What is payable arrears in a simple language. Credit debt of the enterprise: types and composition

In the modern economic world of the organization should correctly evaluate their financial capabilities and be able to count not only profits, but also debts. That's why accounts payable It is an urgent topic and allows you to really assess the possibilities of the enterprise. Conditioning to lead it correctly, write off debts, and also effectively analyze and draw conclusions, you can achieve good results in business.

Accounts payable - what is it

So, let's figure it out with terms. Credit debt is the debt of any subject, if he is a saline or a whole company, in front of creditors. Here it is important to make a reservation that the subject must pay off their debt, otherwise, especially malicious delay will be punished by the court.

By the way, such a debt appears when the date of receipt of goods or services does not coincide with the number when the goods should be paid. Speaking of responsibility, which inevitably overtakes the subject with non-payment of debts, then it is regulated by Art. 177.

But what is accounts payable simple words? Talking quite simply, this is the cash that the company owed at creditors, but could not pay in a strictly defined time.

Types of payables

Speaking about the composition of payable debt, it is necessary to understand that it is determined by the absolute sums of each type of debt. Well, if we talk about the structure of debt, here the main scales of certain types of debt will be the main scales.

So, let's talk about what exactly is characterized by payables and which classifications can be divided into it. It:

1. The initial debt is available from the company in front of organizations supplying services, as well as organizations supplying goods. Debt can be formed for the received, but not returned in monetary equivalet material values.
2. Debt, which is accrued to the enterprise to the staff of the organization. That is, the company has debts immediately before employees of the company.
3. Debt formed from the subject to extrabudgetary state funds . That is, it arises by contributions to compulsory insurance, In terms of insurance payments, and so on.
4. The subject must budget. That is, they did not make the necessary amounts for payments to the budget.
5. Debt available by advances. That is, the debt is available in advance, which were obtained by the enterprise under the upcoming supply of certain services or goods.
6. Duty existing in front of other creditors. A lot of points comes here from debts on accrued fines and ending with debt to accountable persons.

By the way, this term can be classified and otherwise. In particular, accounts payable can be urgent or, on the contrary, indefinition. It is worth explaining in more detail here, from which this classification depends. If we are talking, for example, about the advances that were previously received from buyers, they can be called indispensable, as they do not lead to fines accrued daily for delay. As a result, the repayment of such accounts payable may and wait a bit to more "happy times." If we are talking, on the contrary, about the creditor as a budget, banks, various funds, then such dogs can be called urgent, and such debts need to be repayed first.

When can the enterprise can get into the "debt pit"? Here are two options:

• in the event that the company does not fulfill its obligations on time, constantly crossing payments.
• if the debt appears due to the existing system of calculations, that is, the term that is allocated for payment does not coincide with the term when the payment was accrued.

In order to analyze payables more in advance, it makes sense to consider the residue that has formed at your end of the month. Observe which payments were not repaid on time and why it happened. This will help you to analyze the situation in the next month, "bring ends with the ends."

Debt Management

To efficiently manage payable debts formed by the company, it is necessary to determine their best structure in this particular situation and for a particular organization.. How to do it:

1. To begin withdrawing the debt budget, analyze and implement the coefficients and accept them for the planned.
2. We analyze what we succeed, and compare with the plan, and then determine whether deviations from the norm occurred. According to the results of the analysis, we draw conclusions and, perhaps, we discuss with creditors, new deadlines in which you would have time to pay for your debts.
3. Further, on the basis of analyzed actions, it is necessary to develop a plan that will help cope with debts. Again, this will help you cope with the "debt of the debt" and in a short time to pay all debts to the creditors who have copied for the current period.

Do not forget about the strategic approach. So, in order for relations with the already existing creditors, the security of the enterprise, as well as its competitiveness and profitability, should develop a strategic line, thanks to which new capital will be attracted and effectively used.

How to take into account the debt

Unfortunately, any company has economic activityAs a rule, it appears at least a small, but "misfire" in front of creditors. Of course, if there are certain funds, and it is possible to quickly pay off counterparties, then no problems will arise. The topic will be closed as soon as debt is repaid. However, how to write off the creditor of the enterprise, if at the moment you do not have enough funds to repay it?

To begin, it is possible to determine such debt as the debt of one company before another company for the acquisition of various goods or services. This type of debt must be taken into account either before the date of his write-off from accounting, or before the debt is repaid.

Amortization

Only when the organization pays off with all its debts, such a long-awaited debt debt will occur. What does it look like? You can either pay your debt, listing the funds to the creditor account, or your debt will be credited to the account of that debt that is available at the lender in front of you. By the way, the tools can be listed either the supplier itself or another person with the consent of the supplier. But here it is important that the recipient is authorized by the provider to accept the money transferred, which you can tell you personally or send information by writing. When your funds go to the Intermediary's account, the obligation can be considered executed.

However, if at the moment you do not have the ability to pay debt, in some cases you have the right to write off. But there must be certain reasons listed in the law:

1. If the claim has ended, which is three years from the moment when it originated. In most cases, this is done through the court.
2. For other reasons that are established in the law.

Cancellation of debt

Let's analyze such a thing in more detail as cancellation of debt. What does this understand? And understand under this the operation, thanks to which the income is recognized, and the debt is excluded from the outstanding. As it is this case It is about recognizing income, the operation will be recognized in tax and accounting only subject to the following rules:

• a documentary confirmation is performed, talking about the recognition of income;
• the right amount is calculated, which is meant by income;
• the same date is true when income was recognized.

Unfortunately, in order for the debt indeed to be written off, there is often a little wrestling. To do this, be guided by certain criteria to recognize the income. If we talk about tax accounting, then the NCU norms should be taken into account. If we talk about accounting, you are guided by the norms of P (C) bu 15. In order for the debt to be written off, you need to have debt status hopeless.

So, what debt can be called hopeless? Here you should consider the NCU norms. It:

1. First of all, the calculation takes the claim. If you have already managed to go through three years after granting a loan, then the debt can be considered hopeless.
2. Also debt can be called hopeless, if we are talking about the laid property.
3. Sometimes a debt is considered hopeless if it cannot be recovered because of situations outside the usual framework - for example, it may be force majeure situations characterized by a natural disaster (tsunami, earthquake, etc.).

That is, if we are talking about force majeure or about the laid property, then the debt can be called hopeless only if it has passed the term of limitation.

Borrowed capital

1. If you need borrowed moneyoh, this capital will be excellent (and completely free) source of borrowed money. Thanks to him, you can not only increase the borrowed part of the funds, but also improve the overall financial condition of the company.
2. The amount of borrowed capital is directly valid for the duration of the financial cycle and affects the amount of money that needs to finance current assets. The larger size accounts payableMoreover, the organization needs to attract funds from the part to finance activities.
3. The state of debt depends largely on which financial condition is the company. The turnover and the number of selling and purchased goods are taken into account. If these factors increase, the company's costs are increasing, accrued on accounts payable, which inevitably leads to an increase in all debt, and vice versa. Conclusion: Commodity turnover is increasing - debt increases.
4. How high your debt will depend on how often you return loan funds. This frequency of payments and is regulated by the terms of contracts with partners, regulatory acts From the state and only in a small part - internal regulations of the organization.

A continuous increase in debt without periodic repayment leads to increasing payables, which is undesirable for the organization. In addition, it spoils its overall financial condition and market value.

If we talk about the magnitude of the debt, then the following items affect it:

1. Total Number of Shopping and Share On the terms involving the subsequent payment, as well as the conditions that were stipulated in the contract with counterparties.
2. Contractual obligations on which the company is calculated With those who provide them with services or supplies goods. It is also taken into account how much the market has been saturated with the supplied products.
3. Also, the debt will affect the policy that is used to repay the debt, as well as how qualitatively the debt is analyzed and what is assessed with the results obtained. In addition, the calculation system is also taken into account that is used by the organization. We should analyze debts and make the right conclusions.

When the company ceases to pay in cash and begins to use cashless, the quality of debt and the total turnover is crawling up, while the amount of debt crawl down. As a result, the company becomes more financially fermented, solvent and sustainable financial "jumps". As for the debt, it may stop the fulfillment of obligations or tritely written off by financial abnormality.

Accounts payable - It is debts to pay. Credit debt arises when an advance has been received from buyers, and the goods (work, services) are not yet fully implemented, or if goods (work, services) received from the supplier (work, services), and funds for them are not yet paid.

On the one hand, accounts payable is funds raised to conduct economic activities, with something, as a rule, without paying interest. This is the positive side of payables.

At the same time, overdue payables can lead to the need to pay penalties, the presentation of lawsuits, in the worst case - recognition of the enterprise bankrupt.

Evasion from paying payables in the amount of more than 1.5 million rubles. It is a criminal act.

Credit debt, which cannot be charged due to the expiration of the limitation period, is written off to increase financial results.

Analysis of payables

Analysis of payables is aimed at determining the ability of the enterprise to repay it, i.e. His solvency is analyzed.

For this, liquidity coefficients are calculated, which are the ratio of current assets to short-term liabilities (liquidity coefficients differ in the composition of assets in a numerator).

The value of the liquidity ratio is less than the adopted standard indicates possible difficulties in repaying short-term accounts. The higher the value of liquidity coefficients, the higher the solvency of the enterprise.

Information about payables is reflected in the financial statements:

Line 1520. accounting balance;

In sections 5.3 and 5.4 explanations for accounting balance and income statement (the form recommended by the order of the Ministry of Finance of 02.07.2010 No. 66N).

More information is reflected in accounting:

Credit Debt: Details for Accountant

• How to manage receivables (payables) debt

  Credit debt is formed, its repayment is made by money. Thus, accounts payable ... Management of receivables, payables. 2. Terms. 3. Limits of receivables and payables. 4. Order ... by expenses. Accounting receivables, payables Accounting Accounts receivable and payable debtsProduction ... Management. Management of overdue receivables, payables arrears in which the obligations are not ...

• VAT when writing off payables: problematic situations

  In addition to writing off payables, in addition to the expiration of the statute of limitations, payables should be ... and in addition to the expiration of payables, payable bills should be ... accounting "). When writing off payables, it is necessary to issue: an act of inventory of accounts payable on the results of the general director of the write-off payable debt. Inclusion of payables with expired Cameton ...

• Credit Debt in the Selection of the Criminal Code

  Refirming the fulfillment of the requirement of payables, is a copy of the approved balance sheet ... An accounting balance is not only payables reflected in the composition of short-term ... right: - to independently reassess the composition of payable debt reflected in the accounting statements of the applicant ... represented accounting reporting. Credit debt of the Company according to the accounting balance ...

• Fill information on receivables and accounts

  12 months. Overdue receivables (payables) arrears - unfulfilled debt at the occurrence of ... Increases receivables (payables) Debt 6 shows the amount of increasing receivables (accounts) debt on non-monetary ... receivables (payables) of debt 8 is reflected total amount Reducing receivables (payables) debt on ... Non-monetary calculations 9 indicates the total amount of receivables (payable) debt, ...

• The procedure for writing off payables with USN. Example

  Accounting disclaiming payables in accounting Credit debt is recorded by wiring: Debit ...). Documentary registration of the write-off of payables if the limit of the limitation of payables has expired, it should be ... on the write-off payable debt. Reflection of debt cancellation debt in accounting recorded payable debt forms income ...

• Write off payables of the liquidated enterprise

  The amount of payables (obligations to creditors) include the amount of payables (obligations to creditors), ... a detailed list of grounds for writing off payables, but it is open ... which has accounts payable for previously supplied goods, the amount of accounts payable to ... to the register. Therefore, the amount of accounts payable is subject to inclusion ... The liquidated organization should include payables in non-dealer income to ...

• Irregular information in information on receivables and accounts

  In information on receivables and payables of the institution (f. 0503769) accounts receivable... in information on receivables and payables of the institution (f. 0503769) of receivables ... in the information on receivables and payables of the institution (f. 0503769) of any ... No. 33n information on receivables and payables of the institution ( F. 0503769) included in ... the information on the receivables and payables of the institution (f. 0503769) are included in ...

• Case: How to "write off" payables without the emergence of a tax base for income tax

  The task of writing off the "ancient" receivables and payables is familiar with almost every accountant. Typical ... The task of writing off the "ancient" receivables and payables is familiar with almost every accountant. Typical ... Thus, the company has accounts payable, acquired by an individual, repaid. Amount ...

• Analysis of the changes entered in Instruction No. 191n

  Also indicators of changes in settlements (accounts receivable, accounts), formed in correspondence with accounts ... Reflect the data on overdue receivables, payables (unfulfilled debt upon the date of the date ... 40,000 "income of future periods"; payables formed by the appropriate Analytical accounts .... 0503169) indicates the total amount of receivables (payables) debt, taken into account in the corresponding account number ...

• Checking calculations with suppliers and contractors

  The emergence of receivables, payables of the institution; write off the amount of receivables and payables; measures, ... the validity of the amount of receivables, payables, including the amount of receivables and payables, for which they have expired ... (budget) reporting data on accounts payable to managers, members of the deliberative bodies ... write off from accounting amounts receivables (payables) debt with violation of legislation requirements; Failure ...

• Clarifications to fill information (f. 0503169)

  State of settlements on the receivables and accounts of the subject of the subject budget reporting In the ... state of calculations on the receivables and payables of the subject of budget reporting in ... state of settlements on the receivables and payables of the budget reporting entity in ... Debt, overdue receivables, overdue payables. In column 1 of information (f .... 1. Information about receivables (payables) of the debt number (code) of the budget accounting account ...

• Reflection of receivables in reporting accounting forms

  INFORMATION 1. Information on accounts receivable (payables) of Count 1 indicates the numbers of the corresponding ... 9 indicates the total amount of receivables (payables) debt, taken into account in the corresponding account number ... 12 indicates the total amount of receivables (payable) debt, taken into account on the relevant code synthetic ... depending on the availability of indicators of receivables (accounts) debt in the current financial year in...

• Clarifications on the presentation of budget reporting in 2018

  Information (f. 0503169) does not reflect payables, which are recorded on the respective accounts of analytical ... ", since this debt is short-term. Credit debt, which is listed on accounts 0 205 ... Violation of the conditions for the implementation of non-financial assets. Credit debt accounting in front of accountable persons ... order is established accounting policies institutions). Credit debt to the accountable face of a declarative nature ...

• Profit tax in 2017. Clarifications of the Ministry of Finance of Russia

  The limitation of the previously written off payables should be restored. Arriving ... RF to determine the indicator of payables should be summed by the taxpayer's debt ... that, first of all, payables overlaps (reduces) receivables ... RF to determine the accounts of payables should be summarized the taxpayer's debt ... income of the amount of farewell (writable ) Credit debt. Letter from September 5 ...

• Make a quarterly forms of reporting for 2019

  Changed. Information on receivables and payables of the institution (form 0503769) called ... years; Indicators of the change of receivables and payables, formed in correspondence with ... not only the amount of receivables and payables of the institution with the allocation of amounts, ... Explanations on completing 1 on accounts payable reflected indicators formed not ... 9 indicates the total amount of receivables ( payables) debt, income of future periods, reserves of the upcoming ...

Receivables- This is one of the most liquid assets of the enterprise. However, the amount of receivables is something that can cause a lack of financing, especially without correlation with payables and without effective management of these types of debts. IN this article will we are talking On the concepts of receivables and payables, the risks associated with the availability of debt assets and obligations, as well as on some methods for reducing these risks.

The concept of receivables - are we we should or should we?

Accounts receivable is the debt of external counterparties and employees of the enterprise before the organization.

Buyers receivables arises in the case of granting a deferment of payment (in this case, they talk about commercial credit), as well as with the buyer's failure to fulfill its obligations under the payment of the goods, works, services, services. Prepayment suppliers of goods, works, services is also included in receivables. Examples of such debutors can serve as rental deposits or amounts paid for the annual subscription of printed publications.

As part of receivables, an overpayment of taxes, fees and contributions in extrabudgetary funds, as well as various debts of employees in front of the organization, for example:

• the amounts received by employees under the report;
• wage overpayment;
• debt on loans received from the enterprise;
• duty to compensation for shortage and material damage.

What is the creditor of the company's debt with simple words

Payables are the debt of the enterprise before external counterparties, budget and extrabudgetary funds, as well as employees of the enterprise.

Payable arrears arises if the company received goods, work or services, she overturned them in accounting, but did not fulfill the obligations to pay. Debt to creditors is current and overdue depending on the right to delay the payment and the date of the occurrence of debt.

For example, wages are charged in accounting on the last day of the month, and is paid at the beginning of the next month. At the end of the month of accrual, payable debt to employees of the company wages It will be current. In case of non-payment of wages within the prescribed period, such debt will be considered overdue.

Consider how debating and creditors are reflected in the accounting statements of the enterprise.

Account and creditor for the year in f. 1 balance and other forms of annual reporting

Depending on the repayment period, the creditor is divided into long-term (more than a year) and short-term (less than a year) and, in accordance with this classification, are shown in the balance sheet. Accounts payable in balance is either long-term commitmentwhich is reflected in section IV or short-term obligationwhich is reflected in line 1520 of section V.

Accounts receivable is reflected in line 1230 in section II of the accounting balance.

Accounts and payables are important indicators The accounting statements of the enterprise that are subject to decoding in explanations to the reporting (p. 27 PBU 4/99 " Financial statements Organizations ", approved. Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.07.1999 No. 43N). Deciphering receipts and creditors are interested in reporting users first of all, since these assets and liabilities may be risk sources.

What does the ratio of receivables and payables mean?

The ratio of receivables and accounts - an important subject of analysis financial state Enterprises. However, it cannot be viewed separately from other reporting articles.

If the creditor exceeds the receipt - this may mean that the company is lacking for working capital, but it may also mean that the enterprise has a sufficient number of other resources, for example money.

Unambiguously, it can be said that the postponement of payments provided to customers should be less or equal to the deferment of payments to the enterprise suppliers. Otherwise, the company will experience an acute shortage of funds necessary for settlements with creditors with arising from this situation. additional expenses At the payment of penalties and fines.

It is necessary to understand that the terms "receivables" and "payables" are needed correctly. If you write the buyer as a claim as follows: "Please pay account receivables under the supply contract", your counterparty will not understand the essence of the request, since the debt before your company is listed as a creditor.

Important ! When issuing legally significant documents, do not refer arrears as payables or receivables, use the concepts defined in the contract.

Accounts and payables are a source of risks

You can allocate the following risks associated with debitor and creditors:

• credit risk (risk of failure to fulfill obligations by debtors);
• the risk of loss of liquidity (the risk of failure to fulfill obligations to creditors);
• operational risk (risk of loss and losses due to shortcomings in control and management systems).

What measures should the enterprise be taking to reduce the influence of risks on current activities?

Work on the prevention of the occurrence of overdue and impossible to recover debts of buyers (credit risk) begins with assessing client reliability before the conclusion of the contract. For such an assessment, to analyze the accounting statements of the client. It is important to have information about the participation of the future buyer in trials, tax disputes, check the authority officialsSigning juristic documentsAnd also to spend other necessary checks.

Of course, the most reliable way to prevent debt collection from buyers is the work on the basis of prepayment, but in market conditions you have to find compromise payment options, including the provision of delaying payment.

Work on the prediction of cash flows, depending on the payment obtained and the delay, can significantly reduce the risk of liquidity loss.

Reducing operational risks is achieved by building a clear management system receivables and payables. One of the elements of the management of receivables is insurance of debaters.

Insurance of receivables

How does receivables insurance work? The company concludes an agreement with an insurance company, where the main conditions of the insurance contract are determined, including the list of insurance claims, the procedure for assessing the financial position of debtors and others. For example, in the insurance contract it may be determined that the insured event recognizes the failure to fulfill the obligations of the buyer during a certain term insurance contract.

Insurance Company And the insured is determined by the list and the amount of receivables subject to insurance.

Note! The insurance company does not insure receivables as a whole, and carefully suits the risks of non-payment in the context of each insurer client.

What happens as a result of the offensive insurance case? The insurance company pays the enterprise to the insurer the amount of insured receivables with a certain discount, that is, part of the amount of the debt is charged to the expenses of the enterprise. After that, the right demands of debt proceeds to the insurance company.

Despite the fact that the insurance of receivables is a fairly reliable tool in reducing credit risks, the company should compare upcoming expenses And the estimated benefits of this type of insurance.

RESULTS

In order to provide competitive commercial conditions for their customers , in particular, to give them a deferment of payment, the company must find a source of financing its own expenses for the period of deferment. The accounts payable is one of such sources of financing the current activities of the enterprise. Competent and effective management of receivables and payables are the key to success of any commercial activity.

Accounts receivable is The amount of debt of partners and employees in front of a coercion. With their goodness, it is transformed into money, but significant volume receivables are And the potential losses of the economic entity at the same time, since it may be overdue if the debtor suddenly go bankrupt. Consider in our publication, what accounts are receivables and the concept of payable debt with it.

Account - So should we either?

By debt debtors understand the amounts that have not yet been paid to the company by its partners or employees, but must enter the current account or the company's cash register for contracts or legislative obligations. The most frequently given term is used to designate the amount of unpaid, but already produced shipments of goods to the buyer. Also under receivables should be understood as a prepayment made by the company, in which there were no receipts of the TMC, and services were carried out. For example, an annual subscription to periodicals or deposit to the future rental of premises.

In addition, overpayments in the budget or debts of employees are often taken into account in receivables. In particular, it can be:

• accountable amounts of workers;
• unnecessarily paid amount of remuneration;
• loans issued to employees;
• debt on covering caused due to a shortage of loss.

What is accounts payable simple words

Credit Debt iscompany debt to suppliers, contractors, budget and foundations, as well as employees.

Examples of the onset of this event are to obtain goods, taking into account the work carried out or services rendered without payment. In this case, the debt may relate to the current, if it is within the limiting delay, and overdue, if the last allowed date for the final transfer of money is missed.

Example

As an example, the wage arrears can be brought: the salary is accrued at the end of the month, and before the day, until its transfer is carried out, it acquires the status of the creditors. At the same time, the debt is considered to be currently considered to be the current payout payment, if the delay occurs, it will become overdue.

In current activities, specialists should clearly navigate the concepts of receivables and payables, so there should be no questions like, for example: " Credit debt - we should or us?»

As reflected receivables and payables for the year in the form of 1 balance and other reporting

In order to include in the form financial statements Payable debt is made to determine as a short-term, if less than a year has passed since its formation, and long-term, if this period is exceeded. In this way, accounts payable in balancethe amount reflected in Section 4 or section 5 in line 1520, respectively. For receivables in the balance sheet set Section 2, line 1230.

IT SHOULD BE NOTED!Accounts and payables are key parameters of financiality and their description must be included in explanatory note To balance. This is stated inp. 27 PBU 4/99 "Organization's Accounting Reporting" (approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 06.07.1999 No. 43n). Evaluating the company with risks, users carefully studyaccounts receivable and payables, as they can become one of the main causes of insolvency.

What is the importance of monitoring the ratio of receivables and payables

Comparison of levels receivables and payables - An important element of the assessment of the economic situation of the company. However, considering these items apart from the rest would be erroneous.

In case of exceeding payables over receivables, it can be concluded that there is no fundamental to the company in the company's turnover, although in such cases may, on the contrary, there is an overabundance of money supply.

At the same time, it is desirable to maintain a tendency in which delays in payments by buyers should be less than the same indicator for sellers. Otherwise, the company may face a lack of resources to cover the creditors' existing ones and as a result - with additional expenses for the payment of penalties and fines.

In addition, it should be correctly used by the terms. accounts receivable and payable,considering the context of their use. In particular, if you write the buyer about the need to repay the account for the delivered goods, it will not immediately understand what it is about, because for it these amounts are included in the composition accounts payable company. It is desirable that the wording corresponds to the fact that they are spelled out in contracts.

The concept of receivables and payables from the position of the risks of the enterprise

Both types of debts described carry some dangers in terms of influence on the stability of business. In particular, they can be as follows:

• the ability to refuse to pay from the debtors or simply their inability to settle;
• insufficiency of funds from the company for settlements with suppliers and employees;
• other operating risks associated with the lack of appropriate administration of the state of debts.

However, companies can take some set of warning procedures to minimize their possible consequences.

First of all, it is a strict verification of the financial condition of potential partners at the contract of concluding contracts. At the same time, in addition to studying the financial statements of the partner, the presence of judicial precedents in this field with the participation of the counterparty, its conflicts with tax authorities. In addition, it is necessary to make sure the eligibility of persons putting their signatures on the contract.

Of course, work based on pre-payment could completely eliminate possible risks, however modern conditions In the struggle for the client, you have to constantly search for a compromise, that is, to provide certain periods of postponement of payment. Additional eventsassociated with the compilation of the budget of cash flow, allow you to significantly reduce the likely risks. As a rule, in large companies For this, small units are created, which are engaged only by controlling receivables and creditors.

How compulsory is the insurance of receivables

One of the elements of the risk reduction system is the application of receivables insurance agreements. In such a contract, the basic conditions of payment are prescribed insurance compensation, the responsibilities of the Parties taken into account, the methods of analyzing partners before concluding contracts. In particular, it can be indicated that the compensation is paid in the event of an imperative of receivables by the counterparty for a certain period.

By agreement of the parties, a list of debts and the maximum possible amount of insurance payments on them in the case of a critical delay is determined.

NOTE! As a rule, insurance firms do not conclude insurance contracts for the entire amount of receivables, they diligently investigate the risk of non-payment against each partner of the insured.

At the occurrence of the insured event of the company, the entire amount of receivables excluding some of some percentage of interest is reimbursed. The right to demand debt after that the insurance company is reserved.

Although this is a rather reliable risk reduction tool, it is necessary to clearly compare insurance costs with the likely risks and benefits of the company.

In the context of competition and incessant struggle for the client, organizations have to make concessions, providing regular delay in payments for deliveries. In this case, realizing what does payables meanAs well as receivables, the company must understand the need to have its own resources for current payments. Organizations need to regularly monitor their calculations - this is how it is possible to secure a stable financial situation.

Some citizens confuse the concepts of payables and receivables. What does the first of the definitions mean, in what cases is formed, how this indicator is analyzed and it is reflected in the balance sheet. It is possible to write off accounts payable and which is provided for the period of its repayment, told in this article.

What it is

Debt liabilities occupy an important place in the economy, the greatest of them is accounted for banks, entrepreneurs and other business entities. The payover is formed at the expense of debts individual, institutions or commercial organization, as well as budget and extrabudgetary funds for tax payments and mandatory contributions.

Credit debt is part cash flow Enterprises. It can be expressed in property and commodity and material values, for example, in the product.

Structure

The organization has the right to dispose of debts to creditors as a debtor by assigning, credit, etc., but in any case entity must return it. In fact, someone else's property transferred to the ownership of another person with the condition of returning to this concept. In addition to this debt, active capital is as part of the company's assets. Own funds - this is the part material valueswhich remains after deducting commitments to creditors.

Credit Debt may arise due to the lack of own assets for repayment monetary obligations or due to the unscrupulous implementation of the concluded agreement.

Views

The following types of accounts payable are distinguished:

• for paying goods and services within the deadline provided for by the counterparty agreement;
• on notes;
• in relation to the received advances;
• on the payment of remuneration for labor, premiums and other payments in connection with the performance of work;
• on contributions to the budget and extrabudgetary funds;
• overdue payments when buying goods and service provision.

For the time of emergence, debt is divided into:

What is accounts payable in balance

In the balance sheet, the cumulative payover is reflected in line 1520 unified form. Often, the importance is not specified, but the provision of such reporting is necessary to enterprises of certain forms.

So, the basis of calculations are taken:

• with employees of the company - on payments on the basis of an employment contract;
• FTS of the Russian Federation for taxes and fees;
• with contractors and suppliers;
• FSS Russia for insurance premiums and payments for compulsory insurance in Pension Fund RF.

The specified values \u200b\u200bcan be decrypted in lines 15201 - 15207. Accounts payable represents the balance of the balance, in contrast to the debitor represented in the asset, thus, both values \u200b\u200bdo not form a balance.

The basis of debt to balance is source documents - Contracts with suppliers and contractors. Payable debt may be expressed in the amount specified in the agreement between counterparties, but in some cases it is formed in foreign currency or in conventional units, or arise during a commodity transaction.

Under the conventional units are indicators adopted as the main at the conclusion of the contract.

The amount of debt against creditors is determined on the basis of PBU 10/99. It includes excise taxes and VAT amounts, calculated at the time of the provision of works, services, goods.

In accounting, it is customary to designate exchange differences, if such are formed during implementation. The calculation is carried out on the basis of official courses Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the time of action by the debtor or other credit institutionspecified in the contract.

At the conclusion of a commercial loan agreement in the amount of payables, both major debt and interest under the contract, as well as VAT. One of the conditions for the inclusion of obligations to the balance is to determine its exact amount. Sometimes the term during which completely debt will be repaid, unknown.

In this case, there are options for action: the instructions of payables without specifying interest or increase the amount monthly until the moment full payment, adding interest to repayment.

Analysis

An increase in payables means the movement of the enterprise's activity is rapid to bankruptcy. Fireless debts deadlines means the insolvency of the company and means that on the balance sheet of the economic entity is not enough materials For normal maintenance of the production process, purchase and sale or service provision.

It also serves as a signal that the borrowed funds received by the organization are incorrectly spent.

In some cases, the smooth increase in the account of payables indicates a forecast for improvement. It all depends on the ratio of receivables and payables and the size of the debt coverage coefficient. At the balance of these indicators, it can be argued that the company's balance sheet is sufficient to cover debt money in constant turnover.

It happens that the received credit funds Cost to cover payments for supply and for the work performed, and also go to repay open payments under contracts for borrowed funds issued by others. financial institutions. However, in practice, when repaying the debts, the company does not receive a bankruptcy, gradually moving towards bankruptcy, since there are no longer enough funds to other calculations.

Redemption period

The time segment is measured in days and is an indicator of business activity used to calculate the effectiveness of debt management in front of creditors. The value of the coefficient means a period during which the company is able to close debts against contractors or suppliers.

The indicator is calculated as the ratio of the number of days a year to the amount of accounts payable on average during the period in relation to its cost.

It is accounted for both the relative and the absolute value of the indicator during the evaluation period. A slight increase favorably affects the activities of the enterprise, since it means the use of contractors and suppliers for a longer period of time. This helps to reduce borrowed capital. Not always a period of use of the loan for free.

Sometimes it means for the company:

• payment of a percentage provided for by the Commodity Lending Agreement;
• extra charge on the following, planned to conclude agreements;
• lack of discount at the time of delivery in deferred payment;
• penalties for late repayment of debt.

In connection with this debtor, it is necessary to compare schemes when the repayment of payables will be profitable, and when you have to pay equity To close payments. Borrowers should argue in the same way: if the increase in the payment period is beneficial, then the contract is possible with the condition of delay or installment payment.

To prevent the balance of the balance, it is desirable to keep paying a schedule to save funds on the liquid level and effectively manage financial flows. If the indicator is too low, it is desirable to achieve an agreement with the providers to grant a delay.

Schematically, the calculation formula is as follows:

Molding period KZ - 360 * Middle Size KZ per year / revenue, or

The repayment period of KZ - 360 / CZ turnover indicator.

By the end of the year, the standard debt amount is reduced due to changes in the data in the balance sheet relative to the indicators for the year.

Sales debt

By passing the debt from one subject to another, the grounds will appear for the emergence of new accounts payable, the string of which does not disappear from the balance sheet. When paying funds, the new lender will arise nainalization income and the obligation to pay income tax.

Based on, the right or requirement that the lender received due to the emergence of the obligation, can be transferred to another person under the assignment agreement or by law. The rule does not apply if the regression is due - the right to demand a debt back. Usually, such a condition is not applicable when harm is causing bill handling or solidarity responsibility.

Under Cessia is understood according to civil law transitions to the right of one lender to another. The new treaty with the debtor is not concluded, and the obligations arise due to the new obligation under the agreement between the persons committed by the concession.

In some cases, the commitment is impossible. Such grounds are provided for by Article 383 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, they include obligations to pay alimony, funds to compensation for harm caused to life and health.

Cessia is allowed in cases provided for by Article.387 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation:

• in the succession of the creditor rights;
• by the decision of the court, which has entered into force;
• in the fulfillment of the obligation to be a third party, the guarantor or the pledger;
• when moving right to the insurer from the lender regarding the debtor when risks and in other situations provided for by law.

The cents participate in the relationship - the lender, inferior to the right in relation to the debtor. The person who received the right, hypotherapy.

Certain cases are allocated when debt arises on the basis of an exchange rate issued in connection with the purchase of goods or the service order. Termination of the obligation in this case occurs when performing valuable paper.

The funds can be provided as a payer, the name or name of which is written in the bill, but also a third party, if the billpracker decides to transfer payables to payments on the valuable paper.

Basis for writing off

Allocate two reasons for writing off payables:

• in connection with its repayment;
• after the expiration of the limitation period.

Repayment means the provision of payments by the creditor - the Bank, the Organization or an individual within the period established by the Agreement or the norms of legislation.

The limitation period is made equal to 3 years since the date for the payment or violation of the right. In the event of relations with foreign counterparties, the term is extended to 4 years.

It is subject to write-off hopeless payables due to the recognition of the debtor insolvent or non-fulfillment of a judicial decision on the payment of debt that has entered into force.

The recovery of payables is possible both in court and complaint. The latter is obligatory in cases where such a procedure is provided for by the contract between the parties or the law.

When it fails when it is served statement of claimThe court makes a definition about the need to first turn to the debtor for collecting funds in a written notice. Without this, the consideration of the case will not appoint.

Debts to budgets and extrabudgetary funds are usually indisputable. The requirement for their payment is concluded in the order of production in the world court in a simplified manner. The source of such payments is often becoming pure capital Companies.

The grounds for write-off are also called:

• the death of an individual, if the debt is associated with his personality;
• liquidation of the lender - organization;
• act adoption state bodyon which the fulfillment of obligations is impossible;
• debt forgiveness by creditor for the debtor;
• the impossibility of fulfilling the obligations on the circumstances independent of the debtor and the creditor.

Cash, the listed period of which has expired, is excluded from the amount of accounts payable. This action is made in accounting at the end of the period in which the ration is made, otherwise it can lead to a distortion of the balance, which will entail the attraction to administrative responsibility on the initiative of the tax inspectorate.

Video: What is accounts payable

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