Only 1 economically developed country in South Africa A large number of territorial disputes and border conflicts, internal political contradictions. Task 1. Indicate the correct statements 1. The largest country in Africa is Sudan, it is 4.5 times larger than the largest European country in Great Britain 2. There are only two states with a monarchical form of government in the region, the rest of the republics 3. The continent has the largest number of countries that do not landlocked By the total forest area Africa is second only to Western Europe and Asia 5. The region produces about 1/3 of gold, diamonds, manganese from the world production 6. Africa stands out in the world with a high rate of natural growth 7. By the level and rate of urbanization Africa ahead of all regions 8. Tropical and subtropical agriculture in Africa has a pronounced focus on the domestic market 9. Nigeria belongs to the states with a monocultural economy, because most of its exports are food products and agricultural raw materials Task 2. Using the materials of the textbook, atlas, presented by the map and description, fill out the table (Appendix 1).

9 Subregions of Africa The most accepted in domestic science is the five-member structure of African zoning, distinguishing North, West, Central, East and South Africa. The peculiarity of North Africa lies in the fact that it is closest to Europe, leaving the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located mostly in subtropical and tropical latitudes, which determines agricultural specialization in the cultivation of cotton, olives, citrus fruits, grapes. Often North Africa is called the Maghreb, which is still not entirely accurate, since in the Maghreb proper (from Arabic word "West") Egypt is not included. Western Africa covers zones of tropical deserts, savannas, tropical rainforests located between the Sahara and the Gulf of Guinea. This region has the most complex ethnic composition. The current position of the region is determined both by agriculture, which is represented both by the production of both plantation commodity and consumer crops, and by a relatively developed industry, primarily mining. Central Africa occupies the middle part of the mainland. It is located in the zones of humid tropical and equatorial forests and savannas, which largely predetermined its economic development. This is one of the richest regions in various mineral resources not only in Africa, but throughout the world. Unlike West Africa, Central Africa has a relatively homogeneous ethnic composition of the population. About 90% of all residents are Bantu peoples. East Africa is located in the subequatorial and tropical zones. It has access to the Indian Ocean and has long maintained trade relations with India and the Arab countries. This is the second, after North Africa, region of the continent in terms of the degree of Islamization. The mineral wealth of East Africa is less significant, but the overall diversity of natural resources is great, which also predetermines the variety of types of their economic use. South Africa, in comparison with other regions, is the farthest from Europe, America and Asia. The economic core of the region is South Africa, the most developed country of the entire continent. South Africa is located in the tropical and subtropical latitudes of the southern hemisphere. From a wide range of natural resources, first of all, minerals are distinguished. The overwhelming majority of the region's population is made up of the Bantu peoples. Task 3. Using the atlas, draw on a contour map of Africa the largest industrial centers and indicate their specialization by industry (SR 15). Task 4. Briefly explain the meaning of the following terms. Bedouins - Yams - Sahel - Metropolis - Monocultural Specialization - Apartheid - Task 5. Using the atlas, study 15 African countries with capitals. Prepare for an oral blind map answer. DZ: textbook, s, write out the natural resources of Africa according to the scheme: country resource (up to 3 countries), Learn the countries and capitals of Africa SR 15. Mark on the outline map the largest economic centers of Africa, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers for leading industries (black and nonferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining industries, timber, light, food).

10 Appendix 1 Comparative characteristics subregions of Africa Indicators North Africa West Africa Central Africa East Africa South Africa 1. Composition 2. Features of EGP 3. Characteristics of the population (size, reproduction, sex, age, ethnic, religious composition, etc.) 4. Natural conditions and resources 5 . Characteristics of the economy (by industry) 6. Problems and prospects

11 Topic 16. General economic and geographical characteristics of Australia and Oceania 1. Using the textbook, atlas, entries in the workbook, fill in the table Population type Population reproduction type Population density Share of urban population Largest cities Ratio of men and women in the population Ratio of different age groups in the population Labor force level Educational level State language Type of farm structure Mining Coal Newcastle, Industry Ferrous metallurgy Newcastle, Melbourne

12 Agriculture Livestock Crop production Transport 2. Based on the completed table compare, draw a general conclusion about the level of development of Australia, its geographic features and role in international geographical division Labor 3. Answer the questions: 1) The head of state of Australia is 2) The indigenous population of Australia 3) The largest river in Australia 4) The main export items of agricultural products 5) Australia has no borders 4. Fill in the table "Oceania Economy" Country Capital Specialization (industry, agriculture) 5. What, in your opinion, are the peculiarities of the geographical position and economic development of the countries of Oceania?

13 Tasks 1. Sign the names of 5 states and their capitals. 2. Designate the largest mineral deposits. 3. List and sign the names of major cities in Australia. 4. Indicate with conventional icons the specialization of large industrial centers Australia. Symbols

14 Topic 17. Russia in the world economy and the international geographical division of labor Task 1. Based on the data presented, build a graph reflecting the growth rate of GDP in Russia over the past 10 years. Submit in writing an analysis of the resulting graph and answer, what, in your opinion, is the further dynamics of GDP growth? Rates of growth GDP of Russia,% Year Value Task 2. Based on the data in the table, construct a graph reflecting the growth rate of industrial production in Russia in years. Submit in writing an analysis of the resulting schedule, explain the reasons for the decline in production. Growth rates of industrial production in Russia,% Year Value Task 3. Analyze (in writing) the dynamics of Russian exports and imports from 2003 to 2013. Calculate Russia's trade balance for the last 10 years. Based on the data obtained, build a graph reflecting the change in the trade balance. Year Value Value of export import Trade balance

15 Topic 18. Geographic aspects of global problems of mankind in the past and present Global problems modernity is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. The main problems of mankind: 1. The problem of peace and disarmament, prevention of a new world war. 2. Environmental. 3. Demographic. 4. Energy. 5. Raw materials. 6. Food. 7. Use of the World Ocean. 8. Peaceful space exploration. 9. Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries. INDEPENDENT WORKS SR 10. Study of geographical nomenclature (countries and capitals). DOWNLOAD Rented in the form of a written test work of 20 countries and capitals. SR 11. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of foreign Europe, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food). SR 12. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of Foreign Asia, using the data of the atlas maps: industrial centers by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food). SR 13. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of North America, using the data of the atlas maps: centers of industry by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light industry, food). SR 14. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of Latin America, using the data of the atlas maps: centers of industry by leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light, food). SR 15. Mark on a contour map the largest economic centers of Africa, using the data of the atlas maps: centers of industry for the leading industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and oil refining, timber, light industry, food). Wed 16. Prepare a presentation (DOWNLOAD TEMPLATE) in PowerPoint in the format of a virtual tour of one of the countries of the world (except for the Russian Federation), send it in e-mail by e-mail Presentation plan: Title slide (name, name of student, group) General information about the country Features of the economic and geographical location (EGP) Population Industry Agriculture Non-production sphere Facts, features that seemed the most interesting (2-3 slides) Used sources of information

16 SR 17. Abstract on the section "Geographic aspects of global problems of mankind". DOWNLOAD ABSTRACT TEMPLATE Surname, name Abstract "Global problems of mankind" Presentation The problem of preventing a world war threatening Latvia Abramov Sergey with the death of civilization and the very existence of life on the planet Maxim Alexandrov World food problem Poland Aliyev Roman The problem of rational and economic Czech Republic use of natural resources Alexander Andrukh Demographic problem in the modern world Panama Bakai Ivan The problem of optimal economic development China of uninhabited territories Maxim Volchkov The problem of environmental protection and Italy of the mechanisms of its self-reproduction Grigorieva The development of the riches of the World Ocean, the development of Spain Polina the use of space for peaceful purposes of progress The problem of preventing natural disasters Japan Degtyarev Roman anthropogenic or mixed origin (soil erosion, desertification, etc.) Denisova Anastasia The problem of eradicating epidemic diseases, diseases of civilization Libya Zelepukin Kirill The problem of eliminating illiteracy and the development of Nigeria education Artem Kakichev The problem of air pollution Gibraltar Kamentsev Anton The problem of acid precipitation Pakistan Kolyshkin The problem of soil pollution Egypt Daniil Konkin Egor The problem of pollution of the hydrosphere Brazil Kurashova Olga The problem of the ozone layer Hungary Lysenkov Kirill The problem of climate warming on the planet Madagascar Matsyuk Mark The problem of oversupply planet Sri Lanka Medvedeva Camilla The problem of AIDS and drug addiction Portugal Milovanov Alexander Global warming and the measures taken by the international community (Kyoto Protocol) Germany Naumik Evgeniya Sustainable development strategy Cuba Nikitina Problems of disturbing the ecological balance in Great Britain Ekaterina hydrosphere Nikolaev Peter The problem of the crisis of culture and morality Mexico Orlov Roman The problem of pollution of seas and oceans Serbia Motherland Anna The problem of fostering ecological culture Chad, Philippines Kharchenko Natalya The role of the teacher in the formation of ecological thinking Australia Tolchenov Andrey The problem of solid waste disposal USA Shalamov Mikhail Urbanization problems Thailand Shatravka Irina The problem international relations Kenya Avdalyan Robert South African health problem

17 CONTOUR CARDS Europe Abroad

18 Overseas Asia

19 North America

20 Latin America

21 Africa

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Educational institution:MBOU

"Secondary school number 3"

Pikalevo

Teacher:Venidiktova Natalia Vladimirovna

Lesson:geography

Class:10

Lesson topic: Economic and geographical position of foreign Europe. Population.

Target: deepen theoretical knowledge on the topic.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

3. Formation of skills to work with various sources of geographic information

Developing:

Educational:

Equipment: wall map: “Countries of Foreign Europe, grade 10 atlas, interactive whiteboard, PC.

During the classes:

Organizational moment

Learning new material

Introductory speech of the teacher.

In characterizing the economy of the world, we distinguished large centers. They belong to different regions of the world. From a general description of the world, we are moving on to a regional one. And from which region we start, you will tell me yourself, having visited the art gallery.

Picture gallery.

You will see masterpieces of artists from different countries, paintings were painted at different times, but something unites them, try to highlight this after getting to know the paintings.

- What unites?

(view of the Abduction of Europa paintings)

Answer: It unites the plot of the painting, the paintings are made by European artists.

Can anyone know about these paintings, the name of the paintings, name the region according to the plot of the painting? An expert will help us to understand this issue.

A word to the expert.

The myths of distant antiquity are evidence of the scientific and philosophical views of our ancestors. Therefore, one has to judge about the first great geographical discoveries, relying on the "legends of deep antiquity." At that time, there were no maps yet, no one wrote scientific treatises. But the myths have been passed down from generation to generation. One of the myths became the plot for writing the pictures presented to you.

The tradition of the ancient Greeks tells of the abduction of Europe. Once the supreme god Zeus fell in love with the beautiful princess Europe. She was the daughter of King Achenor, a native of Egypt, the son of Livia and Poseidon.

Europe loved to walk with her friends on the seashore (Mediterranean). There Zeus saw her. He turned into a beautiful snow-white bull with pearl horns, very affectionate. Europe decided to ride it. But as soon as she sat on his broad back, the bull entered the sea and swam. Ahead, the lord of the seas himself, Poseidon, accompanied them.

Zeus with Europe reached the island of Crete. This is the legend. Archaeological excavations in Crete, among other things, help to extract a rational grain from it.

So, Europe migrated to an island located - according to the terminology accepted today - between northeast Africa, western Asia and southeastern Europe. This event happened, apparently, at the beginning of the second millennium BC. NS.

In all likelihood, it was then, at the end of the 3rd - the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e., the names Asia and Europe appeared, referring to two parts of the world. The first probably comes from the Assyrian "asu" - sunrise. It is assumed that the Assyrian word "erebus" - sunset - served as the basis for the name "Europe". The paintings are united not only by the plot, but also by the name - Abduction of Europa

Well, now, I think you can easily name the region - Europe

(slide: political map of Europe)

- What would you like to know about this region?

Let's compare with the program plan for studying the region through the pages of the textbook. We see that many of the points of the plan coincide with your needs.

Where we begin to study the region, choose from the plan.

Answer: Territory, borders, geographic location.

In economic geography, the concept is introduced - economic and geographical location (ECG).

Position to geographical objects of great economic importance (sources of raw materials and energy, settlements, transport networks, etc.)

1. Economic and geographical location.

An international journalist will help us to determine the EGL, she invited a political scientist-economist to visit, who will answer her questions.

- According to the interview, it is necessary to fill in Table 1 and draw a conclusion. Forms of tables are presented in the annex to the lesson.

Interview.

- Overseas Europe- one of the centers of world civilization, the birthplace of the great geographical discoveries, industrial revolutions, urban agglomerations, international economic integration. This region nowadays occupies a very important place in politics and economy.

When studying a region, you can use various methods of obtaining information, the most necessary is the cartographic method. When getting to know the region, we will use

various cards.

The countries of Foreign Europe are divided into the countries of Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe.

-Contour map, on which the federations are indicated.

According to the form of the territorial structure in Europe, unitary states and federal ones.

- An outline map showing monarchies.

Students name countries, check the slide in the presentation

By the form of government - republics and monarchies. The largest number of monarchies has survived in Europe.

A message about the monarchy, the story is accompanied by slides from the presentation.

2.Population.

This question will help us to study the maps. Using thematic cards, fill in table 2 and complete the task. The task is performed in pairs.

Foreign Europe is the center of the most ancient civilization.

Each country has its own attractions, some of which are dedicated to music. A musical pause is held, using the music of the song Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

For viewing the sights of the countries of Foreign Europe, it is proposed electronic game using a PC. Attached to the game are tables # 3.

III... Lesson summary

Students sum up the results of the lesson independently, evaluate their activities not only in the lesson, but also in preparation for the lesson. The data is entered into an individual portfolio. Lesson participant certificates are awarded.

Foreign Europe is the smallest region in the world, but its role in the world economy is very great. The countries of foreign Europe produce 50% of the industrial output of the world economy. The region ranks 1st in mechanical engineering, 2nd in the production of chemical products. Foreign Europe has been and remains the main region of international tourism. The first place is occupied by Spain, which is visited by more than 50 million people annually. The most attractive for vacationers are the coastal areas of the Mediterranean and the mountain resorts of the Alps, as well as cultural and historical monuments.

At the lesson, we have just started getting to know the region, maybe some of you would like to get an education in educational institutions in Europe and return to serve Russia.

Appendix to the lesson.

TABLE # 1

The geographical position of Europe, favorable, unfavorable features of the economic and geographical position.

Geographic plan provisions	Geographic features position of Europe	Features of economic and geographical location
		favorable	unfavorable
1. Europe square
2. Countries
3. Length with north to south
4. Length with west to east
5. Close to oceans
6. Border lines
7. World transport

TABLE # 2

Characteristics of the population of foreign Europe.

characterizing population of Europe	Source nicknames	Country Northern Europe	Country South Europe	Country Western Europe	Country Eastern Europe
		Sweden	Portugal	Austria	Poland
1.Population	Business card
2.Population density	Country size / area
3. Type of reproduction	Textbook p.63
4. Sex composition					Significantly F
5.National composition	Atlas c26	Swedes. Sami	portuguese	austrians
6 religious makeup		protestants	catholics	catholics	catholics
7.The level of urbanization	Textbook p.78	Very high urba nizironnaya	Vykourba lowered	Vysokourba lowered	Vysokourba lowered
8. Large agglomerations	Textbook p.185	Stockholm 1.6	Lisbon 2.6		Warsaw 2.2
9 form of government	Business card
Form of territorial structure	Business card

Output: Choose the correct statements

For the countries of Foreign Europe, natural population growth is close to zero.

Foreign Europe with a low proportion of the elderly population

For the peoples of foreign Europe, Buddhism is the religion of the majority of the believing population

Sweden has a low population density

For the countries of Foreign Europe, it is characteristic low level urbanization

In Europe Abroad, most countries have a republican form of government, 12 countries have a monarchical form of government

The key to correct answers is loyal: 1,4,6

TABLE 3

Results of the game: "Sights of European countries"

If you have earned a point - "+", if not - "-". At the end of the game, please "summarize.

Sights of European countries	Your points
1.Acropolis
2.Big Ben
3. Belovezhskaya Pushcha
5 Lapland
6 Venice
7 the Brandenburg gate
8 corrida
9. Eiffel Tower

Portfolio form	Portfolio form
Portfolio student _______________	Portfolio student _______________
3. -2 b 4.Table 1-3b. 5.Table 2.-3b Loyal: 1,4,6 6.The game: 10b - 10b Overall score: max 25 points Grade: Well done!	1 Presentation in front of the class- 5 B 2.Work with electronic programs - 2b 3. Working on an interactive whiteboard-2 b 4.Table 1-3b. Favorable: neighboring, seaside position Unfavorable: proximity to hotbeds of tension 5.Table 2.-3b Loyal: 1,4,6 6.The game: 10b - 10b Overall score: max 25 points Grade: Well done!

Introspection of a geography lesson

The analysis was:

Venidiktova N.V.,

geography teacher

MBOU "Secondary School No. 3"

Pikalevo town

Lesson topic: Economic and geographical position of foreign Europe. Population.

Target: deepening of theoretical knowledge on the topic.

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

1. Formation of the concept of EGL, highlighting the favorable, unfavorable features of the EGL of the countries of Foreign Europe.

2. Formation of ideas about the political map of Foreign Europe by the population of the countries of the region.

3. Formation of skills to work with various sources of geographic information

Developing:

Development of cognitive independence, creative abilities.

Educational:

Education of the foundations of geographic culture and worldview.

The lesson was held on the basis of the 10th grade, the class is prefabricated, children from three classes study in it. Students in the class begin to interact with each other.

Introductory lesson to the big topic: "Europe Abroad", refers to the type - the study of new material. In the lesson, it is planned to consider two large programmatic issues: the economic and geographical position of foreign Europe, the population.

At the beginning of the lesson, the motivational-target component was used. After visiting an art gallery, listening to an expert, the students were interested in exploring the region, and set themselves the goal of expanding their knowledge of foreign Europe. The target needs of the students coincided with the programmatic ones.

The study of new material consisted of two stages. When considering the issue of economic and geographical position, the students were offered an interview, during which the knowledge gained should be systematized in a table. This form contributes to the development communicative competence - the ability to enter into communication, to communicate with ease. When considering the political map of the region, the teacher relied on the concepts of the previous topics: federal and unitary forms of territorial government, republic and monarchy. For a complete presentation of the political map, students are offered thematic contour maps. To expand their knowledge on this issue, students listened to a message about one of the oldest monarchies in Europe Abroad. The message was the result of research work. For visual perception of the educational material, a presentation is offered: "The English Monarchy". The form used contributes to development of educational and informational competence.

My question about the expediency of countries with different forms of territorial structure and forms of government on the political map makes it possible to move on to the second question - the population of Europe Abroad. This technique allows you to maintain the integrity and consistency in the study of scientific material.

Students study the population independently, working in pairs, using various sources of information (maps in the atlas, textbook pages). The results are recorded in the table. The results of practical work allow students to characterize the population on various grounds and compare population groups in different countries of Foreign Europe. In the conclusion, tasks are proposed that prepare for the exam. The completion of this task must be limited by time. Students could characterize the population of one of the proposed countries, if there is time, continue the work.

This stage of the lesson develops information competence - analysis of thematic maps, work with all types of information sources. Completing the assignment in pairs allowed me, as a class teacher, to draw conclusions about the formation of the communicative competence of tenth graders. There is work to do. During the work, the students were active and independent. Those couples in which the work was well-coordinated, joint, met in the allotted time. In the course of performing the work, one could use musical relaxation, rather than assign a separate time to the musical pause. The music used during the pause was not chosen by chance, it is dedicated to the sights of one of the European countries and allowed to proceed to the final stage - acquaintance with the sights of European countries. For this, PCs were used, this activity activated children. The educational game helped to successfully complete the lesson. The children summed up the results on their own by filling out a personal portfolio. More than one student did not achieve the maximum score. This indicates that students have just begun to study the topic and there is much to be learned in order to meet their needs and gain knowledge of the program. At the end of the lesson, everyone was given a certificate of participation - this is one of the alternative forms of student assessment.

After the lesson, I had a lot of ideas that will come true in geography lessons when studying various topics in different classes. And the 10th grade, which has both the desire and the ability, will help me with this.

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