What is payable arrears in a simple language. What is accounts payable simple words
Section 1. The essence of payable debt.
Section 2. Analysis accounts payable.
Section 3. accounts payable.
Accounts payable — this is the debt of the enterprise to other legal and physical. Persons as a result of previously performed actions (events).
Accounts payable - This is the debt of the subject ( enterprises, companies, phys. Persons) In front of other persons that this subject is obliged to repay.
The essence of payables
credit debt arises, in case the date of receipt of services (works, goods, materials, etc.) does not coincide with the date of their actual payment.
Responsibility for malicious evasion from the return of accounts payable is provided for in Article 177 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
IN accounting It is customary to allocate several types of accounts payable:
debt to suppliers and contractors;
debt to Personnel firms;
debt to extrabudgetary funds;
tax debt and fees;
debt in front of other borrowers.
The presence of payables is not a favorable factor for companies and significantly reduces the indicators when evaluating the financial condition enterprises, solvency and liquidity.
Payable debt is often referred to in the abbreviated version of "Payables".
Sometimes under the abbreviation "AP" refers to a department or division that is responsible for the implementation payments on current obligations of the organization before suppliers and others borrowers. Suppliersal \u003d "Justify"\u003e Payable debt is debt obligations that must be paid within the time set by the contract period to avoid default. For example, at the corporate level, payable debt are short-term obligations to suppliers and banks.
suppliersFY "\u003e Credit debt can occur not only from corporations. At the household level, people also pay bills for goods or services that they exhibit Borrowers. For example, for example operator mobile communicationsA gas organization or cable television organization may be borrowers for individuals. Each of these borrowers first provides a service, and then exposes the account to the client on the fact of its provision. Credit Debt is essentially short-term debt offices (IOU) from the client to the creditor.
Each requirement Payment per Products Or the services rendered must be paid accordingly. If physical or legal. A person is not able to pay for his accounts, they are in a state of default.
Debt obligation It is considered to be provided if the borrowers turn to the assets of the company on their own basis, or otherwise, universal claims to the firm. Private Debt, includes the bank of the loan commitment. State covers everything financial instrumentswho are freely traded in open exchange or in the counter, with the absence of any restrictions.
Analysis of payables
A significant proportion of the sources of the enterprise is known to belong to the means, including payables.
Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze along with receivables and payables, its composition, structure, and then hold comparative analysis with receivables.
First of all, you need to check the accuracy regarding the species and Skokov Accounts payable. To do this, enjoy direct confirmation of counterparties, studying contracts and contracts, personal conversations with employees who have information about debts and enterprise liabilities.
In the process of analysis, it is necessary to assess the terms of the debt, pay attention to the time limits, restrictions on the use of resources, the possibility of attracting additional sources of financing.
Analysis of the accounts of payables begins with the study of the composition and structure of accounts payable according to the form No. 1 "Balance". For this, calculate the proportion of each type of accounts payable in the total amount.
Such indicators are calculated according to the report and according to the plan, and comparing them, determine deviations in the structure of accounts payable, establish the reasons for changes in its individual components and develop measures to regulate debt, especially those components that negatively affect the activities of the enterprise.
As a rule, mutual defaults are the main reason for changes in the structure of payables. This can confirm a comparative analysis of payables and receivables. Detailing accounts for payables can be carried out using the above methodology for analyzing receivables.
Creditable debt is calculated by the same formula as receivable, with the only difference, which in the denominator reflects the amount of turnover for the purchase of raw materials, materials, etc.
Analysis of the state of receivables and payables at the end of the reporting Period Debt provides its comparative analysis.
The result of such an analysis may be detection:
an increase or decrease in receivables;
increase or decrease payable debt.
Both an increase and reduction of receivables and payables can lead to negative consequences for the financial condition of the enterprise.
Thus, a decrease in receivables against payables can occur due to deterioration of relationships with customers, that is, due to a decrease in the number of product buyers. An increase in receivables against payables may be a consequence of the insolvency of buyers.
Some theorists believe that it testifies to the rational use of funds, since it attracts more in turnover than distracting from turnover. But accounting practices evaluate this situation only negatively, since the company must repay his debts regardless of the state of receivables.
So, analyzing Data Accounts receivable and accounts, it is necessary to study the causes of each type of debt, based on the specific production situation in the enterprise.
Audit Accounts payable
Therefore, the auditor must also be studied, check along with receivables and payables, its composition, structure.
Credit Debt is part of the enterprise of obligations in which long-term and current obligations are included.
During the verification of payables, the following tasks must be solved:
study of the reality of payables - both long-term and current;
establishment of causes and deadlines for debt education;
checking for overdue payables;
study of payables on which the term has expired of limitation;
clarifying the correctness of debt write-off, the limitation period of which has expired, checking the reliability of reflection on the relevant balance sheet items of the amount of accounts payable;
checking the correctness and reasonableness of debt write-off and design and reflection in debt accounting on the benefits of the extensions.
In sources Information To verify accounts payables are: product delivery contracts (works, services), acts of reconciliation of settlements, protocols on the standings of mutual requirements, acts of inventory of calculations, bills, copies of payment documents, purchase book, sales book, accounting registers.
Home Book, Reporting, as well as source documents and accounting registers for accounting for settlements with suppliers, various borrowers, calculations for claims, on compensation for material damage.
Audit Credit debt is carried out in several stages. It is necessary to install, has not been reflected in the balance of debt. This is carried out by comparing the timing of the calculations specified in contracts, invoices.
Credit debt is checked, on which the limitation period has expired.
The presence of payables with the expired schedule and is checked to write off. To confirm the reality of payable debt, the auditor can send letters to borrowers to confirm the residue. The receipts and transfer of funds are checked according to the magazine No. 1.
In the same way, the existence of debt, overdue three-year-old Prescription and verifies the correctness of its write-off.
Accounts Payable is
Sources
Wikipedia - Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia
allfi.biz - educational center
aBC.INFORMBUREAU.COM - Economic Dictionary
E-Reading.org.ua - Library
bank24.ru - Dictionary of Terms
Encyclopedia Investor. 2013 .
Watch what is "Credit Debt" in other dictionaries:
Accounts payable - (Bills PAYABLE) article that may be present in the reporting of the company in the current debt section, summarizing all bills (Bills of Exchange), which are in hand and payable at the set time. Finance. Dictionary. 2 ... ... Financial vocabulary
Accounts payable - (English ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (A / P)) The debt of the subject (enterprises, organization, individual) in front of other persons that this subject is obliged to repay. Credit debt arises in case the date of receipt of services (works, ... ... Wikipedia
accounts payable - - accounts payable payments; Debt arising from buying goods or providing services by third-party organizations on a short-term loan. ... ...
Accounts payable - In the organization's accounting, not revenues are recognized, but accounts for cash and other assets received by the Organization, not fulfilled at least one of the following conditions: the organization has the right ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary-Directory Director of the Enterprise
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE - cash enterprises, organizations or institutions payable to the appropriate legal or individuals. Distinguish normal (legal) and overdue payables ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary - Temporarily attracted by the enterprise, the organization, agency funds to be returned to creditors in deadlines. Raisberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B .. Modern economic Dictionary. 2 e ed., Act. M.: Infra ... ... Economic Dictionary
credit Debt (KZ) - the value of the obligations of the person or company in front of their creditors. [Department of Linguistic Services of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee. Glossary terms] en Accounts PAYABLE (AP) Payables A Person "S or Company" S ... ... Technical translator directory
Accounts payable - - cash temporarily attracted by the enterprise (organization, institution) and returned to relevant legal or individuals. Credit debt within the current time of payment for accounts and obligations ... ... Commercial electric power industry. Dictionary dictionary
Accounts payable is the debts of the company. Read more about what accounts are credit simple wordsHow can it be controlled in order to function in normal mode.
What is accounts payable
Accounts payable is the company's debts before counterparties, employees or state. Simple words - this is what the organization should. Often confusing the definitions of payables - we must either. There is an easy way to remember it. Everyone knows that a loan is when we must. But accounts payable is when the organization should.
Almost all companies work with creditors. For example, firms charge salary on the last day of the month. At the same time, labor law permits to issue a salary within 15 calendar days after the end of the month. From the moment of charges before the issue of issuing the company will be a debt to employees.
The organizations conclude an agreement with the condition of postoplates. That is, the goods shipped, but the buyer has not paid for him. Such debts are beneficial to the organization - so it gets interest-free credit.
It is impossible to unambiguously say how the presence of creditors affects the work of the company. On the one hand, in this way, the enterprise receives an interest-free loan. After all, the company for some time enjoys other people's money for free. On the other hand, the credit book is dangerous infinitely - each payment has a maturity date. And if you do not fulfill your obligations on time, it is most likely to pay more fines and penalties. Moreover, the counterparty has the right to apply to the court to recover debts. Due to a large debt, the company can also recognize bankrupt (). That is why it is important to control the magnitude of this indicator in the enterprise.
Download and take to work:
Accounting accounts payroll
The easiest way to find out the size of various types of accounts payables is to contact the data accounting and accountability.
Information about the amount of debts can be determined by credit accounts:
- as well as subaccount 75-2 "Calculations for income payment" to the account 75.
The information on the short-term creditors is located in the account 1520 of the Payable Debt. Data on long-term debts - in line 1450 "Other obligations".
IN accounting balance Accounts receivable and payables indicate expanded. Accounts - in the asset, and payables in passive. That is, these debts do not slander. Even if the analytical accounts of the same account arose as debit and credit balance.
IN explanatory note The reporting of the organization decrypt a creditor by type.
Creditor management policy, which will help prevent excessive debts
Accounts payable - good way Finance working capital. The main thing is not to be carried away and not to take over the obligations that you can not fulfill. In order to pay the suppliers on time and prevent excessive debts, in the fifth season company developed a policy of accounts for payable debt. If you have no such document, take it for the sample. Credit management policy determines:
- what a share in the target capital structure accounts for accounts payable;
- for what indicators to control it;
- how to calculate the limit value of the creditors;
- when it is inappropriate to agree on a delay of the supplier;
- how to make a budget of debt;
- in what order to repay debts;
- someone to appoint responsible for the creditor.
Analysis of creditors
Accounts and payables are usually present in the work of any company. Two of these indicators affect the formation market value Business. That is why it is important to control their dimensions (see, ).
One of the important elements of monitoring payables is to establish limits and regulations of its size ( maximum sizes debts with respect to one creditor or group, the total amount of debt, etc.). There are no uniform indicators on which any organization can be focused. It all depends on the specifics of the work, the size of the company, etc. Usually the creditor is directly dependent on the volume of production and sales. That is, the larger the revisions of the organization, the usual more and the creditor.
Analyze the status of the creditors using special coefficients:
- medium payables;
- turnover of payables;
- the repayment period of payables;
- the share of payables in current liabilities.
Consider more each of them.
The average amount of creditors with KZ is calculated as the arithmetic amount of debts at the beginning of the KZ N.PP period and at the end of the CZ KZ period.
The turnover coefficient is defined as:
where BP is revenue from the sale of products (works, services). See also, how to find a revenue .
This coefficient shows the expansion or reduction of the company's commercial loan. His growth says that the company quickly extinguishes debts. Reducing the coefficient shows that the firm has become more purchased on credit.
The average turnover of accounts payables is calculated by the formula:
where PP KZ is the period of repayment of payables.
The repayment period shows how many days is required by the enterprise to pay bills. That is, this is the average debt return time.
When analyzing, we consider the share of debts in current liabilities. Share is defined as the attitude of accounts payable to current liabilities by the formula:
where D KZ is the share of payables;
PO - current liabilities.
Analysis of the accounts alone will not be complete. It is required to be analyzed in conjunction with debating. For example:
- control the volumes (for example, the excess of creditors over the debator may allow the organization to develop faster, since it is not necessary to attract loans);
- check the deadlines (consistency of payover maturity and receivers to allow the organization to work smoothly and repay debts on time).
In assessing these types of debts of the enterprise, their optimal ratio should establish their optimal relationship. This calculated indicator must be compared with the actual one. After all, if the organization has its accounts, will be at times to exceed the creditor, it can create a threat to the financial condition of the company, will need to additionally attract cash from the part. If the creditor will be much exceeding receivables, it is to bring to a decrease in the financial independence and sustainability of the company.
The criterion for the optimality of the ratio of receivables and payables is the following condition:
where DZ add is permissible receivables;
ΔP - change of operating profit associated with production and sales;
ΔIZ - change in the operational costs associated with the production and sale of products;
RPS - the size of the loss of funds invested in receivables due to non-payment of buyers;
KZ Dop - permissible payables.
09 Apr.
Hello! In this article we will tell you everything about payables and consider how it is applied by enterprises in its activities.
Today you will learn:
- What is the payable debt.
- How to behave correctly by the enterprise debtor.
- How affects the debt on the platform of the company.
Why is the accountable debt so important
Each enterprise acquires debt during its activities.
It is divided into two types:
- Receivables;
- Accountable.
The first look means that the company must return the duty to the other side. Payable arrears forms debts to third-party physical or. It exists in a variety of directions and in several species.
Accounting receivables and payables are an important factor in the company's activities. It depends on the entire process of existence of an enterprise and further development.
Accounts' debt is assigned to the shoulders of the enterprise. It is it that it is responsible in paying debts to other persons. IN this case The creditor is another side, which paid for the goods or delivered materials.
Payment of obligations is an important point in the relationship between the parties, since with overdue payables, the firm loses its own prestige. The case can reach court proceedings and criminal liability.
Separation of payables
Based on the fact that it is precisely the enterprise to the other party, there are species of payables.
It is divided into obligations:
- Payment by suppliers or contractors for shipped materials produced by services;
- Pay bill;
- Transfer of property, money or provision of services to child or addicted enterprises;
- Sending goods for the transferred advance or prepayment;
- Payment of funds to employees;
- Contributions in extrabudgetary funds;
- Payments to the tax authorities;
- Payment of works or goods of other lenders.
Each such type of debt is separately displayed in the enterprise and has its own string. Such separation helps a firm to clearly coordinate its actions against creditors and respond to its own obligations in a timely manner. The company may have several debt varieties depending on its financial condition.
Term of payable debt
Payables in the enterprise may be different in duration.
It is customary to share it for two subspecies:
- Short-term;
- Long-term.
These concepts differ in different number of months. The term up to one year is applicable to short-term debt, and over 12 months to long-term.
Availability short-term obligations - Frequent phenomenon on most enterprises. For example, if you did not pay the salary as your subordinate wages for the last two months, then the firm formed a debt to employees who are short-term debt. Its presence can not always talk about the low platform of the company or about close.
Timely payments are the perfect option that in practice can only meet in large enterpriseslong existing on the market and having a well-established assets. If a small firm has receivables, then the money for the transfer of salary may not be enough for some period.
Long accountable debt over 12 months - reason to think about the effectiveness of the management of the organization. That is, it's time to use additional measures Support firm.
Debt goods or money
This opinion is erroneous and most often applies to bank liabilities. The company may have debts on the supply of goods, providing services or work. This happens when one side of the transaction was transferred to the account of another product for the goods, and the latter had not yet enacted it.
The inability to ship the materials that were actually already paid, is also accountable debt. This species is not less than money.
This happens for various reasons:
- The third side of the transaction failed with the delivery;
- Damage products;
- Fors major circumstances (accident, bad weather, etc.).
Usually, the parties to the contract indicate the procedure in case of unplanned situations. They can agree on the return of the translated amount or waiting for the goods for a longer period.
There is a commitment to
Based on what debts should execute the company, its accounts are arising before different physical, legal entities and government agencies.
The main list of such creditors is presented:
- Suppliers, contractors;
- Owners of bills;
- Subsidiaries;
- Personnel;
- Social funds;
- State budget;
- Other.
Obligations before each of these creditors are taken into account separately. The connection of all debts is not allowed. This is due to the fact that firms work with a service provider, materials on an individually drawn up contract.
Terms of agreements are different and are compiled separately with each party. This implies that the observance of the points of the document will occur in accordance with the specific case.
The above list of lenders is the most common, but not exhaustive. The company may also have debts to other organizations, including children's institutions (for example, for food supply), utilities or transport firms.
How is the calculation with contractors
There is a special account of 60 "calculations with suppliers and contractors." It is used for wiring payables to third parties for any goods, services or work.
When taking into account these obligations, it is necessary to take into account important factors:
- Non-modulated supplies;
- Commercial loan;
- Surplus in delivery, incorrectly specified value Goods and so on.
Non-material supplies include goods that do not have overlines. In this case, you need to deal with, received before paper on them or not. If the documents are not found, the delivery may come at the previous party. As soon as the documents arrive, it is necessary to perform reconciliation at prices.
If the supplier has provided your company a loan for use in the goods, for example, within 60 days, then in account of 31 "expenditure of future periods" will reflect the income on the loan.
The data presented below reflect the receipt of goods on credit.
If a shortage of goods was found, the account 63 "Calculations for claims" will participate in the wiring. This also includes the inconsistency of prices or errors in the invoices.
The table reflects the presented claim.
Commercial Bill Debt
Often the company and the contractor fix the relationship of the promissory bill. it securitywhich is transmitted to ensure debt. Buyer of goods can pay such a delivery document. Nominal bill is always higher than the cost of arriving materials. The difference between the nominal price and the amount of goods is the income of the lender.
If you received a bill for the goods delivered, you can use it as:
- Repayment of their own commitments;
- Accounting of banking operations;
- Pledge and other things.
A bill of exchange actually provides a delay of payment and significantly reduces the risk of overdue debt commercial loan. On the one hand, he acts as a payment tool, and on the other hand, the way of lending. Revenues received from the use of the bill are further submitted to the cost of goods.
Accounting calculations on advance and prepayment
If the buyer has made some amount before the start of the priority of goods or the provision of services, then the supplier has a commitment. Prepayment implies making money for the entire volume of materials, and an advance is a partial transfer to the supplier's account.
When buyer introduces advance payment Or pays only the part of the work that has already been completed, the supplier still sends to pay total All over the volume of products. Already later, in the process of transferring money by the buyer, they are counted in account of payable debt.
The translated prepayment supplier is reflected in the account as follows:
If the buyer has transferred an advance, the latter will reflect such a wiring:
If the buyer is executed by the debt on the fact of the activities carried out, then the invoice number 46 "Sales (works, services)" will also participate. It will appear in the "Credit" line.
Debt of a subsidiary or a head organization
Payable debt arises between subsidiaries and headquarters. It manifests itself in the transmission of some property or product supply. Wirings are compiled when using the 78th account "Calculations with subsidiaries (dependent) societies" for payables. In different situations, its value can be reflected in the debit or credit.
At the same expense, in addition accounts payable Before the head firm, a subsidiary of society takes into account the payment of income from participation.
Obligations for shipped goods will be affected as follows:
When the debt is redeemed in front of the head organization, the accountant will make a similar entry:
The same actions can be conducted by the parent enterprise in relation to their "daughters". They are displayed in accounting reports in a similar way.
It is important to know that the considered account 78 does not take into account calculations on contributions.
Bank credit for loan to employees and his accounting
The company may arrange a bank loan for further distribution of the amount between employees.
This can be done in order to:
- Personal major purchases of employees;
- Payment by goods that employees of the company took on credit from another company.
Banking tools can be obtained in two ways:
- On the organization that herself lists money to the needy employees;
- Directly every employee on hand without translation to the company.
The main objective account in this case is the score of 93 "bank loans for employees." He summarizes all information about the loans received for representatives of the company.
If the bank pays the goods that employees took on credit, recorded in taking into account:
When funds arrival at the expense of the organization for the purposes of loans to employees, wiring is reflected:
Repayment of loans by employees is displayed by the 73r count "Calculations with staff at other operations".
For example, when they make money, an accountant is recorded:
Insurance calculations
It is an integral part of the existence of the company. This process implies the introduction of a certain payment for possible risks in the future. It is mandatory and voluntary. The first is carried out by the law, the second on the basis of the agreement between the insurance organization and the enterprise.
Insurance may be subject to:
- Goods (from damage, disappearance, theft);
- Losses of the company;
- Responsibility for third parties (for employees of the company, for example).
In the process of insurance, the enterprise carries out contributions on a monthly basis by the insurer. In the event of the insured situation specified in the contract, the insurer pays funds to the firm. The latter is managed by them in accordance with the circumstances.
The 65th score "Calculations on property and personal insurance" summarizes the processes of insurance of property and personnel in which the organization is considered to be the insured. Social I. health insurance This is not included.
For example, if the loss of materials belongs to insurance caseThe amount of payables will affect the wiring like this:
Important indicators
In the process of the company's activities, all sorts of calculations of payables are constantly used to obtain the norms of indicators. This is necessary to control the effectiveness of the existence of an enterprise and forecasting further events.
An important data in the organization's activities are considered:
- The amount of liabilities;
- Obligations;
- Mid annual payables.
Passives are out own capital Firms and its obligations to other persons. Obligations are a set of loans and accounts payable.
The average annual debt to creditors is calculated by the formula: (Debt at the beginning of the year + debt at the end of the year) / 2.
These indicators reflect the activities of the company and its mutual settlements with contractors, funds and other organizations. The average value of payables reveals the overall situation for the whole year.
Comparison of two values \u200b\u200bat the beginning and end of the period is also important. Growth or decline during the year payables can speak of a favorable development of events or reducing turnover of the company.
How to deal with payables, according to the statute of limitations
If accounts payable has not been in demand by the creditor in the three-year period, it must be written off.
The term of 36 months is counted from the date:
- After the expiration of the debt repayment;
- When the lender has the right to demand fulfillment of obligations.
The write-off of payable debt is based on:
- Inventory;
- Orders of the head of the company;
- Written confirmation.
The claim for payable debt implies the debiting of obligations as follows:
- On the financial results a commercial firm (for example, under accounts payable from the received advance);
- To increase the income of a non-profit enterprise;
- Financing budget institution.
Accounting payables occurs on accounts:
- 60 "Calculations with suppliers and contractors";
- 64 "Calculations on the advances received"
- 76 "Calculations with different debtors and creditors";
- 80 "Profits and losses".
If the limitation time has passed, and the obligation is postponed to profit, this operation will reflect in the wiring to write off payables:
What will tell the analysis of payables
Studying the motion of the testimony of the Organization's obligations during a certain period, it is possible to draw conclusions about its solvency, mutual settlements with other firms and predict the further movement of assets.
Most often, the analysis takes place equal to one year. The most simple and easy way to view changes in the organization of the organization is to compare commitments to the beginning and end of the period.
This method will show generalized information. Without going into details, you can view the performance of the enterprise and present the overall picture. Considering more minor time, you can observe more detailed traffic on accounts.
An increase in payables is not pleasant factor. He means that the firm has several debts that have no opportunity to pay off in the near future.
The transition of short-term debt into the long-term characterizes the enterprise not from the best side. He means that the organization is not able to pay for obligations. This can lead to unpleasant consequences, including creditors' claims full repayment existing debt.
Evasion from the payable debt of the year in the direction of decline is not always characterized as a positive moment. This factor may reflect the decline in turnover of the company or suspension in work. Permanent work with contractors and suppliers is the regular emergence of payables.
To make the right conclusion, it is necessary to consider in detail the organization of the organization. Receivables plays here not the last role.
Treatment of payables
When trafficking payables is involved the most important indicatorDisplays debt refund speed. The liquidity of the enterprise entirely depends on the norm of the coefficient of discharge of payables. It is equal to the ratio of the cost of goods to the average annual payable debt.
The faster the company repays its obligations, the higher this indicator. Its value reflects how many times the company returned debts. If the indicator grows, this means that the organization is effectively disposed of on its own means.
Often enterprises use borrowed funds as an additional source of finance. In this regard, the coefficient can be insignificant first, but grow several times in a short period of time.
The number of days in the year, divided by the coefficient, will reflect the time of turnover of payables. The lower the value obtained, the less days the organization needs to return debt.
In order to correctly conduct an organization's activities, management needs to constantly analyze the turnover of obligations. This will allow you to identify deviations from the norm and take action.
Now many people want to embody their own business ideas, work on themselves. For business efficiency, not only interesting intentions and the ability to implement them, but also some knowledge in the field of financial accounting. In the course of activity, any organization sooner or later receive receivables and payables. It is logical that someone has a cash to someone, but how to understand - who and to whom? It is very important to distinguish these concepts, because the analysis of financial and economic details legal entity Inappropriate their detailed consideration.
Accounts receivable - what is it?
Every person probably heard how the accountants in the period of passing the reporting mysterious debit does not want to fall with a mysterious loan. It is necessary to understand that debit, for example, is not at all receivables, but simply receiving accounting. But, of course, there is a connection in the concepts, since "Debet" is translated from the Latin as "he must". Just need to understand the following: do we need it or us?
Definition
Accounts receivable (in common "debitor") - this is a combination financial meanswho should have a certain organization, a company or company other legal entities and individuals. In this situation, these persons are called debtors, if we speak with simple words - our debtors. As a rule, the receipt is among each legal entity, because it is almost impossible to carry out activities without its appearance. Accounts receivable (DZ) is an asset organization, and it refers to current assets without taking into account the period in which it should be paid off.
Important: Asset is considered a combination of property owned by the organization. That is, the debator is also the property, as it is assumed that it is transformed into funds after a certain time.
Views
When does receivables arise? You can select several basic ways to appear:
- When the company was selling any product or the provision of services, but the payment for these goods and services has not yet arrived. That is, buyers or customers got the desired products (service), and money for it has not yet paid.
- When calculating with accountable persons. For example, with travel staff or with employees who were mistakenly paid wages in a larger size than needed.
- Prepayment of any goods or services. The case when the company decided to purchase products, transferred funds to the supplier's account, but the supply of this product has not yet occurred. If we talk about the services, then here you can bring to an example paid in advance (for a year ahead) subscription fee for placement of the site on the Internet.
- When calculating the budget relates to paid taxes and fees.
- If founders have debt on deposits into share capital. When opening, for example, LLC founders russian legislation obligations to make at least ¾ of the amount authorized capital Before the state registration of a legal entity, the remainder can be made within one year. This part, if the founders immediately did not make the entire amount of the authorized capital, just will be their receivables.
- Other cases of the appearance of DZ. For example, if the organization has revealed a shortage, the culprit is obliged to cover it, and the amount he has to make will be for the organization of accounts.
Consider the first case in more detail - we will imagine that the company "Alpha" concluded a contract with the company "Gamma", according to the terms of which it undertakes to produce delivery to the Gamma, for example, bricks. The contract determines that "Gamma" should pay bricks within one month. Then "Alpha" brings bricks, "Gamma" in the commodity invoice confirms their acquisition and signature, but not yet paying, because there is still a month of time. At this point, the company "Alfa" is formed by debitorka - the goods are delivered, and the money for it is not yet received.
Important:in commercial firms, the lion's share of DZ (about 80-90%) consists of cash, which are not yet received for the products or services rendered (considered above).
If we talk about the timing, then the DZ is divided into two types:
- Short-term - it is assumed that it will be repaid no later than one year;
- Long-term - its payout is more than one year.
The time interval in which the debating is paid is defined documented, so the presence or absence of payments allocate next species debts:
- Normal debitor - the period of payment of goods or services that caused it has not yet come.
- Overdue receivers - the payment term for it came out, that is, the buyer got the goods, but did not pay them during the time period specified in the contract.
Overdue DZ can also be classified by type, based on whether there is a chance to still receive payments on debts:
- Doubtful - debitor is considered as such when there is no confidence that debts will be returned within the framework of the time-established Time Agreement. In this case, the possibility of paying for debt exists, despite the unsatisfactory state of the financial affairs of the debtor.
- Non-valid - debts whose payment is considered almost impossible. For example, if the debtor is declared bankrupt.
- Unlawful - for some reason, the debt was not in demand, possibly due to an accountant error.
How to calculate?
Calculation of receivables are necessary for the following primary reasons:
- For compilation accounting reporting.
- To analyze the financial condition of the organization.
- In order for the head to be able to make faithful management decisions, based on knowledge of the financial position of his company.
How to calculate the debitor? Nothing is difficult in this if accounting is competent in the organization. In each company, the DZ composition may differ, therefore there is no calculation formula that is suitable, in the general form it looks like this:
Receivables \u003d The amount of debit balance on accounts 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76 minus loan balance on account 63.
The table presents and characterized accounts, with the help of which the payment is calculated:
Decitation procedure
Of course, the receipt for which the payments has not received, cannot be listed for the organization forever, as a result, unpaid debts will be written off. What way and when can this be done? The limitation period, determined by Article 196 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is 3 years. Consequently, after 3 years, receivables are written off. And where to? If the company has a reserve for dubious debts, then it decreases by the amount of the debaters written off. If there is no such reserve, the profit is reduced. When writing off debts, the director of the organization issues an order, and the accountant makes the appropriate wiring.
Important:the debitor-writer does not disappear into nowhere, according to the law, it should be reflected in the 007 account, which is the off-balance.
Accounts payable is what?
Lenders always existed, probably, before the emergence of money. Therefore, with understanding the essence of borrowed funds, as a rule, it does not arise difficulties.
Everyone knows the meaning of the word "loan" - this is our debt in the face that provided us with our cash, products, etc. The word happened from the Latin "Creditum", which is translated as a "loan". The one who takes the debt is a borrower, and lending something is a lender.
Definition
Accounts payable (in common "Creditors") - This is a set of financial resources that our organization must other legal entities and individuals, that is, these are our debts to suppliers, employees, etc.
It is difficult to overestimate the role of accounts payable (CW), without it, many organizations simply could not work, as the borrowed funds, especially at the initial stage of the company, stimulate its development, allow to remain afloat.
Accounts payable is the obligations of the company, its passive. The obligations also include loans and loans obtained by the Organization.
Views
You can select several types of creditors, guided by the cause of its occurrence:
- Debts that the organization should pay off, for the delivered products or services rendered. For example, our company decided to acquire material and production reserves, they were brought, but we did not have time to transfer money for them.
- If the customer made an advance payment (made an advance) for goods or services that he wants to receive from our organization. For example, cash on our account has already arrived, and services we have not yet been rendered.
- Debts on accrued tax payments and payments to extrabudgetary funds arising, as a rule, at the end of the reporting period.
- Accrued employees wages before its payment is considered to be payable debt.
- When calculating with employees (accountable persons), for example, a situation may occur: the employee must acquire something for the organization, it is issued a cash under the report, but in the end he spends the amount exceeding the one that he was issued. Its overrun and will be for the organization of a debt, which is subject to return.
- Other cases of calculations with personnel not falling into previous categories.
- Accrued, but not yet paid, income of the founders.
- Debts to other creditors. For example, penalties and penny, which the company will have to pay.
Speaking above about the debitor, we considered an example when the company "Alpha" (it supplies goods, but there is no payment for it) receivables appear. So at the same time, the "Gamma" arises of the payable debt.
Important:it should be understood that for the emergence of the company, the creditors do not have to take a loan in the bank. Its presence is a normal condition for the organization leading economic activitiessince the purchase of goods, accrual wages etc. Take place constantly.
How to calculate?
Any organization needs to firmly know what its accounts payable? These knowledge will help competently plan the distribution of cash.
Payover (short-term, with a maturity of less than one year) - The amount of credit balance on accounts 60, 62, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76. The names of these accounts are presented above, only in the case of the CW we will, and not we.
Decitation procedure
Credit proceeds can be made if within 3 years the company did not pay the debt to the counterparty. What way to do it? The following will be required:
- To issue an act inventory of settlements with debtors and creditors;
- Establish an accounting certificate.
Important:KZ S. expired The firm's limitations should be attributed to non-deactive income.
Also, it should be carefully taken to the process of determining the limitation period on the creditor; for this you can use Civil Code RF (Articles 196 and 200). According to the legislation, the limitation period is considered from the date, which is indicated in the contract, and not from the date, for example, the actual supply of goods or the provision of services. Example: The company "Alpha" decided to buy the same bricks from the counterparty, concluded an agreement with the "Gamma", which was carried out on June 7, 2014. The contract contained that Alpha undertakes to pay until June 20, 2014. There was no payment. Since what date is the limitation period? From June 20. Consequently, he will expire on June 20, 2017.
How and in which documents are displayed?
Accounts and creditors are reflected in the accounting reporting of the company - balance sheet (form 1). The balance is two parts - an asset (property) and passive (capital and obligations, at the expense of which the property was formed).
The balance sheet in the balance is shown in the second section of the asset in line 1230. The short-term creditor is displayed in the fifth section in line 1520. Borrowed funds In the form of loans and loans are located in the fourth section - line 1410 (long-term) and in the fifth section - line 1510 (short-term).
Frequently asked Questions
Let's try to answer the most common questions regarding receivables and creditors.
Does the insurance of receivables be obligatory?
Currently, the cases of improperness of counterparties receivables, therefore the question will be relevant - is it possible to insure money that our company should others? It is possible, but this is not mandatory in terms of legislation. Now there are a huge number of firms providing services for the protection of organizations from risks to remain without paying payments. To insure from receipt of losses, you need to fill out certain documents:
- A complete list of counterparties with which a legal entity works.
- Application form, covering the financial condition of a legal entity.
Based on this data, the insured will decide on insurance conditions. Many firms that have used the services of insurance companies in 2008, after financial crisis Could stabilize their position only thanks to the insurance of debaters. Who knows what will happen tomorrow? Therefore, if the company has the opportunity to protect against unscrupulous counterparties, she should use.
What is the importance of monitoring the ratio of receipt and creditors?
For an objective assessment of the economic condition of the organization, the indicators of its financial and economic activity should be constantly analyzed. Of course, the analysis must be comprehensive, it is not necessary to consider, for example, the elements of the balance separately, it is important to be able to look at the situation as a whole. Monitoring the ratio of receivables and payables here plays an important role - the main idea is as follows: the amount of receivables should exceed the amount of creditors. It is simple and logical for every person, as the situation is consistent for the organization favorably, if it should be more than it should. Of course, the reverse version does not mean at all that the company is financially untenable, because you need to look at other indicators, for example, to cash, which may be an excess. True, it happens extremely rare - if there is money, then why not pay the creditor? Ideally, the company should cultivate the rule according to which the delay in payment of the KZ is approximately equal to the period of waiting for payments for DZ.
What is the responsibility for evading payables?
This issue is regulated by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Article 177. Now criminal liability Threatens those who shy away from the payment of payables, the amount of which exceeds one million five hundred thousand rubles. The non-risk of such a debt threatens one of the following punishments:
- Penalty (up to two hundred thousand rubles);
- Mandatory work (up to 480 hours);
- Forced work (up to 2 years);
- Arrest (up to six months);
- Imprisonment (up to 2 years).
Thus, the essence of receivables and payables with simple words is quite easily explained - in the first case, the funds must us, in the second - we are debtors. Interestingly, the situation may be alone, and two of its participants will be different sides: someone is a debtor, and the other is a lender.
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