Accounting objects and their characteristics. The overall characteristics of the accounting object. Procedure for compiling and storing documents
Thing accounting
Accounting subjectis the financial activities of the organization. In general, the subject coincides with the objects of control.
In order to study the process of functioning of the organization under the influence of management decisions, the control object must be divided into relatively separable parts for their detailed study.
The objects of accounting include:
property organization (assets);
sources of property education (equity and liabilities (obligations);
economic processes and their facts economic activity;
Revenues, organization costs and financial result.
Assets – these are economic funds owned by the Organization on the right of ownership, which should bring economic benefits in the future.
Equity Organizations – this is the balance of assets after the deduction of obligations.
Passives the organization's obligations existing on a certain date are recognized, the execution of which leads to an outflow of resources.
Incomethe increase in economic benefits during the reporting period or a decrease in payables, which lead to an increase in capital of different owners from deposits is recognized.
Expenses it is recognized as a decrease in economic benefits during the reporting period or an increase in obligations that will lead to a decrease in capital.
Financial results – profit (excess of income over expenses), loss (excess of income expenditures).
Classification of the property of the organization in composition and placement
The property according to the composition is divided into non-current and overtime assets
Fixed assets includes intangible assets, fixed assets, unfinished construction, profitable investments in material values, long-term financial investments And other non-current assets.
Intangible asset – non-monetary asset without physical content. It is used in the production or provision of services, goods, for rent to other parties, etc. These are the rights to "know-how", the rights arising from contracts, patents, etc. Such an asset is controlled and it can be estimated;
Main CPEs– part of the property for a service life of over 12 months, post fencingly carrying its cost on a manufactured product in the amount of depreciation, and non-volatile physical form. These include: buildings, structures, workers and power machines, vehicles, economic equipment, perennial research, etc.
Construction in progress includes the cost of purchasing buildings, inventory, equipment, on construction and installation works, etc.
To profitable investments in material assetsrequires profitable investments in the material values \u200b\u200bprovided for a temporary use fee and possession.
To long-term financial investments include investments in subsidiaries and affiliates, in the authorized capital of other organizations, in the GSB, etc.
Overseas assets are reflected in the Balance Asset section.
Current assetsincludes material and industrial reserves, funds in settlements, short-term financial investments and money.
Material production reserves we are necessary for the production of products, sales or resale and other use.
Means in the calculations include various types of receivables. These are the debts of other organizations or individuals of this organization. They are divided into two types:
payments on which are expected more than 12 months after the reporting date and within 12 months after the reporting date.
To short-term financial investments the actual costs of the organization for the redemption of their own shares from shareholders, the organization's investments in the securities of other organizations, HCB, etc.
Cash fromput out of cash money (Cashier), funds at the current account, currency account, other accounts in banks.
Curvas reflected in section II balance.
Classification of the organization's commitments (sources of property of property)
Sources of the formation of property are divided into own (equity) and borrowed (borrowed capital).
Equity includes authorized (share) capital, additional capital, reserve capital, retained earnings, target receipts and financing.
Authorized capital it is formed in accordance with the constituent documents of the organization. Its increase or decrease is reflected in accounting and reporting after making relevant changes to the constituent documents.
In addition capital include emission income joint Stock Company, Amounts from the cash supply in accordance with the established procedure for non-current assets of the organization, part of retained earnings.
Reserve capital – this is the amount of balances of reserve and other funds created in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation or in accordance with the constituent documents.
Target financing and receipt includes introductory, membership and voluntary contributions and other sources of non-commercial organizations.
Undestributed profits represents a profit remaining at the disposal of the organization's results and decisions taken By its use.
Own capital is reflected in section III Balance.
Borrowed capital it is formed by the Organization's obligations to other organizations, individuals, their employees and includes loans, loans and payables.
Obligations of the organization are divided into short-term and long-term. The first is shown in the V section of the liabilities, the second - in the IV section of the balance sheet.
Accounts payable – this is the debt of this organization to other organizations and individuals by wages. This debt suppliers, budget, extrabudgetary funds, employees of their organization for wage, etc.
Accounting, like any other science, has an object, observation objects and specific techniques characteristic of it and methods of registration, collection, processing, accumulation and data transfer to users.
The first decomposition of the enlarged main object of accounting is assumed:
Objects providing production and economic and financial activities;
Objects constituting production and economic and financial activities.
To objects providing production and economic and financial activitiesinclude property (assets) of an economic entity, its accounts payable ( debentures) And your own capital.
The asset is recognized by economic funds controlled by the organization as a result of past events of its economic activity and which should bring economic benefits in the future.
Future economic benefits are the potential of property directly or indirectly contribute to the influx of funds or their equivalents and the organization. It is believed that the asset object will bring in the future the economic benefits of the organization, if it can be:
Used separately or in combination with another object in the process of producing products, works and services intended for sale;
Exchanged for another property object;
Used to pay off payables;
Distributed between the owners of the organization.
Objects components and economic and financial activities, represented by financial and economic processes and their elements - facts economic Life (FCG) and financial results. Factors defining financial results are income and expenses.
The income of the organization recognizes an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) repayment of obligations leading to the growth of the capital of this organization, with the exception of the contributions of the participants (property owners). Revenues include revenue from the implementation of the usual (main) activities and other arrivals: interest and dividends for obtaining, royalties, rent, revenues from the sale of fixed assets, non-deactive profits obtained due to the revaluation of securities, fines, penalties, penalties from third parties and etc.
The expenses of the organization recognizes a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of obligations leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of reducing contributions by decision of the participants (property owners). Costs include material costs on the production of products (works, services), remuneration of workers and management personnel, depreciation deductions and other costs that have provided revenues, as well as losses (losses from natural disasters, sale of fixed assets, changes exchange rates and etc.).
The prevalence of income over expenses provides financial result - profits; Excess costs of income leads to a loss.
8. The concept and types of economic accounting.
Climbing the processes of observation, collecting, identifying, evaluating, classifying, processing and transmitting information about actual condition and changes in the economic entity.
At the same time, each type of accounting plays his own role in the management information.
Operational accounting (in many enterprises today is absorbed by managerial accounting) is used for operational receipt information that is necessary for the current management of the enterprise and its divisions, as well as to control processes and facts of economic life of certain sections of production and financial activities.
Information of operational accounting with high accuracy, objectivity and necessary details reflects the numerous qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the processes and facts of economic life, insignificant from the point of view of other types of accounting. This information is formed on the basis of data taken from primary documents or orally received, or transmitted by phone, telegraph, fax, etc. At the same time, all types of accounting meters are used, but natural and labor and labor are most often used.
The tasks of operational accounting include observation and documentary feeding of processes and facts of the economic life of the enterprise and the lane wine processing, accumulation and presentation of data for the needs of operational management and control. Operational accounting reflects and monitors individual economic processes and facts, as a rule, directly during and on the place of their commission: accounting for products, taking into account the supply of products under contracts with customers, the use of production capacity of machinery and equipment, the performance of production standards, the quality of the products produced, the progress of the trade turnover, the sale of goods, etc.
Operational accounting does not give a holistic picture of the functioning of the economic entity. The use of operational accounting information is limited to a time period. As a rule, it loses its value to manage after the completion of the process or economic fact.
Accounting Creates information The system that operates on the assets of the enterprise, capital and liabilities reflects the facts of economic life on the movement of material values, the production of products and its implementation. Only with the help of accounting, it is possible to determine the income and expenses for the production and sale of products, calculate the final financial result of the enterprise's economic activity .
Accounting, in contrast to the operational accounting and statistics, is recognized as a comprehensive and most reliable view of accounting due to the fact that since the creation of an enterprise throughout its activities continuously in chronological procedure organized a continuous reflection of all the facts of economic life on the basis of primary accounting documents. It represents the quantitative information and is characterized in that it operates only in monetary units Measurements, although, if necessary, to refine the monetary information, information is applied non-monetary nature, expressed in natural and labor indicators. Accounting information system It is divided into external (financial accounting) and internal (management accounting).Financial account is formed information on current expenses and income of the enterprise, with the amount of receivables and payables, the value of financial (investments and earnings from them, the state of sources of funding etc., which is necessary for the preparation of financial statements. The latter is open to publication and is intended for both the administration of the enterprise and external users: state tax authorities, stock exchanges, banks, other financial institutions, suppliers, buyers, potential investors. Maintenance financial accounting For a business entity necessarily.
The issue of creating an internal accounting information system solves the administration of the enterprise. This system Directed primarily to receive information necessary for making management decisions.
Management accounting includes and information on the activities of individual divisions of the enterprise, the cost of various types of products, direct and indirect costs for their types, places of occurrence and carriers of costs, etc., and not necessarily in the cost estimate. Often, the intended monetary assessment is used to make management decisions (especially under hyperinflation), as it is necessary to predict information on the magnitude of future operations, production and sales, profits, income, etc. In addition, the management accounts also use such meters such as tons, meters, pieces, man-watches, car clocks and other natural and labor (temporary) meters.
Internal information is submitted in the form of reports and reports, in particular estimates of expenses, costing production costs.
Financial and managerial accounting is based on operational accounting data, which are consistently reduced and grouped on interconnected accounts.
Statistical accounting it is applied for obtaining and generalizing data, bacterizing mass and separate typical phenomena and production processes and public Life. Their quantitative characteristics are considered in an inextricable connection with high quality in order to disclose the patterns of development in real events and processes (production, trade, cost, cost, work time, wage dynamics, etc.).
Statistical accounting uses aggregated operational and accounting data, as well as information obtained in comprehensive and selective observations conducted by statistical authorities.
Thus, complementing each other, the data of various types of accounting allow you to obtain a holistic picture of the state of the object.
Statistics are mainly used to control large economic structures: enterprises, comprehensive programs, sectors, regions and in general, the country's social and economic life. Statistics reflect the economic, demographic and other aspects necessary to manage the country at the regional and economic level of the country.
Operational, accounting (financial and managerial) accounting and statistics are related through the generality of the accounting methodology throughout the state, as well as forecasting, accounting and reporting indicators; mutual consistency different species accounting, data exchange between them; Applications of unified primary documents and agreed forms primary observation, and in most cases and reporting.
9. The main theoretical tasks of accounting.
The main tasks of accounting (according to federal law) recognized:
- formation of complete and reliable information on the activities of the organization and its property situation,necessary internal users accounting reporting - leaders, founders, participants and owners of the property of the organization, as well as external - investors, creditors and other accounting users;
ABOUT contributor to the information necessary internal and external accounting users to monitor the compliance with legislationOf the Russian Federation in the implementation of the organization of economic operations and their feasibility, the presence and movement of property and obligations, the use of material, labor and financial resources in accordance with the approved standards, standards and estimates;
P defrections of negative results in the economic activity of the organization and identifying internal reserves to ensure its financial stability.
In addition, modern (characteristic of developed economics western countries) Task, considering accounting as a tool for the redistribution of resources in national economy.
The first task is recognized by the historical researchers. Its decision is aimed at protecting the interests of the owners - the preservation of their property transmitted to the economic entity.
The second task of accounting (control as a means of ensuring effective management of the enterprise) was highlighted at the end of the last century and due to the introduction of intensive use systems labor resources. She, on the one hand, develops the first task - ensuring the safety of the enterprise's property; On the other, it is aimed at the formation of an information base for making effective management decisions, i.e. Accounting is considered as feedback information in the enterprise management circuit.
The third task is to identify the economic and legal consequences of economic facts or the calculation and distribution of financial results, although at first glance it seems a narrow-scale, in the conditions of reorienting the economy for market relations acquires paramount importance.
In 1995 made decisive steps on the way to the accounting department of profits from its taxation. In fact, a new direction arises - tax accounting, which is based on accounting, as well as specially organized operational analytical accounting of the data necessary for calculating taxable profits. As distinctive features of accounting and tax accounting, for example, can be brought various approaches to the formation of cost indicators. The costs accounted for on accounting accounts and financial reporting are included in all costs associated with the production and sale of products, works and services. The cost adopted to calculate the tax profit, the costs incurred only within installed limits, norms and regulations, i.e. They are subject to adjustment.
The fourth challenge, considering accounting as a means of redistributing resources in the national economy, is proclaimed relatively recently. It is successfully solved only in countries with established market relations, since for its implementation, two conditions are needed:
Openness (publicity) of financial statements of economic entities;
Developed securities market.
Participants in the securities market, studying public financial statements, invest their financial capital in those areas of activity or specific enterprises, where the profits and, accordingly, the profitability of shares, and withdraw financial capital from low-profile or unprofitable enterprises. The creditors, suppliers and other investors behave similarly.
each subsequent task, as if absorbs the previous, forming a lively interconnected chain.
In the conditions of the administrative and command system, the first task was crucial, although propaganda advanced to the third place. IN market economy The second challenge is important. And only as the market development will grow, the role of the third and fourth tasks will increase.
10. Legislative and regulatory regulation of accounting in the Russian Federation.
Basics of the organization and regulation of the Russian accounting system It should be considered in the context of the classification of world accounting systems (from the point of view of the origin of national accounting and reporting standards), according to which two basic models are distinguished:
Continental, in which the development of accounting is predetermined by the legislative acts of the state;
Anglo-Saxon, in which the accountants are played by the dominant role in establishing accounting standards and reporting.
The main objective of the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting, as noted in the Federal Law "On Accounting", it acts providing a uniform formation of full and reliable information about the financial position, financial results Activities and changes in the financial situation of the organization.
The general methodological leadership of accounting in the Russian Federation is carried out by the federal executive body determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The main functions of the federal authority are determined:
a) the preparation of regulatory acts regulating accounting;
b) organization of certification and verification of the quality of work of professional accountants in the Russian Federation.
The legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting consists of a federal law that discloses the legal and methodological foundations of the accounting procedure in organizations of the Russian Federation, as well as documents that set the rules for submission of full and reliable information in relation to specific accounting and accounting facilities in general. Legislation on accounting is managed by the Government of the Russian Federation.
System regulatory regulation Accounting in the Russian Federation includes the following levels of accounting documents:
a) the first level is the Federal Law "On Accounting", other federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation on accounting issues;
b) the second level is the accounting position;
c) the third level is the accounting account plan and instructions for its use, methodical instructions, instructions, recommendations and other documents similar to them;
d) the fourth level - working documents of a particular organization.
At the first level, except for the federal law, certain aspects of accounting are regulated Civil Code RF and Other federal laws.
Second-level documents include accounting provisions and are approved by the federal executive body determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, mainly by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. Such provisions regulate the principles and regulations for the accounting of individual accounting facilities that constitute a system of national standards focused on international financial reporting standards.
Third-level documents are prepared and approved by federal bodies, ministries and other executive bodies, which are provided with federal laws by the right to regulate accounting, a professional association of accountants based on and in the development of documents of the first and second level. The documents of the third level include accounting accounts of financial and economic activities of organizations and instructions for their application, which constitute the basis for the organization of accounting in all enterprises, regardless of subordination, forms of ownership, organizational and legal form. The account plan is the registration and grouping scheme for economic life in accounting and contains the names and codes of accounts. In the instructions for the application of the account plan, a brief description of the accounts is given, their structure and appointment are disclosed, the economic content of the facts generalized on them, the procedure for taking into account the most common operations.
Fourth-level documents are approved by the head of the organization. They consist of internal accounting documents of the Organization, take into account the specifics of the conditions of management, industry affiliation, the structure and size of the organization and other factors. These documents are mandatory for the system of internal regulation of economic activities of the organization and form an organization's accounting policy.
Information obtained during accounting and accounting preparation can serve as source data for tax calculations. These legislative and other normative acts regulating the order of taxation cannot contain provisions governing accounting procedures.
11. Criteria for the formation of accounting principles. Principles assumptions.
Any science, and accounting is no exception, should have its own principles.
Accounting principles underlie the development of specific rules for keeping accounting, enshrined in standards, instructions, provisions regulating accounting.
Unlike the initial positions of natural sciences - physics, chemistry, mathematics, the principles of accounting are developed by people and may not act when a change in the economic situation.
Accounting policies are formed to conduct accounting in the organization, involving the property separation and continuity of the organization, the sequence of application accounting Policy, as well as the temporal certainty of economic activities.
Accounting as science has its own subject and research method. Disclosure and determination of the subject and accounting method allows you to establish its content and difference from other items. The content of the accounting subject is determined by the economic essence of the objects taken into account.
Therefore, the specific, which distinguishes accounting from other sciences, is based on the disclosure of the characteristics of the economic content of accounting objects (Fig. 6).
The objects of accounting are the property of the organization, its obligations sources of property formation and economic operations carried out in the process finally economical Activities.
Since accounting provides extensive information material for domestic and external users, therefore, the subject of accounting is an ordered and regulated information system, which reflects the assessment of property and placement, obligations (own and borrowed), economic operations and the results of the organization's activities in monetary terms In order to fulfill the planned plans.
One of the objects of accounting is the property complex necessary to a legal entity for the implementation of entrepreneurial activities, which, on the one hand, is expressed in the form of property, and on the other hand, in the form of sources of its formation.
The basis of the classification of property is the sign of the functional role in the process of the circuit, due to the content and economic functions of the property. According to economic theory The property is divided into funds in the field of production and means in the field of exchange (Fig. 7).
Production facilities include funds and objects of labor.
Whether goods are intangible assets and fixed assets that carry their cost on the finished product is not immediately, but gradually, parts.
Intangible assets - property that does not have a material basis, with a term useful use In business, over 12 months, which include:
. Exceptional rights to intellectual property objects: inventions, computer software, trademarks, know-how;
. Organizational expenses, i.e. the costs associated with the formation of a legal entity: payment of consulting, advertising, legal services; Documentation preparation costs incurred before state registration organizations;
. Business reputation of the organization, i.e. the difference between the purchase cost of a certain organization (as an acquired property complex as a whole) and the cost of accounting balance.
The fixed assets are the property that is used in the organization as a means of labor for more than one year, to which buildings, workers and power machines, equipment, computing equipment, vehicles.
Labor objects - materials, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products, components, spare parts, unfinished production, which have been transferred to the finished product completely for one production cycle, change their former natural shape and included in the manufactured product materially.
Materials - Property, directly participating in the production of products and the component of its basis: Steel, lumber, paint.
Raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, components - Property, which is real in the composition of the manufactured product, forming it the basis. Raw materials are the products of the extractive industry and agriculture. Purchased semi-finished products or component products may be materials obtained from other organizations. However, semi-finished products, in contrast to components, require additional processing, and the latter do not require.
Fuel - property in the form of a combustible substance, which is the source of the production of energy, to which include fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene.
Spare parts - property intended for the repair of fixed assets to which include spare frequent, for example, for machines, vehicle, conveyors, power lines, cars.
Incomplete production - property in the form of unfinished production, work in progress, i.e., property that has not passed all the processing stages, phases; Peredels stipulated by technological processes, as well as products that have not been tested and technical acceptance.
The composition of unfinished production takes into account:
. Products, works that have not passed all the stages provided for by the technological process;
. non-compliant products that have not passed tests and technical acceptance;
. The completed stages accepted by the customer under unfinished "work in their phased delivery in accordance with the terms of the contract;
. unfinished maintenance work;
. costs of appeal, accounting for the balance of goods in trade organizations, supply-sales and other mediation organizations;
. costs on the alloy of forest products;
. Incomplete agricultural production.
Means in the field of exchange include finished products intended for sale, goods, cash, funds in settlements.
Finished products - Property, which is the end result of the production cycle and the finished processing (complete set), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents intended for sale.
Products - Property acquired or received from organizations and intended for sale or resale without additional processing.
Cash - property in the form of cash and non-cash funds in the Russian and foreign currencies, easy securities, payment and monetary documentswhich are at the checkout on the settlement and currency accounts in credit organizations both on the territory of the country and beyond.
Means in settlements - property belonging to a legal entity, but temporarily located in other legal entities or individuals of this legal entity, i.e., property in the form of debt to a legal entity (we must), which is called " receivables": This is the debt of buyers and customers, the debt of accountable persons, the debt of the founders.
To funds in calculations include financial investments in subsidiaries and affiliates; government securities, bonds and other securities of other organizations; authorized (share) capital of other organizations; Own shares redeemed from shareholders; Loans provided to other organizations.
Property complex in the classification of the functional role in the process of the circuit according to regulatory documents It is customary to be called property, and in accordance with international standards - asset.
It should be noted, the concept of "property" in accounting is not identical to this in civil law. An example of such "property" may be receivables, which in civil action is not the property. Currently, in the regulations of the Russian Federation, the concept of "property" is replaced by the concept of "assets", which is due to the reform of the accounting system and an attempt to move away from legal terms, since the legal meaning of this or that concept does not always correctly reflect the economic essence of the phenomenon.
The basis of the classification of sources is the sign of property property.
The property complex for sources of its formation is divided into its own and attracted (Fig. 8).
Own sources of property complex are formed at the expense of the authorized capital, the share fund, the authorized capital, share capital, additional capital, reserve capital, targeted financing, profits.
Authorized capital - Capital formed by legal entities formed in the form of a limited liability company and joint-stock company. The authorized capital of the Limited Liability Company is compiled from the value of the contributions of its participants. The authorized capital of the joint-stock company is drawn up the nominal value of the shares of the Company acquired by shareholders.
Unit trust - The main part of the property of consumer societies, formed by profits received from entrepreneurial activity at the expense of mutual contributions, i.e. initial Capital.
Statutory fund - minimum size The property of the state or municipal enterprise guarantees the interests of its creditors.
Folding capital - Capital formed by legal entities formed in the form of a full partnership or partnership on faith. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, economic partnerships and societies are recognized commercial organizations With divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants) by authorized (share) capital.
Extra capital - part of the capital of a legal entity, obtained as a result of the completion of fixed assets held in the prescribed manner, the emission income of the joint stock company obtained nominal value Placed shares.
Reserve capital - part of the capital of the organization, which is part of the profit obtained from the results of activities for reporting periodreserved to cover the possible loss of the organization, as well as to repay the bonds of the organization and redemption of their own shares, i.e., the retained part of the profit.
Target financing is funds received from legal entities and individuals to fulfill targeted events and programs.
Profit is the excess of the income of a legal entity over costs. Profit can be obtained as a result of selling products, delivery and services, fixed assets, intangible and other assets, as well as as a result of putting premises or equipment for rent; exchange differences from operations with securities and currency.
The attracted sources of property complex are formed due to loans, bank loans, loans of legal entities and individuals, other obligations.
Loans - bank loanwhich is provided for a certain percentage depending on the nature of the loan, its urgency and commercial reliability of the borrower. They are short-term, decorated for a period not higher than 12 months, and long-term - over 12 months.
Loans - funds received from other organizations for promissory notes and other obligations, as well as funds from the issuance and sales of shares and bonds of the organization. They are also short-term and long-term.
Obligations on settlements - debts to other legal and individualsarising from the fact that the moment of the cause of the debt of a legal entity does not coincide with the time of its payment. Obligations of their economic content differ significantly from other attracted funds, as they are formed within a legal entity by accrual, and not come from. These obligations are called payables. For example, debt on the accrued, but not yet paid wages; Debt on accrued, but not listed in the budget of taxes. Also, payables include debt suppliers. Suppliers are legal entities who acquire material values. In accordance with acting system Calculations for material values \u200b\u200bbetween the time of obtaining values \u200b\u200band the moment of their payment usually takes a short time during which this entity It turns out his debtor of his suppliers (we must have our legal entity).
According to international standards, the sources of formation of the property complex are called capital and obligations.
In the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation on accounting accounting of capital determination. This term is disclosed in the concept of accounting: "Capital is a balance household agents Organizations after the deduction of accounts payables ", which is similar to the content of the determination of capital in international standards.
In domestic legislation, the concept of "commitment" regulatory acts Accounting is also not defined. The content of this term is disclosed in the Accounting Concept and formulated as "Credit Debt": " Accounts payable The obligation of an organization that exists at the reporting date, which is a consequence of past events of its entrepreneurial activity and the calculations on which should lead to an outflow of the organization's resources that have to bring economic benefits to it are, which is similar to the content of the definition of obligations in international standards.
In civil law, the concept of "commitment" is wider than those used for accounting purposes. In civil legislation, an obligation arises from the contract, regardless of whether any movement of funds took place in fulfillment of the transaction (agreement).
Currently, sources of formation of the property complex are called liabilities.
Another object of accounting, which is an integral part of its subject - economic processes that develop from various economic operationsrepresenting individual facts or activities of entrepreneurial activity, causing changes in the amount, composition, placement, the use of assets and liabilities. Combined in steps of circulation, economic operations form economic processes: preparation, production, sales:
- the process of the preparation consists of such economic operations as the receipt of materials from suppliers, paying transportation costs for their delivery;
- The production process consists of economic facts and actions to form information on the actual cost of products, works, services: the inclusion of accrued wages, the write-off of the consumed materials in the manufacture of products, work and services, the inclusion of part of the cost of fixed assets, intangible assets through depreciation;
- The process of sale consists of such economic facts and actions, as an invoice for shipped products, the receipt of money for the current account from product buyers, determining the amount of profit or loss from this sale.
Thus, in a more concrete interpretation, the subject of accounting is having monetary evaluation Assets, liabilities and business processes of entrepreneurship.
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