Industry value. The significance of the light industry in the world of the economy industry in the modern world

The continuous development of technology every year makes increased demands on the economy. This invariably affects the development of the most important industry of world economy - industry. Nowadays, more than 500 million specialists are employed to ensure its full-fledged work.

The structure of the global industry

Industry is no wonder to be one of the leading branches of the world economy: during the twenty of the century, industrial production has increased ten times, and continues to confidently increase the growth rate.

Industrial goods are in great demand in the global market, and developed countries do not cease to invest significant amounts in the development of new industrial technologies and scientific research.

There are three main groups of industries:

• To the primary sphere Old industries include metallurgical, coal, textile, iron ore and shipbuilding. The growth of these industries is noticeably slowed down.
• To the secondary sphere Such new industries as the production of chemical fiber and plastics, automotive industry, aluminum production. The development of these industries led scientific and technical progress in the twentieth century. They continue to grow quickly and develop.
• To the latest sectors The tertiary sector includes Nano technology, microbiological industry, computing equipment, microelectronics, robot buildings, aerospace and atomic production. In the modern world, the data of the high-tech industry are the most popular and developing.

Fig.1. Future - for Nano Technologies.

The scheme of the development of the industry industry is quite simple and is to reduce the ratio of the old industries towards new and, especially the newest.

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Geography of the World Economy

Changes are constantly taking place in the geography of the industrial world. First of all, they are associated with the peculiarities of the distribution of the spheres of production between the North and South. Significant affects the placement of largest industrial areas, which are usually located in Europe, East Asia, CIS, North America.

For example, a very recently industrial structure prevailed in such developed regions as Western Europe, the USA and Japan. However, the situation in the global industry has changed a lot, and today there are China and countries that produce and export oil (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Algeria).

It is worth noting that the rich countries of the North take a leading place for the production of the latest industrial sectors, while the countries of the south, with a rare exception, are strong in the oil refining, mining, light industry. In the countries of the North, there is an overwhelming majority of various industrial regions, which determine the geography of the world economy.

Fig.2. Mining and exports of oil are the main trump card of developing countries.

Main branches of world economy

The global industry includes:

• Fuel and Energy Industry (Gas, Coal, Oil). The main exporters of oil are developing countries.

Table of world reserves and oil production

• Electric power industry. In the first place is the production of thermal energy, on the second - hydraulic, on the third - atomic.
• Mining industry. He is the most important supplier of mineral raw materials in the global market. Despite the decline in production rate, continues to influence the geography of the World Economy and the division of labor.
• Metallurgical Industry (Black and Color). Directly depends on the extraction of iron ore and steel smelting. Production growth is noticeably reduced.
• Mechanical engineering. It occupies a leading place among other industries of the world economy. It is in this form of industry, as anywhere, a clearly traced division into all industries to old, new and newest. 90% of all machine-building products are manufactured in developed countries.

Old engineering industries have ceased to develop or are in decline (shipbuilding). New branches still show a slight increase (automotive). The newest developing machine-building industries include robot buildings and electronic engineering.

Fig.3. Shipbuilding is the old industries.

• Chemical industry . It is based on the production of polymeric materials and petrochemistry.
• Forest industry. On the territory of the north, the wood of coniferous rocks is extracted, and in the south - wood hardwood.
• Textile industry. Includes the production of fabrics from natural and synthetic fibers.

What did we know?

The main industry of the world economy is the industry, which is constantly developing and thereby affects the geography of industrial industries. Depending on consumer demand and, accordingly, the pace of development, the industry is old new and newest. The latter prevail in rich, economically developed countries.

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Developed industry and high level of the country's economy are key factorsaffecting the wealth and well-being of its population. Such a state has big economic opportunities and potential. The weighty component of the economy of many countries is the production.

What is modern production?

It is a type of manufacturing material and based on the use of science and technology achievements. Intensive changes in traditional production occurred in the mid-1990s, when the industry began to use technical innovations and develop world scientists of the 20th century. All spheres of modern production depend on science and information.

Structure of modern production

Modern production is divided into two types of activity:

1. Material production, which includes industry national economyProducing real benefits: agriculture, industry, construction, etc.
2. which, in turn, is divided into two types:

• material services are aimed at meeting the physical needs of the consumer, the continuation of the manufacturing process, the provision required conditions For business activities. These include food production, transportation, communications, trade, storage of goods, tourism, maintenance of processes in enterprises, housing and household service;
• intangible services - actions directed directly to humans and its surrounding conditions. The result of such services does not acquire a substantive form. These include insurance, social services, health care, scientific activities, spiritual and intellectual services, reception in public areas and hotels, entertainment events, education and consulting.

Such a structure of modern production is due to rapid development in last years Miscellaneous services and information technology.

Features of modern production

Modern production is characterized by such features:

• an increase in the importance of services in industrial processes;
• the ability to satisfy not only the real needs of the consumer, but also its potential requirements;
• the development of information technologies that underlie production processes;
• the economy of many countries is significantly dependent on intangible areas: culture and art.

Factors of modern production

1. Personnel - the company uses the work of specially trained people to create goods or changes in the objects of nature to meet the needs of society.
2. Whether goods - various kinds of material things, with the help of which the goods and services are created by humanity. These include machinery (machines, tools, equipment, different apparatus and tools), natural resources (for example, water on hydroelectric power plants). Thanks to the means of labor, natural wealth is transformed into useful items and benefits.
3. Labor objects are things or their aggregate that humanity uses to meet their needs. They are divided into natural substances that were not subject to change (coal layer), and raw materials that have passed some processing (separated by ore).
4. Information - Recently, it plays a decisive role in production processes. Even if the enterprise owns the first three factors, without information it is doomed to closure.

Production technology

The technology of production of the enterprise is a set of special techniques and knowledge that apply to the product of the product of the appropriate quality. The use of technology must be accompanied by documentation describing all the requirements, conditions and quality standards on which the enterprise is focused during the production process.

The manufacturing company applies a set of input factors that form the technology of the enterprise. For example, the owner of the confectionery shop uses the labor of hired bakers, raw materials in the form of flour, sugar, different additives and capital - equipment, furnaces, various techniques for the production of bread, pies and confectionery.

Modern technology is more progressive, and the company can make some adjustments to it in order to increase the amount of finished products when set of standard production factors. Thus, the owner calculates that more profitable: time-consuming manual production process or the use of capital-intensive equipment.

Modern production technologies play a key role in the efficiency of activity. For this reason, the world actively distributes and exchanges advanced know-how. Thus, economists have identified information as a new special factor of modern production.

Information as a key to success

Information is a set of certain knowledge and information. All spheres of modern production are largely dependent on it. Information plays a crucial role, providing software management technique, the organization of the production process and its control, the possibility of rapid changes, instantaneous distribution of progressive ideas and technologies, advanced training and level of knowledge of workers.

The value of knowledge in all spheres is growing every day. Economists have identified this trend in a separate process called the information revolution. It was she who caused the transition of developed countries from the industrial type of society to the information.

Types of modern production

The XXI century is characterized by a large variety of production activities. The largest enterprises compete for mastering new niches of the market, creating unknown products and services.

List all the products currently existing in our days is very difficult. But all of them, depending on the subjects, are combined into such groups:

1. Food production.
2. Building.
3. Consumer goods manufacturing.
4. Recycling recycling.
5. Production of building materials.
6. Manufacturing material base for enterprises.
7. Chemical production.

In each country, the development of these may differ and depends mainly on the availability of the necessary raw materials and production facilities.

Organization of modern production

The organization is an association of all processes and elements of production, ensuring their interaction, creating conditions for the implementation of the economic goals of the enterprise and the social needs of employees.

Thanks to the rapid technological development and development of new activities, the organization of production has significantly changed.

So, in the era of industrial society, industrial production was considered the main sector of the national economy. It was based on mass production, which went down in history as Fordism - on behalf of Henry Ford, who first used this method of organization in his automotive factory. The key components of the mass production of that time were:

• rationalization - the alignment of each employment to the simplest operations and the definition of such a sequence that would lead to the most rapid production;
• standardization of parts and processes - reducing the diversity of operations in order to reduce the cost of time;
• conveyorization of continuous production is an increase in the volume of manufactured products and a reduction in its cost.

Thus, mass production ensured a large increase in labor productivity and considerable resource savings.

However, in the future, society faced the first problems of such an organization. The mass production of goods overstended the market to the same type of products, and consumer demand was increasingly displaced towards exclusive goods. Such an individualization of demand forced most industrial enterprises to change and start applying multipurpose equipment with software control, which is used to this day.

The widespread introduction of such flexible production systems is the main feature of the organization of modern production. Thanks to this, products can still be large, but the goods are distinguished by a variety of assortment.

Problems of modern production

IN modern conditions Development of the economy Production enterprises are faced with important problems:

1. Any type of production requires constant technical upgrades. In order for the activity to be effective and brought profits, it is necessary to ensure the growth of production, increase competitiveness, expand the markets for the sales of goods. To implement these tasks, technological upgrades should be applied.
2. Deficit of financing and logistical base. In such conditions, the enterprise does not have the opportunity to develop, introduce new technologies and innovations, master the highest level of production.
3. Insufficiently developed research and development in the enterprise. This problem negatively affects the state of the industry as a whole. Improved knowledge, lack of developments and modern studies lead to a gradual decline in activities and a decrease in production growth rates.
4. Deterioration social conditions At the enterprise, which leads to a sharp outflow of qualified personnel. The lack of specialists negatively affects the development of industry.

Solve these problems can be solved by investing in modern technologies production. To do this, you can use the internal capital of the enterprise or to attract funding from.

Modern production and ecology

Production is largely associated with nature. Modern industry Large volumes uses natural resources. As a result, nature is depleted, the health of people, the conditions of their existence deteriorate. This problem is so urgent that the governments of all countries have set themselves the task in obligatory to keep records of the environmental factor.

Such a decision made significant changes to production modern enterprises. They are forced to switch to waste-free and use protective and sewage disposal, conduct scientific developments and safety research ambient.

Fuel and energy industry. The fuel energy industry is a combination of fuel industry, electric power industry, fuel and energy delivery facilities. Over the past two centuries, the world fuel and energy industry has passed in its development two main stages. The first stage (XIX is the first half of the XX century) was coal, when coal fuel prevailed in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance. The second stage was oil and gas. Oil and gas turned out to be more efficient energy than solid fuel. In the 1980s, world energy sector entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where there is a transition from the use of predominantly exhausted mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources.

Fuel industry- This is a complex of industries engaged in the extraction and processing of fuel energy raw materials. It belongs to the group of mining industries and is basic. Its value is to ensure fuel and raw materials of other industries - thermal electroelectrics, petrochemistry, metallurgy. Under the HTR, the role of the fuel industry increases due to the development of electrification and the effect of industries, which determine the intensive increase in energy consumption.

The fuel industry includes coal, gas, petroleum, peat, shale and obstructive industries.

Oil industry . Oil mined in approximately 80 countries, but the geography of this industry is determined by the countries of the "first dozen". The main feature is about 4/5 reserves and more than 1/2 oil production accounts for developing countries that are the main exporters of oil, especially OPEC countries (Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Nigeria, Algeria, Libya, Venezuela, Ecuador).

For more than 3.5 billion tons of oil, more than 3.5 billion tons of oil are produced in the world, of which the countries are the largest oil production countries (in million tons):

Saudi Arabia (493);

Russia (491);

China (187);

Mexico (173);

Canada (158);

Venezuela (133);

Kuwait (130).

Leading exporters are OPEC countries, Mexico and Russia.

As a result, a huge territorial gap was formed between the main areas of oil production and areas of its consumption. Therefore, the main export cargo traffic flows have the following directions:

Persian Bay - Japan;

Persian Bay - Western Europe;

Southeast Asia - Japan;

Caribbean - USA;

North Africa - Western Europe;

Russia - Foreign Europe and CIS countries.

Gas industry.Natural gas is the cheapest and environmentally friendly fuel. Unlike the main gas producing countries, developed countries of Europe and North America are the head gas producing countries. The leader in global gas is Russia, Where the huge pool is located - Western Siberia, then the magnitude of the production follow: USA, Canada, Iran and Norway.

The global gas reserves in 2007 amounted to 177 trillion M3.

In the reserves of natural gas, the CIS (Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran, Qatar are allocated (Iran, Qatar. UAE). By country they are distributed like this:

Russia - 45.6 trillion m3;

Iran - 27.8 trillion m3;

Qatar - 25.6 trillion m3;

UAE - 6.1 trillion m3;

US - 5.9 trillion m3;

Nigeria - 5.3 trillion m3.

It comes to the world market approximately 20% of the total gas. The main exporters of gas are: Russia, supplying gas to Europe, and the CIS countries; Canada and Mexico supplying gas in the USA; Netherlands and Norway, gas supplying Western Europe; Algeria, providing gas Western Europe and the USA; Indonesia, the countries of the Middle East, Australia, exporting gas to Japan.

Gas transportation is provided in two ways: in main gas pipelines and with the help of tankers-gas carriers during the transport of liquefied gas.

Coal industry. The oldest industry of the fuel industry, developed significantly slower.

In the twentieth century In connection with the increase in oil prices, production volumes began to increase, and in 2007 amounted to 6.4 billion tons.

The leading role in coal mining belongs to three large regions: Foreign Asia, Foreign Europe and North America. And in the "first five" countries include China (2536 million tons), USA (1039 million tons), India (439 million tons), Australia (393 million tons), Russia (393 million tons). Many coal is also mined in South Africa, Germany and Indonesia.

Countries: USA, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, India, Poland, Australia, and South Africa are also leading for coal reserves. For the most part, coal is consumed in the same countries where its production is being conducted, so only 8% fall into the global market. In the structure of trade, there were changes - the demand for coking coal, due to the development of homeless technologies, the demand for energy coal is growing in metallurgy. The world market comes annually 350-400 million tons of coal.

The most important role in the competitiveness of coal on the world market is played by its cost. It depends on the possibility of open mining, the depth of the location and power of the formation. Coal exporters are countries where best conditions For its prey. The main suppliers of coal are Australia, Indonesia and South Africa, and consumers - Japan, Western Europe and the Republic of Korea.

The main carbon freight traffic have the following direction: USA - Western Europe; USA - Japan; Australia - Japan; Australia - Western Europe; South Africa - Japan.

Electric power industry. Electric power industry is one of the leading industries of the HTR era. Its development largely determines the level of development of the economy as a whole.

Electricity is made in all countries of the world, but its annual production of more than 200 billion kvchch has only 11 countries: USA, China, Japan, Russia, India, Germany, Canada, France, Republic of Korea, United Kingdom and Brazil.

An important indicator Property of the country of electricity is the magnitude of its production per capita. This indicator is highest in countries such as Norway (26 thousand kWh), Canada (17 thousand kWh), Sweden (26 thousand kWh), USA (14 thousand kWh).

Most of the energy in the world is produced by thermal power plants. The second place belongs to the HPP, in the third place - nuclear power engineering, however different countries The shares of different types of power plants are very different. So, in Poland, almost all electricity is produced at the TPP, in Norway - on the HPP, and in France the electric power industry is based on nuclear power plants. France, Japan, the Republic of Korea continue, unlike many other countries, increase the power of nuclear energy and after the Chernobyl catastrophe.

In deficiency conditions energy resources The search for new energy sources does not stop. In the United States, Mexico, Italy, Japan, New Zealand and Russia, the first geothermal power plants are constructed using the inner heat of the Earth. Tidal power plants operate in France, USA, Canada, Russia and China, in many countries there are wind and solar power plants.

The fuel and energy industry has an impact on the environment: when mining is mined, soil cover is broken, "eaten" whole natural landscapes are broken, with the extraction and transportation of oil and gas, the oceans are contaminated. The world thermal energy energetates harmful substances into the environment, the composition of the atmosphere changes, its thermal pollution occurs. During the construction of the hydroelectric station, the microclimate of the territory changes, its hydrological regime, etc. Nuclear power generated the problem of the disposal of radioactive waste.

Mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries, it is of great importance in the farm. Mechanical engineering provides various equipment and machines on all sectors of the economy, produces many objects of consumption (hours, refrigerators and other household appliances). Nowadays, mechanical engineering takes place among all industries the first place both by the number of employed and the cost of products. In terms of the development of mechanical engineering, they are judged by the level of development of any country. It is in mechanical engineering that a gap between developed and developing countries is especially noticeable. Unconditional leaders are USA, Japan and Germany. Among developing countries, China is allocated. Brazil, Mexico, India and the Republic of Korea.

The sectoral composition of mechanical engineering is very complex. It consists of more than 70 industries. Its main sectors are electronics, electrical engineering, computer equipment, robotics, instrument making, accurate engineering, agricultural engineering and tractor construction, transport engineering, machine-tool construction, automotive, locomotive construction, car building, aircraft construction, shipbuilding.

The production of many types of modern machine-building products requires large labor costs, highly qualified workers. Especially laborious instrument making and the latest industries. These industries require constant introduction of the latest achievements of science, i.e. are high-tech. Placed such production in major cities Or next to them, where many qualified workers and engineers are located, there are centers of scientific research, there is a developed infrastructure. But the orientation of mechanical engineering to the sources of metal in the NTR era significantly decreased. Mechanical engineering is increasingly becoming a branch of widespread accommodation.

On the economic map of the world, 4 main machine-building regions can be distinguished. The first region is North America, where almost all types of machine-building products are produced. The second region is foreign Europe, which mainly produces mass engineering products, but also occupies an important place in the production of products of some of the newest industries. The third region is Eastern and Southeast Asia, in which Japan leads, combining production of mass purposes with leading positions in many new sectors, giving products the highest technology. High level Engineering has reached in new industrialized countries. Fourth Region - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Chemical industry. The chemical industry is one of the branches of the Avant-garde Troika, ensuring the development of the Epoch of the HTR. This is one of the most dynamic industries of the modern industry. The development of all sectors of the economy largely depends on the development of chemistry, chemistry provides industry and construction with new efficient materials, supplies agriculture with mineral fertilizers and plant protection products, contributes to its intensification.

The chemical industry has a complex sectoral composition. It includes mining and chemical (mining raw materials - apatite, phosphorites, sulfur, stone salts, etc.), main chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers) and processing of polymeric materials (tire production , plastics products, etc.), microbiological industry.

Placement of industries of the chemical industry are determined by a set of various factors.

For the mining industry, as for any extractive industry, chief factor Accommodation is a natural resource.

Enterprises of basic chemistry and organic synthesis are focused on the consumer, security water resources and cheap electricity.

To accommodate enterprises of industries producing finished productsThe main factor is consumer.

The chemical industry is a high-tech industry, therefore the head-intensity factor determines the placement of most industries, primarily the "upper" floors. This factor in aggregate with consumer defined the modern placement of the chemical industry.

The bulk of the production of chemical products is accounted for by developed countries where industries that process raw materials and producing finished products are concentrated. In developing countries, until recently, the chemistry was presented mainly by the mining and chemical industry. However, recently, the chemistry of organic synthesis has become rapidly developed in countries that have their own oil and gas reserves (countries of the Persian Gulf, North Africa, Mexico and Venezuela).

In the global chemical industry there are 4 main regions: USA, foreign Europe, the CIS, Japan and China. In each of them, all industries of chemistry were developed, but in particular the chemistry of organic synthesis and the production of polymeric materials.

In the production of products of main chemistry (acid and fertilizer), world leaders are USA, China and Russia. In the production of plastics, chemical fibers and synthetic rubber, USA, Japan, France, Germany and the Republic of Korea are leading.

Metallurgical industry. Metallurgy is one of the basic industries and provides humanity with structural materials, black and non-ferrous metals. This industry includes all processes - from ore mining to rental. It consists of two industries: black and non-ferrous metallurgy.

The geography of ferrous metallurgy is under the influence of fuel and resource factors - coal and iron ore basins. The most rich in iron ore PRC, Brazil, Australia, Ukraine, India, USA, Russia, Canada, North African countries. In recent decades, iron ore mining in developed countries in Europe and the United States has stabilized or even decreased due to the omission of a number of deposits. Currently, the main countries are the exporters of iron ore - Brazil, Australia, India, Canada, South Africa.

In the era of HTR, ferrous metallurgy focuses on cargo traffic of iron ore and coking coal. As a result, the industry has occurred in developed countries. sea ports - In the USA, Japan, Western Europe.

Recently, the consumer orientation is obtained widely distribution, which is due to the transition from the construction of the giant plants to the creation of mini-factories that have more free accommodation.

The leading countries in the production of metal are PRC, Japan, USA, Russia, Germany, Republic of Korea, Ukraine. While in developed countries, the smelting of steel either decreases or remains stable, in developing countries it increases. This primarily concerns Brazil, India, Mexico, but it should be borne in mind that in these countries it produces the main "ordinary" metal, and high-quality steel is still smelted in developed countries.

Color metallurgy in terms of production is inferior to black by 20 times. For heavy metal ores typically low metal content. Therefore, the metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals has a raw orientation in the placement of enterprises.

So, in the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia, Spain, Poland, Chile, Zambia, Peru, such an orientation led to the fact that the main centers of copper smelting were formed in the production places of copper ore. In developing countries, the initial stages of production have emerged - ore mining, concentrate production and draft copper. The final stages of production are concentrated in those countries where there is no own stock of copper ore.

In the second half of the 1970s, a course of resource saving and environmental protection was taken, the smelting of heavy metals in developed countries began to decline, and in developing - on the contrary, increase. Not only the initial, but also finite stages of the production process began to be mastered here, the release of refined copper is established. As a result, there is a territorial gap between the production and consumption of heavy metals. The main exporters of refined copper - Chile, Zambia, the People's Republic of Congo, Peru, Philippines, and the main importers - the USA, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom.

The ores of light metal, primarily aluminum, by the content of the useful component - alumina - resemble iron ore (40-60%) and therefore quite transportable.

Basic bauxite reserves are focused in Australia, Guinea, Brazil, PRC, India, Suriname. The wave of aluminum and other light metals is a very energy-intensive process that developed countries can afford to be allowed where large sources of electricity are available. Therefore, the aluminum industry is characterized by a strong territorial gap between mining of raw materials and its processing and consumption: bauxite mining focuses mainly in developing countries, and the production of alumina and aluminum - in developed. Switzerland, Bahrain, absolutely not having aluminum raw materials, are paid aluminum using cheap electricity, and fully export it.

In the world of aluminum production, China, USA, Russia, Canada, Australia and Brazil are leading.

Forest and woodworking industry. The industry includes workpiece, mechanical processing (wood processing), chemical processing of wood (wood chemical, pulp and paper industry).

The features of the placement are primarily determined by the raw material factor, but energy and water factors are also important for forestry, and for furniture - consumer.

World forests are unevenly distributed. They form two approximately equal in the area and stocks of wood forest belts - North and South. Northern - in the zone of moderate and partly subtropical climates. The most arms of the northern belt - Russia, USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden. Southern belt - in the zone of tropical and equatorial climates. Maintenance forest areas Southern belt - Amazonia, Congo Pool, Southeast Asia, Countries: Congo, Brazil, Venezuela.

The forest industry is characterized by the presence of two forest belts. Within the north forest belt, coniferous wood is harvested, which is then processed into wood plates, cellulose, paper, cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, the forest and woodworking industry are important industries of international specialization. The first place in the world in the export of forest products is occupied by Canada. The main importers of wood are countries of Western Europe and Japan.

Within the southern forest belt, delicate wood is harvested. There are three main area of \u200b\u200bthe forest industry: Brazil, tropical Africa, Southeast Asia. The Wood harvested in them is exported to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest mainly goes to firewood.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the South belt, non-timber raw materials are often used: bamboo in India, Sizal in Brazil, Tanzania, Jute to Bangladesh. Nevertheless, in its production, these countries lagged behind the per capita.

The forests call the "light" planets, they play a huge role in the life of all mankind. They restore oxygen in the atmosphere, maintain groundwater, prevent the soil destruction. The reduction of the tropical forests of Amazonia leads to a violation of the "lungs" of the planet. The preservation of forests is necessary, including for the health of humanity.

Forest resources relate to renewable. But the problem of reducing forest resources and deforesing the territories is quite acute. For the rational use of forest resources, it is necessary to comprehensively process raw materials, not cutting out forests in a volume that exceeds their growth, conduct forest-reserving work.

Light industry. This industry includes primary processing of raw materials, textile, sewing and shoe industry.

One of the leading industries is textile. In the structure of production, the proportion of natural and the proportion of chemical fiber increases. In the first place is the production of cotton fabrics, where the leaders are China, India. The second place belongs to the production of fabrics from the chemical fiber, the United States is leading here, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea. In the production of silk and woolen fabrics leading the United States, Japan, PRC. At the same time, exports are more produced in developing countries. Main exporters - Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil, etc. Here the textile industry is experiencing a real boom, focusing on the cheap labor.

Similar information.

Industry - these are the leading industries of material production; Enterprises engaged in the extraction of raw materials, production and processing of materials and energy, manufacturing machines. There are a large number of groups of industries allocated for different features: to appoint products used, for used raw materials, production technology. The main ones are the extractive and manufacturing industry.

Industries sometimes distinguish between another principle:

■ heavy industry: extractive, part of the industries of engineering, chemical industry, energy, metallurgical, building materials;

■ light industry: All kinds of easy, food, etc.

Each of the industries and industries are characterized by varying degrees of capital intensity, laboriousness, material intensity, energy intensity, water-intensity, and high-capacity. They can even be inside the same industry very different for individual industries (for example, in the chemical industry, the materials of the chemical raw materials, the production of mineral fertilizers, many types of acids and alkalis, and the other pole represent the intangible: perfume-cosmetic, pharmaceutical, photochemical, reagent production etc.).

Historical excursion. The role of industry is constantly increased as the development of capitalism, especially during the period of the industrial revolution of the late XVII-XIX centuries, when the intensive development of the mining industry, the construction of new factories and factories, building production capacity, the increase in energy consumption of all types and, as a result of this, sharp The aggravation of environmental problems. The industrial revolution was characterized by the invention of the steam engine, the mass production of textiles, the construction of railways, the invention of the telegraph, etc. The rapid growth of industry at the end of the XIX and the first half of the XX century. Turned it to the main industry of material production in terms of the value of the product (according to this indicator, the industry exceeded agriculture by 1950 by 2 times, and by the end of the XX century. at 7-8 times). Agriculture was and remains the leading industry in countries that have not passed the industrialization process. In developed countries, agriculture and extractive production remained leading until industrial revolutions occurred (most of them before the beginning of the 20th century).

At the beginning of the XXI century. The world's largest share of industry - at the level of 50-60% of GDP is characteristic of developing countries with mineral resources of world importance, on the basis of which the export-oriented producing industry is developing and for some countries with economies in transition. The search for alternative types of energy, the intensification of production, the reduction of its energy intensity, and the main thing, the priority development of the service sector led to a gradual decrease in industry share in economically developed countries to a level of 20-40%. This trend is also characteristic and for the beginning of the XXI century: the share of industry in the GDP of developed countries of the West will decrease to 15-20% in 2020 against 23% in 2000.

According to the US CIA, in the global economy as a whole, the industry was in 2009 30.6% of the world gross product, the service sector - 63.4%, and agriculture and extractive industries accounted for 6%.

Mining industry. The mining industry includes industries in which the process of mining raw materials and fuel from earthly depths, forests and water bodies (mining, oil-producing, coal, etc.).

Production industry (includes:

■ receiving electricity;

■ All branches of the mining industry;

■ logging, forestry;

■ hunting, fishing, mining of the marine beast. Sometimes forestry and forestry are considered together with woodworking, highlighting the forest and woodworking industry.

Main enterprises of the extractive industry: in power industry - power plants; in the mining industry - careers, mines, cuts, mines, fores; in logging - Lespromkhoza; In hunting and fishing fishery - hunting, fishing, hunting farms and artel. This is the most material intensive industry in the global industry, which gives several tens of billions of tons of various minerals and a large number of rudes of black and non-ferrous metals, building materials (sand, clay, raw materials for cement industry, etc.). At the same time, the number of mined minerals at the beginning of the XXI century. Doubled compared to 1970, however, the cost of production of the extractive industry is only about 10% of the global industry, since the price of the extracted raw materials in most cases is small. The development of quarries and mining is less than 1% of gross global product. Mineral consumption is also concentrated in several regions of the world. USA, Canada, EU, Japan, Australia in which 15% of the world's population lives together, consume most of the metals produced in the world: about 61% aluminum, 60% lead, 59% of copper, 49% of steel. Per capita consumption also in favor of developed countries: in the United States per capita there are 22 kg of aluminum, in India - 2 kg, in Africa - 0.7 kg.

The composition of the mining industry is about 75% of the total volume of production falls on mining industries. It has an increased durability and energy intensity - it accounts for 1/5 of all production basic funds, i.e. As much as mechanical engineering is, and twice as much as the chemical and petrochemical industry. 7-10% of the global oil, gas, coal, electricity production are consumed for the extraction and enrichment of minerals. That is why the mining industry has a negative impact on the environment. At the beginning of the XXI century. Over the world, more than 900 million tons of metals were produced, after which 6 billion tons of empty breed remained. In this case, the amount of waste continues to increase, as the percentage of metals in some ores decreased. So, one gold wedding ring accounts for 3 tons of waste.

Table 10.1. Mining industry in the global economy (at the beginning of the XXI century)

Improve the situation in the mining industry can produce metals from secondary raw materials, since it is less energy efficient than from ores. But for some metals, the recycling level not only does not increase, but continues to decline.

Manufacturing industry. This group includes industries engaged in processing raw materials. Depending on the initial raw materials, the manufacturing industry is divided into industries, processing raw materials of industrial origin (production of ferrous, non-ferrous metals, etc.), and industries processing agricultural raw materials (meat, sugar, cotton, etc.).

Figures and facts.The share of copper in global production obtained after recycling is only 13% at the beginning of the XXI century, while this figure was 20% in 1980. Only 4% of zinc in the world is made from recycled raw materials.

By target destination Production manufacturing industry is divided into major industries: mechanical engineering, chemical, light industry and agro-industrial complex.

Table 10.2.Processing industry

The manufacturing industry component is the basis of the so-called heavy industry. They account for approximately 90% of the total industry of industry in the global economy. Specialized industries that are similar to the appointment of products manufactured (for example, the fuel industry industry), the commonality of the raw materials used (for example, the engineering industry) or by the nature of the technology (for example, the chemical industry industry), are grouped into the so-called complex industries: Heavy industry (fuel, electric power, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, engineering and metalworking, construction Materials etc) and light industry: textile, sewing, leather, fur and shoe; Processing industries of the agro-industrial complex (food, meat and dairy, fish, forest).

The manufacturing industry gives the overwhelming part of the products produced in the world both in terms of cost and by its species.

The leading among them is mechanical engineering (about 40% of the value of global industrial products). It is significantly inferior to the chemical and food industry (approximately 15%), a light and group of wood processing industries -Derevo-processing and pulp and paper (9-10%), and a list of metallurgy and electricity (5-7%) is closed. Thus, the majority of manufacturing industries exceed the cost of products the entire production industry.

Mechanical engineering. The most important branch consumption of black and non-ferrous metals is mechanical engineering, which includes: general mechanical engineering specializing in the production of industrial equipment; transport engineering; electrical and electronic industry; instrument making; Production of weapons and military equipment and a number of other industries. Sometimes it includes the production of metal products. Since the first industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries. This industry plays a key role in all economic development of humanity. Its share in the total industrial production increases, in the production of the manufacturing industry of developed countries, it is usually from 1/3 to 2/5 or more (the proportion of the total - up to 37%; transport - up to 35%; electrical engineering - up to 30%). It is expected that by 2020, mechanical engineering will be almost half of the industrial production of these countries.

Historical excursion.Creation of individual specialized sectors of mechanical engineering: the production of locomotives, machine tools, mining and metallurgical equipment is still at the first half of the XIX century. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. It was found to start the development of such industries as automotive, electrical, instrumentation, etc. To the First World War in world engineering, Western Europe was leading in global engineering, for the production of engineering products, it was superior to the US more than 2 times. The Second World War sharply changed the alignment of forces in global engineering. The position of the leader unconditionally occupied the United States and held them throughout the second half of the last century, while the engineering of the most victims of Western European countries only by the mid-1950s. Gradually restored its position, but by the end of the XX century. They accounted for an average of only 19% of global engineering production.

Mechanical engineering is leading in terms of products in developed countries: the industry accounts for up to 35-40% of the total value of industrial products and up to 1/3 of all working in the industry.

It is the most high-tech industry in the modern industry, all the achievements of NTP are being introduced primarily in this industry. The range of species and types of engineering products includes several million items. No country in the world can produce such a number of products.

Mechanical engineering determines not only the industry structure of industry, but also its placement. First, it is characterized by the deepening of the specialization of production and the expansion of its scale. It is mechanical engineering that occupies a leading position on the use of computer and other electronic technology. Therefore, the production of products of high-tech engineering industries is increasingly focused on areas with a highly developed scientific base. Secondly, the production of machine-building products requires much higher work time than in other industries, therefore the complexity of the industry is high. Thirdly, the metal-capacity industry is sufficiently high, so engineering enterprises are often focused on its centers, although in the HTR era, the orientation of plants for metal has decreased significantly due to an increase in the complexity and high-tenderness of the industry. Fourthly, the production stages of engineering products are carried out, as a rule, on individual specialized enterprises - the role of specialization and cooperation is great, as a result, it acquires the exclusive value of the transport factor. Fifth, due to the specifics of many mechanical engineering enterprises (for example, producing combines or equipment for the mining industry, etc., which are difficult to transport), many of them are focused on the consumer.

During the XX century. The volume of products of global engineering increased about 100 times, in the United States - almost 300 times, in Western Europe - 33 times, in Japan - 5,500 times. Another redistribution of forces in global engineering took place in the last quarter of the 20th century, when sharply increased volume of engineering production Japan, and after it, and some countries of the Pacific region felt noticeably picked up positions and Western Europe, and the United States.

In 2008-2009 In connection with the global economic crisis, the growth of global industrial products, according to the US CIA, for the first time in many years amounted to a negative value (-2.7% in 2009).

The rapid growth of mechanical engineering in all leading countries of the world was largely due to the growth of investment. As a result, not only the significant intensification of traditional equipment and technology was possible, but, which is equally important, forms and methods for organizing engineering production. We are leading in the global engineering of the United States, Japan and Germany. These countries produce the most diverse products. The top of the top ten also includes France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, possessing a very wide range of engineering, China, Canada and Brazil.

On the economic map of the world, four engineering regions can also be allocated. The first is North America, where much of world engineering products are produced. The second is foreign (with respect to the CIS) Europe, which produces mainly mass engineering products, some newest industries are also highly developed. The Third - Eastern and Southeast Asia, in which Japan and China are leading, also combining mass engineering products with high-tech products. Fourth - countries with economies in transition (mainly CIS), which are distinguished by a large volume of production of machinery and equipment, but lagging behind the development of high-tech industries.

The share of developing countries and countries in transition in global engineering is insignificant: approximately 7% at the beginning of the XXI century. But in some of them, mechanical engineering is developing in high rates - in Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico, and especially in new industrial countries, which is generally related to the construction of the branches of Western TNK.

According to the cost of products in global engineering, such a newest industry has escaped, as an electronic. The electronic industry is the most high-tech and innovative branch of modern engineering. In the engineering of individual countries (Japan, USA, the Republic of Korea, etc.) the electronic industry has taken leading positions. Since 1997, in the United States, the products of the electronics industry are taken into account separately from the electrotechnical and its share in the machine-building complex is constantly increasing: 20.1% in 1980, 28.6% in 2000 and on forecasts will be 38.9% in 2020 .

The proportion of the export component in the production of all electronic goods is very large. As part of the industry, the largest share of the cost is occupied by the production of various types of computing equipment - up to 40-45%. The bulk of these products give large firms (TNCs) of the United States, Japan, a number of Southeast Asia countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, etc.) and to a lesser extent of Western Europe. Western Europe firms specialize in the production of mobile communications, equipment for industry, scientific instruments.

Transport engineering (production of terrestrial, water and air vehicle) - The second most important branch of modern engineering. Transport engineering has 2 directions - civil and military. According to the cost and number of products, the automotive industry is leading in the industry. Almost half of all cars in the world produced four major companies: "General Motor", "Ford", "Volkswagen", "Toyota". Main countries Manufacturers: Germany, USA, France, Japan. World economic crisis He affected this industry to a large extent. So, in January 2009, the production of cars in Germany decreased by 34% by January 2008, and exports by 39%. The speed of all was injured by the automotive industry in Italy, where in December 2008 the fall was 50%. In the United States and Great Britain, sales fell by 37%, in Sweden - by 36%, in France - by 14%. China, India and Brazil suffered to a lesser extent, since cars manufactured by them have reasonable prices and an economical engine.

Air Space Industry - (ARKP) - One of the most modern industries of mechanical engineering and includes a large number of different production. It is a high-tech high-tech industry that requires large scientific and technical developments and large capital investments. The ARCP is the engineering industry that has arisen in the HTR era and uniting the previously created aviation industry with the latest rocket-space. In the structure of the industry, there is an aircraft and helicopter construction, rocket-building, production of cosmic aircraft, engine production, aviation instrument making, etc. The total set of subproduces have only several economically highly developed countries. Therefore, only industrialized countries are able to produce all types of its products (the average cost of 1 kg of the main passenger aircraft is $ 1,000, and the cost of 1 kg of a car is $ 20).

All production ARCP is high-tech, labor-intensive with a high share among the staff of engineering and technical workers and highly skilled workers. In the world, there are only three centers - Russia, the USA and the EU, which have research and experimental bases, design bureaus and industrial enterprises that ensure the development and production of aviation and space technology in a wide range of world market needs. The high scientificness of the production process is due to the complexity of products, which is produced in small quantities (airliners in the world about 1 thousand per year, helicopters - 600-1000). And the high degree of capital intensity of the industry determines its high monopolization (even in leading countries there are only 3-4 firms).

To accommodate large enterprises The ARCP inside individual countries is characteristic of large agglomerations and cities that have research institutions. Other factors are influenced, for example, the interest of firms, military-strategic considerations, etc.

In the US, official government support is carried out by budget financing of developments of new technologies, about 50% of all state subsidies accounted for the aerospace industry. As a result, there are about 70% of the total cost of R & D (about $ 20 billion a year) in this industry (about $ 20 billion) at the expense of public financing.

The aviation industry was formed initially as a military industry and only civil planes (large passenger airliners and small aircraft and helicopters needed for the needs of the national economy began to be carried out. Currently, aircraft and helicopters make more than 20 countries of the world, but leading in the world aircraft industry, they control 2/3 of the global civil aviation market. The largest transnational companies in the world (in terms of sales) in the aerospace industry were Boeing (USA), Lokhid Martin (USA) and United Teknolodzhiz (USA). Leaders in the industry, except the United States are Russia, France, United Kingdom, Germany. Russia in the world market of civilian aircraft building takes about 1% (by 2020 the task is to increase the share of up to 10-15%), and in the military aircraft market - 25%.

Part general Engineering Included plants for the manufacture of machinery and equipment for all sectors of the national economy. General Mechanical Engineering - This group of engineering industries, characterized by average metal consumption, energy, low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for oil refining, chemical, paper, forest, construction industry, road and simplest agricultural machines. Specialized enterprises prevail related to the manufacture of blanks and assembling structures, aggregates and parts supplied in cooperation. The products of the industry are very diverse and in demand by all states of the world, but almost 90% of it is produced in four states - the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia. Among the largest engineering companies are leading TNK USA.

Table 10.3.The largest global engineering companies

The share of general engineering in the overall structure of the machine-building complex is slowly declining in the United States (from 24.2% in 1980 to 22.0% in 2000 and on forecasts will decrease to 20.0% in 2020) and Japan (from 28 , 4% in 1980 to 24.1% in 2000 and forecasts will decrease to 20.0% in 2020). Only in Germany is expected to increase the share of common engineering (from 25.9% in 1980 to 27.7% in 2000 and forecasts will increase to 28.0% in 2020). In the general mechanical engineering of this country, over 4.5 thousand firms are functioning, mainly specialized in small-scale production, taking into account the requirements of customers. Their position largely depends on the demand in the foreign market.

Fuel industry - includes all production and primary fuel processing processes. The composition includes: oil, gas, coal industry.

Stages of development:

1. coal stage (first half of the XX century);
2. oil and gas stage (from the second half of the XX century).

Coal industryPlaces of production - China (field - Fu-Shun), United States, Russia (Kuzbass), Germany (RUR), Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (Karaganda).
Coal exporters - USA, Australia, South Africa.
Importers - Japan, Western Europe.
Oil industry.Oil is mined in 75 countries around the world, Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, Mexico, UAE, Iran, Iraq, China.
Gas industry. Gas mining 60 countries, leading Russia, USA, Canada, Turkmenistan, Netherlands, United Kingdom.

Fuel industries:

• exhausting of mineral fuel (coal reserves, enough for about 240 years, oil - for 50 years, gas - 65);
• impairment of the environment during the mining and transportation of fuel;
• territorial gap between the main areas of production and consumption areas.

Electric power in the world
Role
- ensuring the electricity of other industries of the economy.
Leaders for development- Norway (29 thousand kWh. H), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with a secondary level 2 thousand. kW. h.
The smallest indicators in African countries, China and India.
The TPP dominates in the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Romania, China, Mexico, Italy.
HPP - in Norway, Brazil, Canada, Albania, Ethiopia.
NPPs - in France, Belgium, Republic of Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain.

The main problems of the electric power industry are:

• exhaustion of reserves of primary energy resources and their rise in price;
• environmental pollution.

The solution to the problem is to use non-traditional energy sources, such as:

• geothermal (already used in Iceland, Italy, France, Hungary, Japan, USA);
• sunny (France, Spain, Italy, Japan, USA);
• tidal (France, Russia, China, together Canada and the USA);
• window (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands).

Metallurgical industry

Metallurgy is one of the basic industries, providing other branches with structural materials (black and non-ferrous metals).
Costa- Two industries: black and colored.
Ferrous metallurgy. Iron ore is mined in 50 countries around the world.
Placement factors:
Natural resource (orientation on the territorial combinations of coal and iron deposits);
Transport (orientation on cargo traffic coking coal and iron ore);
Consumer (associated with the development of mini-factories and administrative metallurgy). For the extraction of iron ore lead China, Brazil, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, India. But on smelting steel - Japan, Russia, USA, China, Ukraine, Germany.

Non-ferrous metallurgy.

Placement factors:

• raw material (weight of heavy metals from ores with a small content of the useful component (1 - 2%) - copper, tin, zinc, lead);
• energy (smelting of light metals from rich ore - energy-intensive production - aluminum, titanium, magnesium, etc.);
• transport (delivery of raw materials);
• consumer (using secondary raw materials).

The greatest development is Russia, China, USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil. In Japan and Europe - on import raw materials.
The smelting of copper is leading - Chile, USA, Canada, Zambia, Peru, Australia. The main exporters of aluminum - Canada, Norway, Australia, Iceland, Switzerland. Tin is mined in Eastern and Southeast Asia. Lead and Zinc are paying USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Germany and Brazil.

Forest and woodworking industry

Includes: Forestry, primary forest treatment, pulp and paper industry and furniture production.

Placement factor - raw material factor.

It is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.

Within the north, coniferous wood is harvested, which is processed into wood plates, cellulose, paper, cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, this industry has become a branch of international specialization.

Within the southern forest belt, deciduous trees are harvested. Here you can allocate - Brazil, the countries of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-timber raw materials are often used - jute, sisal, cane.
The main importers of wood - Japan, Western European countries, partly the United States.

Light industry
The light industry provides the needs of the population in tissues, clothing, shoes, as well as other industries with specialized materials.

Light industry includes30 large industries that are combined into groups:
primary processing of raw materials;
textile industry;
Sewing industry;
Shoe industry.
The most important industrial industry is textile.

Main placement factors are:

• raw materials (for the primary processing industries);
• consumer (for sewing and shoe);
• the combination of the first two (depending on the production stages of the textile industry).

In the first place is the production of cotton fabrics (China, India, Russia). Second place - production of chemical fiber fabrics (USA, India, Japan). In the production of silk fabrics leading the United States, Japan, China, and woolen - Russia, Italy.

Main exporters - Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.

Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of the industry, provides machines and equipment all sectors of the economy.
Main industries - electronics, electrical engineering, computing equipment, accurate engineering.

The production of many types of machines requires large labor costs, highly qualified workers. Especially time-consuming instrument making, computer production. And other newest industries. These industries require the continuous implementation of the latest achievements of science, i.e. are high-tech.
Place such production in large cities or next to them. Dependence on the sources of metal, the HTR era has decreased significantly. Mechanical engineering Today, the industry has almost widespread accommodation.

The world has developed 4 large region Mechanical Engineering:
North America.Releases about 30% of all machine-building products. There are almost all types of products, but it is especially worth name - the production of rocket and space technology, a computer.
Foreign Europe.The volume of products is about the same as in North America. Releases mass products, machine-tooling products and automotive industry.
Eastern and Southeast Asia. It is allocated by the products of accurate mechanical engineering and products of accurate technologies.
CIS. 10% of the total volume, severe engineering stands out.
Chemical industry
The chemical industry has a complex sectoral composition. She is includes:
mining industry (mining raw materials: sulfur, apatite, phosphorites, salts);
basic chemistry (salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers);
the chemistry of organic synthesis (production of polymers - plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers);
Other industries (household chemicals, perfume, microbiological, etc.).
Placement factors:

• For mining - the natural resource factor defining
• for the main and chemistry of organic synthesis - consumer, water and energy.

Stand out 4 large regions Chemical industry:
Foreign Europe(leading Germany);
North America (USA);
Eastern and Southeast Asia(Japan, China, new industrial countries);
CIS (Russia · Ukraine · Belarus).

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