Deposit policy. Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank and Deposit Percentage Types of Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank
THESIS
Commercial Bank Deposit Policy
(on the example of JSC "Bank Petrovsky")
Performed Student Groups 23 PB-61
absentee learning
Cordesova Elena Yurevna
Scientific leader: Ph.D.,
assistant professor I.G. Zaitseva
_____________________(signature)
Reviewer:
Head of Vyborg BC.
JSC "Bank Petrovsky" I.G.Barkovskaya
_____________________(signature)
St. Petersburg 2009
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theoretical Fundamentals of Commercial Bank Deposit Policy
1.2 Classification of deposit operations of commercial banks
1.3 Analysis of the Russian Deposit Services Market
Chapter 2 Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank (on the example of OJSC "Bank Petrovsky")
2.1 Place OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" on the banking services market
2.2 Types of deposits of OJSC Bank Petrovsky
2.3 Analysis of the deposit portfolio of Petrovsky Bank OJSC "
2.4 Organization of the formation and implementation of deposit policy
Chapter 3 Improving Deposit Policy
3.1 Tools for improving the deposit policy of OJSC Bank Petrovsky
3.2 Deposit insurance system in the Russian Federation and its improvement
Conclusion
Bibliography
Attachment 1
Appendix 2.
Appendix 3.
Introduction
The specifics of the banking institution as one of the types of a commercial enterprise is that the overwhelming part of its resources is formed not at the expense of its own, but at the expense of borrowed funds. The possibilities of banks in attracting funds are not limitless and regulated by the Central Bank in any state.
The main part of the resources of banks is formed by attracted funds that cover up to 90% of the entire need for cash to carry out active banking operations. The commercial bank has the opportunity to attract funds of enterprises, organizations, institutions, publics and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and the opening of the relevant accounts.
Attrants attracted by banks are diverse in composition. The main types of their species are funds attracted by banks in the process of working with the clientele (deposits), funds accumulated by issuing their own debt obligations (deposit and savings certificates).
The declared topic of thesis is closely connected with the most acute in my opinion, at present the problem of the Russian banking system is the problem of bank liquidity.
Relevance The selected research topic is that an unstable situation in financial markets in the context of the current crisis, an increase in inflation, competition, and other factors - all this has a huge impact on the commercial bank. Therefore, a clear and thoughtful deposit policy allows the commercial bank to maintain its position and develop.
Purpose The development of proposals for improving the Commercial Bank's Deposit Policy in the system of strengthening its economic sustainability.
Based on this target installation, were the following tasks are delivered :
Consider theoretical foundations for the formation of a commercial bank deposit policy.
Analyze the deposit portfolio of Petrovsky Bank OJSC.
Consider the status and dynamics of attracting deposits;
To analyze the deposit policy of the Commercial Bank on the example of OJSC Bank Petrovsky.
Object research This appearance is OJSC Bank Petrovsky.
Subject The graduation work is attracted funds of individuals and legal entities and their placement through deposit operations and deposit policy in OJSC Bank Petrovsky
Practical significance This appearance is that it can be used as an additional material for a more detailed study of this topic.
Methodological basis Works are: method of synthesis, analysis, method of generalization, dialectical method.
Theoretical base The studies amounted to legislative acts of the Bank of Russia, including the Federal Law No. 177 of December 23, 2003 "On Insuranceing of Deposits of Individuals in Banks in the Russian Federation", educational literature, statistical collections, periodicals, reference and information systems.
Information Base The graduation work was given the data of quarterly reports and the internal provisions of Bank Petrovsky OJSC St. Petersburg.
This appearance has the following structure: Introduction, three chapters, conclusion, bibliographic list, applications.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of deposit policy of commercial banks
In modern conditions, each commercial bank should develop their own deposit policy, that is, a practical management strategy. As you know, the attraction of cash resources and their subsequent placement are the main forms of the business bank.
Fund-based fund funds are used to invest in active tools. Passive operations, therefore, are primary in relation to most of banking operations aimed at receiving income. In this regard, the funds attracted should be considered as an independent policy object.
Thus, the management of attracted means is an important component of the Bank's business policy. However, issues related to the study of the theoretical foundations of this field of activity are not developed in the scientific literature. This is especially true of the concept of a commercial bank's deposit policy as a component of the liability management strategy.
To determine the essence of the Bank's deposit policy, it is impossible to approach unambiguously, as it varies depending on its subject. Deposit Policy is a strategy and tactics of a commercial bank to attract customer cash payments.
The bank's deposit policy should include:
Development of a strategy for the implementation of the Bank to attract funds into deposits based on a comprehensive market research, that is, the analysis of the environment, the place and role of the bank in the field of attracting funds, diagnosis and forecasting;
The formation of a commercial bank tactic on the development, proposal and promotion of new bank deposit products for customers (in the field of commodity, price, sales and communication policies);
Implementation of the developed strategy and tactics;
Monitoring the implementation of policies and its effectiveness;
Monitoring the activities of a commercial bank to attract funds.
The main document regulating in commercial banks to attract temporarily free funds of enterprises, organizations and the population to bank accounts in various kinds of deposits (contributions) is the Deposit Policy of the Bank. This document is developed by each bank independently based on the Bank's strategic plan, the analysis of the structure, state and dynamics of the Bank's resource base and on the basis of its development prospects. In addition, these documents are used that determine the main directions and conditions for the placement of raised funds, as the Bank's Credit Policy and the Bank Investment Policy.
The document "Deposit Policy of the Bank" should be determined by its strategy to attract funds for the fulfillment of the statutory requirements, goals and objectives defined by the memorandums on credit and investment policies with the guideline on maintaining the Bank of its liquidity and ensuring profitable work. Specifically, the Bank provides for:
Prospects for the growth of own funds of the bank (capital), and from here and the relationship between its own and attracted means;
Structure of attracted and borrowed funds (deposits, deposits, interbank loans, including loans of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation);
Preferred types of deposits and deposits, the timing of their involvement; the ratio between urgent deposits (deposits) and for "demand";
Main contingent on deposits and deposits, i.e., the category of depositors;
Geography of attracting and borrowing funds;
The desired banks are creditors on the IBC, the timing of attracting the latter; conditions for attracting deposits (contributions) and MBK;
Methods of attracting deposits (based on bank account agreements, correspondent account, bank deposit (deposit), by issuing their own certificates, bills);
The ratio between ruble and foreign exchange deposits (deposits);
New forms of attracting funds to deposits;
Special conditions for opening certain types of deposits (contributions);
Measures to comply with the risk standards of the Bank for attracted funds.
Deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
- economic expediency;
- competitiveness;
- Internal consistency.
The classification of subjects and objects of the bank's deposit policy is generalized on (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 Composition of subjects and objects of bank deposit policy
The basis of the formation of the deposit policy of the commercial bank is both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected on (Fig. 2).
Figure 2 - Principles of Deposit Policy Formation
The development and implementation of the bank's deposit policy in close relationships with each other is dealt with by a number of structural divisions of the bank (Treasury, Financial Management, Business Development Management, Credit Management, Securities Management), as well as the Bank Management Bodies: Board of the Bank and the Asset Management Committee and liabilities.
Fig. 3. Enlarged standard bank structure
Thus, the Board of the Bank determines and approves the main directions of deposit policy, approves the procedure and conditions for attracting deposits, provides general control over the implementation of deposit policies.
The Asset and Liability Management Committee makes fundamental decisions on the formation of a deposit portfolio, analyzes the structure and dynamics of resources, their conjugacy for timing and amounts of assets of the Bank in order to develop in the necessary cases of the decisions to adjust the bank's deposit policy; Carries out the current control over the implementation of the deposit policy with certain structural divisions of the Bank.
Financial Management of the Bank, together with the Treasury, determines the overall need of the Bank in deposit funds (per year, including by blocking through quarters): Sets the amount of interest rates for each type of resources (deposits (deposits), bill, IBK); determines the volume of reservation of raised funds in the Bank of Russia; He controls the compliance with the Bank's risk standards for attracted funds established by the Bank of Russia, etc.
Directly involving deposits in various forms are engaged in special departments of the bank: the Deposit Division of Citizens, the Securities Department (Issue of Own bills, deposit and savings certificates), a credit department or an assets and liabilities department (legal entities deposits) and other departments in accordance with the internal organizational structure Each Bank.
For practical activities to attract funds, banks are developing provisions on deposit (deposit) operations ( Separately on deposits of individuals and on deposits of legal entities), in which they negate:
Terms and conditions for receiving deposits (contributions);
Legal status of subjects of contractual relations;
The procedure for entering into a bank deposit agreement;
Methods for receiving and issuing a contribution (deposit);
The list of documentation necessary to open and use the contribution (deposit), and the requirements for them;
The rights of depositors and the obligation of the Bank;
Methods of accrual and interest payments on deposits (deposits).
Intrabank instructions on the procedure for performing specific deposit (contributable) operations, which are developed by the Bank in the development of investments on deposits (deposits), contain the organization of the branch (division) of the bank with various categories of depositors; The procedure for issuing documents corresponding to these operations, the scheme of their document management; Reflection in accounting operations for receiving and issuing deposits, accrual and pay interest on them.
The volumes of funds involved in deposits (contributions) are dependent on the state of demand and supply for monetary resources, deficit or excess funds from the bank, the state of the deposit market.
In order to attract funds of economic entities and citizens to their turnover, banks are developing and carrying out a whole range of events. So, first of all, an important means of competitive struggle between banks for attracting resources is the interest rate policy, because the amount of income on the invested funds serves as a significant stimulus to the clients of its temporarily free funds in deposits (deposits).
The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is established by each commercial bank independently with the orientation on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia and the state of the money market, as well as on the basis of the provisions of its own deposit policy. First of all, the interest rate level on the contribution (deposit) operations of banks depends on the type of deposits (deposits). As a rule, on demand deposits, the distinguished instability of the residue, great mobility and mobility, minimum interest rates are established.
In order to stimulate customers to maintain stable, non-declining balances on demand, which generally has a significant impact on the profitability of credit operations, banks establish increased interest on them or to the value of the balance not lower than the minimum, calculated by the Bank and coordinated with the client (which is negotiated in the bank account agreement).
When setting the amount of interest rates on urgent deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the means are placed: the more period, the higher the level of interest. An equally important factor is the deposit amount, and, therefore, the greater the amount of the contribution and the longer its storage period, the usually above the interest rate on it. The essential point is the frequency of income payment on deposits (deposits). The interest rate on the deposit is in the opposite dependence on the frequency of the income payment, that is, the less often they are carried out, the higher the level by the Bank by the Bank in the Deposit). It should be noted that paying interest banks at rates significantly exceeding the economically sound level is not illegal. In this case, the material benefit derived from the difference between the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the credit organization rate on specific deposits should be entrusted with income tax.
Payment of interest on the deposit (deposit) can be made:
· once a month;
· Once a quarter;
· At the end of the contract.
In order to encourage attraction of customer funds to urgent accounts, the capitalization of interest may be provided for capitalization of deposits (deposits). It is possible if the Bank uses complex interest when calculating income.
The traditional view of the calculus of income is simple interest when the actual contribution residue is used as a base for calculation, and, based on the interest rate contract, the calculation and payment of income on the deposit occurs with the established periodicity. Another type of income calculation is complex interest (percentage accrual percentage). In this case, after the estimation of the estimated period, the percentage is accrued to the amount of the contribution, and the value obtained is attached to the amount of the deposit. Thus, in the next settlement period, the interest rate applies to the new amount of the contribution increased by the amount of income accrued earlier.
To attract funds into deposits, commercial banks began to widely use overseas experience, in particular they carry out:
· Development of various programs to attract the funds of the population;
· Providing customers with depositors of various kinds of services, including non-banking character (for example, elements of medical care; subscription to periodicals of economic literature; subscriptions for excursion services in museums, etc.);
· Use a high interest rate on investment deposits;
· The program "Bonus percentage".
In addition to the flexible interest policy, in order to attract funds, the banks must create depositors to ensure the reliability of the facilities in deposits. To ensure the protection of investors, depositors and providing them with guarantees of compensation of funds in the case of their bankruptcy, banks must create both in centralized and decentralized special deposit insurance funds.
Along with the insurance of deposits, imported importance for contributors has the availability of information on the activities of commercial banks and on those guarantees that they can give. Solving the question of posting his free funds, each lender must be fairly informed about the financial condition of the bank to assess the risk of future investments. In this, invaluable assistance to depositors and investors can have rating assessments of the activities of special agencies and bureaus.
At the same time, it should be noted that banks should provide comprehensive information about themselves (on the magnitude of the authorized capital, their own funds, on founders, development prospects, results, etc.) to its creditors and depositors. This is especially true of individuals who choose banks to make their funds. Therefore, in the premises of the bank (branch, branch, additional office), which makes deposits from citizens, should be presented to the depositors:
· The Bank of Russia's license that gives a specific bank the right to take contributions from individuals either in rubles or in rubles and in foreign currency;
· Audit conclusion on the annual report of the bank;
· Bank balance at the last reporting date and profit and loss statement for publication for publication in the press;
· The position of the Bank on the deposits of individuals;
· List of contributions made by the Bank from Piz. persons;
· Conditions for each type of contributions;
· Information on the conditions for ensuring and guarantee deposits by the Bank;
· Forms of documents required for making contributions and performing operations on them;
· Board information of the bank (or other bank management) on changes in interest rates on certain types of deposits (indicating the causes and timing of changes to the conditions of deposits).
The work of credit institutions to attract creditors to their turnover is related to certain risks that they must take into account in their activities and be able to manage them in order to avoid negative consequences for liquidity and sustainability.
The Bank of Russia establishes for banks and controls the compliance with them of certain restrictions on the amount of fundraising. In accordance with the latest instructions of the Bank of Russia, the procedure for determining the values \u200b\u200bof the balances to demand accounts and urgent accounts of individuals and legal entities (with the exception of credit institutions) is established for their inclusion in the calculation (exception at the rate basis) instant (H2) standards (H3) and long-term liquidity (H4) of the Bank.
The proposed approach implements the method of assessing the risks of bank liquidity used in international practice, taking into account the so-called "behavioral" adjustments, that is, indicators characterizing the state of assets and liabilities based on accumulated statistical data.
The indication establishes that banks independently determine the feasibility of using the magnitudes of the minimum total residues to calculate liquidity standards.
It should be noted that not the entire amount of funds attracted by the Bank can act as resources to implement active operations. Part of the funds raised in the sizes established by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia are subject to compulsory deposit on a separate account in the Bank of Russia. The Bank of Russia forms a mandatory reserve fund of the country's credit and banking system. It can be used to provide credit assistance to commercial banks by the Bank of Russia in various versions, for settlements with depositors and creditors in the event of a bankruptcy of the credit institution.
By changing the norms of mandatory reserves, the Bank of Russia affects the credit policy of commercial banks, and, accordingly, on the state of the money supply in circulation. For example, a decrease in the norms of mandatory reservation of funds raised by banks allows them to more fully use formed resources in their turnover, i.e. Increase credit investments in the national economy, and vice versa. Mandatory reserves (reserve requirements) are a mechanism for regulating the total liquidity of the banking system used to control the monetary aggregates by reducing the money multiplier.
The obligation to fulfill the reserve requirements arises from a commercial bank from the date of receipt of the license of the Bank of Russia to the right to make the relevant banking operations.
The norms of mandatory reserves are established by the Bank of Russia for a certain period of time and can be periodically revised, but they cannot exceed 20% of the obligations of the credit institution. It should be noted that the standards of mandatory reserves can be differentiated depending on the time of attracting funds, their species (cash of legal or individuals), deposit currency (deposit). Usually the highest standard of redundancy is set to demand accounts, since the client may at any time withdraw its money from them.
Stages of the formation of a savings policy are presented in Figure 4.
Monitoring is a necessary tool for assessing and managing the quality of banking activities in the savings market. It is thanks to the monitoring to estimate the results of the Deposit Policy by the Bank, the Commercial Bank itself can and the supervisory authorities, which is extremely important when developing monetary policy and other market regulation tools, as well as to prevent crisis situations in the banking system related to the loss of client confidence in the financial Commercial institutions.
Next, consider the stages of the formation of the Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank. It is very important to study the issues of formation and implementation of the mechanism of the Commercial Bank's deposit policy, since the effectiveness of its operation largely depends on the successful implementation of the goals and objectives that are put to the bank in the process of developing and carrying out deposit policies.
Figure 4 Stages of Formation of Savings Policy
Based on the analysis of the established practice of behavior, banks of deposit operations proposed a scheme for the formation of a commercial bank deposit policy, which is presented in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Scheme of the formation of a commercial bank deposit policy
Each of the stages of the formation of the Commercial Bank's Deposit Policy is closely related to the rest and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the right organization of the deposit process. In this regard, the following areas of the Commercial Bank Deposit Policy can be distinguished:
Analysis of the deposit market;
Determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk;
Minimizing expenses in the process of attracting funds;
Optimization of deposit and credit portfolio management;
Maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increase its sustainability.
Analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of a deposit base of any commercial bank, both the process of complex and laborious, is associated with a large number of problems both subjective and objective nature.
Subjective issues include such as:
1) the scale of activity and the weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;
2) the lack of interest of the Bank's leadership in attracting customer funds, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the Bank;
3) insufficient level and quality of higher and medium management;
4) the absence in most Russian banks of the scientifically based concept of deposit policies;
5) Disadvantages in the organization of the deposit process: the lack of an appropriate division in the bank, or a low level of marketing research of the deposit market, a limited spectrum of the proposed deposit services, etc.
Among objective factors are allocated as follows:
1) direct and indirect impact of the state and state bodies;
2) the effect of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;
3) interbank competition;
4) the state of the monetary and financial market of Russia;
The role of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as a regulatory body over the past few years has been particularly strongly manifested in the establishment of a refinancing rate and mandatory reservation standards for commercial banks. Changes in refinancing rates do not allow commercial banks to accurately predict and plan their activities in the field of assets and liabilities to the long term and make operations with long-term liabilities risky enough.
The negative impact on the structure of the resource base of the commercial bank has a growing dependence on major interbank loans, since the interbank loan does not contribute to the diversification of risks on deposit operations.
To solve existing problems in the development of deposit policies, a commercial bank must be guided by certain criteria for its optimization. Optimization of the Bank's Deposit Policy is a complex multifactoric task, which is the basis of which, the country's economy should be taken into account as a whole. Obviously, these interests do not always coincide. Therefore, the optimal deposit policy implies before the coordination of their interests.
So, the optimization criteria are as follows:
a) the relationship of deposit, credit and other bank operations to maintain its stability, reliability and financial sustainability;
b) diversification of the bank resources in order to minimize the risk;
c) segmentation of the deposit portfolio (by customers, products, risks);
d) a differentiated approach to various customer groups;
e) competitiveness of banking products and services;
e) the need for an effective combination of resources, ensuring the optimal combination of stable and "volatile" resources with an increase in the share of stable resources in the Commercial Bank deposit portfolio in the conditions of increased risks (including deposit operations);
g) Accounting for the concept of the life cycle in the process of forming the gamma of deposits and the deposit portfolio as a whole.
In order to improve the Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank, the following is necessary:
Each commercial bank must have its own deposit policy developed taking into account the specifics of its activities and the criteria for optimizing this process;
It is necessary to expand the circle of deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals for a demand for demand, which will even in the face of minor financial accumulations, the field to meet the needs of the Bank's customers and increase the interest of investors in placing their funds in bank accounts;
As one of the directions of improving the organization of deposit operations, it is possible to use various types of accounts for all categories of depositors and improving the quality of their maintenance;
An individual approach (the Bank's desire to provide special benefits to the client).
These are some possible ways to improve the commercial bank's deposit policy and enhance the role in ensuring its sustainability.
The relationship between the savings and deposit policy of the Commercial Bank is as follows: on the one hand, the main directions of deposit policy are elements of the formation of the Bank's savings activities (for example, the range of deposits, interest policy, product promotion, organization of the work of the relevant division of the commercial bank). On the other hand, to call the deposit policy by an integral element of the bank's savings policy. The bank's deposit policy is a broader concept that includes other resource-based resource strategies and tactics, the organization and management of the deposit process.
In general, deposit policies each commercial bank develops himself. Also, the leadership of the bank independently determines the degree of importance of these directions, the primaryness of a particular type of policy of the Bank. First of all, it will depend on the field of functioning of a particular bank, its specialization and universalization.
1.2 Classification of deposits of commercial banks
Passive operations of a commercial bank characterize sources of funds and nature of bank relations. It is they who pretty much predetermine the conditions, forms and directions of the use of banking resources, i.e. The composition and structure of active operations.
Deposit (Deposit) OperationsMatch - these are operations to attract funds for legal entities and individuals into deposits for a certain period, or to demand, incl. Research balances on customer accounts for use as credit resources and investment activities. Contribution ( deposit ) - These are cash (in cash and cashless form, in national or foreign currency), transferred to the bank by their owner for storing under certain conditions.
Deposit operations - a broad concept, since they include all the activities of the Bank associated with the involvement of funds in deposits. A feature of this group of passive operations is that the Bank has a relatively weak control over the amount of such operations, since the initiative in the placement of funds in deposits comes from depositors. At the same time, as practice shows, the depositor is interested in not only the interest paid by the Bank, but also the reliability of the preservation of trusted bank funds.
The organization of deposit operations should be carried out under the observance of a number of principles:
- receiving the current profit and the creation of conditions for its receipt in the future;
- Flexible policy when managing deposit operations to maintain the Bank's operational liquidity;
- consistency between deposit policies and yield of assets;
- Development of banking services in order to attract customers.
Consider detailed deposit accounts and their characteristics.
Deposit accounts can be the most diverse and the basis for their classification is given such criteria as sources of deposits (free cash organizations, accumulation of individuals, pensions), their purpose (obtaining income on urgent deposits at the end of their action, monthly income in the form of a percentage from the amount of the deposit), the degree of profitability (depends on the amount, term and additional conditions of the deposit), etc.
However, most often as a criterion is the Category of the Depositor and the form of seizure of the contribution. Deposit operations are classified:
- Deposits of legal entities (enterprises, organizations);
- Deposits of individuals.
- Deposits of other banks.
2) Economic Content:
- in order to use stored funds. Those. Obtaining income in the form of interest on the funds raised into a deposit monthly, quarterly, at the end of the term of the contract.
3) in the form of dissemination of funds:
- urgent deposits;
- demand deposits;
- Savings deposits of the population
- Conditional deposits to be seized upon the occurrence of pre-agreed conditions.
The classification of deposits in the form of seizures in more detail can be submitted schematically in Figure 6.
In the practice of Western banks, deposits as possible their withdrawals are divided into the following categories:
- "Hot Money", which can be easily withdrawn (for example, deposits that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, which is caused by economic instability, inflation, sharp fluctuations in exchange rates). Hot money is cash, whose owners urgently move them from one bank to another in order to gain higher profits. As a result, the migration of capital occurs.
- Unreliable, which can be removed within 25-30% of their size. Unreliable include deposits with early repayment;
- Stable funds (main deposits), the probability of the withdrawal of which is minimal. These include urgent deposits without early repayment.
However, let us return to Russian banks and consider the classification of deposits presented in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Classification of deposits (according to O.I. Lavrushina)
Let's start with deposits to demand, as they occupy the greatest specific weight in the structure of attracted banks of banks about - 50%.
So, demand deposits are funds that can be in demand at any time without prior notice to the Bank by the Client. These include funds on current, settlement and correspondent accounts related to making calculations or targeted use of funds. According to such accounts, there is a constant cash flow (enrollment and write-off). Due to the high mobility of funds, the balance on demand accounts is not constant, sometimes extremely changed. However, despite the high mobility of funds to demand, it is possible to determine their minimum, non-decreasing residue and use it as a stable credit resource.
The calculation of the share of funds stored in demand accounts, which can be translated into urgent deposit accounts (in order to increase the customers of income from the funds placed in the Bank and the formation of a stable lending resource for banks) is made by the formula:
D \u003d Ore: to about. x 100%
where D is the share of means stored during the year on various current accounts that can be translated into deposit accounts.
OSR - the average balance of funds on the estimated or current account for the year.
To about. - Credit turnover on the calculated or current account for the year.
To expand active operations and receiving a bank profit in the best way in terms of liabilities is the growth and diversification of the main types of deposits, which include demand deposits and urgent deposits. Using deposits to demand, the task of obtaining profits by the Bank is decided, since they are the cheapest resource, and the costs of servicing the calculated and current account accounts are minimal.
The contributions to demand is basically unstable, which limits the scope of their use by commercial banks. For this reason, the owners of deposit accounts pays a low percentage (in demand before the demand for an individual, currently 0.01%) or it is not paid at all (for example, on the calculated and current accounts of legal entities, as well as on the correspondent account of commercial banks) . In conditions of increased competition to attract deposits, commercial banks seek to attract customers and stimulate the increase in demand deposits by providing additional services to account holders, as well as improving their quality of service.
Interest on demand deposits are credited to the depositor, as a rule, once a year at the beginning of a new calendar year.
Demand deposits are most liquid. Their owners may at any time use money on demand accounts. Money on this score is entered or credited, as well as removed or debited by both parts and completely without restrictions, and cash money from this account is also allowed. The advantage of demand deposit accounts for their owners is their high liquidity, and for banks, establishing a low interest rate or its absence. The main deficiencies of demand deposits for their owners is to establish a low interest rate on a row, and for the bank - the need to have a higher operational reserve. Thus, the peculiarities of the deposit account of the demand can be described as follows:
- Contribution and removal of money is carried out at any time and in any amount without any restrictions;
- the owner of the account pays the Bank to the Commission for using an account in the form of a solid monthly rate (for legal entities);
- A bank for storing funds on demand accounts pays low interest rates (for individuals) or does not pay (for legal entities), which increases the bank's profits.
Urgent deposits are usually classified depending on their term: deposits with a period of up to 3 months; from 3 to 6 months; from 6 to 9 months; from 9 to 12 months; Over 12 months.
The advantage of urgent deposit accounts for the client is to establish a higher interest rate compared to demand deposit, and for the bank - the ability to maintain liquidity with a smaller operational reserve. The lack of urgent deposit accounts for customers is low liquidity. For the Bank, the disadvantage is the need for payments of increased interest on deposits and decline, therefore, profits.
There are two forms of term deposits:
- urgent contribution with a fixed period;
- urgent contribution with a preliminary notification of withdrawal.
Actually, urgent deposits imply the transfer of funds to the Bank of the Bank for the term and conditions under the contract, and after this period expires, the urgent contribution may be removed by the owner at any time. The amount of remuneration paid to the client on an urgent contribution depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the depository of the contract conditions. The longer time and (or) more deposit, as a rule, more than the amount of remuneration. Such a detailed gradation stimulates investors to the rational organization of own funds and their premises into deposits, and also creates the conditions for managing their liquidity. For example, in Petrovsky Bank OJSC, the income frequency ranges from 1 month to the date of payment of the entire contribution in general.
Deposits with a preliminary notification of dissemination of funds mean that the seduction of the Deposit should notify the Bank in advance to a certain term of the Treaty. Depending on the notification period, the interest rate on deposits is determined.
If the contributor wants to change the amount of the contribution - to reduce or increase, then it may terminate the current contract, remove and reorganize its contribution to the new conditions. However, with the early seizure of the depository of funds in the deposit, it can lose the interest provided by the percentage agreement partially or completely. As a rule, in these cases, interest is reduced to the amount of interest paid on demand deposits. Currently, the demand rate is 0.15%. Many commercial banks apply prolongation of deposits to several times (1-3 or more). When the current deposit is proloned, in the event of a change in interest rate, the newly established interest rate is applied.
Through the attraction of urgent deposits, the task of ensuring the liquidity of the Bank's balance is solved.
The most important tools of the deposit policy of commercial banks are deposit and savings certificates. In the Russian Federation, certificate appeal occurs on a legislative basis.
The certificate is a written commitment to the issuer's bank on the contribution of funds certifying the law of the depositor or its right of the receiver to receive the amount of deposit and interest on it after the established period. Deposit and savings certificates are a type of profitable securities, so they cannot serve as a settlement or payment facility for sold goods or services rendered. There are also restrictions on the transmission of them from one owner to another. The form of the registered certificate must take place for gearing inscriptions.
Certificates manufactured by the Bank should be manufactured by a typographical way, to meet the requirements for this kind of securities.
Commercial banks have the right to start issuing certificates only after approval of the conditions for their issuance and appeal by the main territorial departments of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Conditions must contain full procedure for issuing and handling certificates, a description of the appearance and sample certificate. The certificate must contain the following mandatory details: the name "deposit" (or "savings") certificate; the reason for issuing a certificate (deposit or savings deposit); date of application, amount (in words and figures); unconditional obligation of the bank to return the amount made on the deposit or contributed; Relative date of the amount of the certificate; interest rates and the amount of interest due; Name and address of the issuer's bank; for a personal certificate - the owner; Signatures of two persons authorized to sign this kind of obligations bonded by the Bank's seal.
In addition to dividing certificates for deposit and savings, depending on the category of depositors, certificates can be classified according to other features:
1) By the method of release:
- produced in one-time, i.e. A certificate of a specific number and nominal is released once;
- manufactured by series, i.e. A batch of certificates, one series and one nominal, but under different numbers
2) by the process of registration:
Registered - by concluding an agreement on assignment of the right of claim (cession);
- on bearer - transferred to a new owner by simply delivery.
Cash payments on the purchase - sale of deposit certificates and payments on them are carried out only in non-cash.
The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of the state that does not use the ruble as an official monetary unit. The right of the claim for a depository certificate can be transferred only to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit.
Certificates should be urgent. In the event that the term of receipt of the deposit or certificate contribution is overdue, then such a certificate is considered to be a demand document for which the Bank is committed to paying the contribution to the first requirement of the owner (beneficiary). The bank may provide for early presentation of an urgent certificate. At the same time, the Bank pays the owner of such a certificate amount of the certificate and the percentage at a reduced rate installed by the Bank when issuing a certificate. Interest on certificates are established when issuing and indicated on the blanks in percentage and money. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the certificate expiration do not depend on the acquisition time. You can only get a certificate in the commercial bank in which it was issued or in any of its branch.
The certificate form must contain all the terms of the issue, payment and appeal of the certificate (conditions and order of assignment of rights, the certificate requirement. If a certificate has been operated, not provided for by the conditions contained on his letterhead, such an operation is considered invalid. Production of deposit forms and Savings certificates, both nominal and bearer, are made only by printing enterprises that have a license to issue securities. The bank independently develops the conditions for the issue and appeal certificate.
Conditions for the issuance and appeal of certificates, a description of the appearance and sample certificate are approved by the Board of the Bank - Issuer and are sent in 3 copies on examination to the main territorial management of the CBD at the location of the correspondent account, which gives conclusion about the bank's compliance - the issuer of existing certificate issuance rules And in the absence of violations, one instance of the conditions is sent to the management of the CBR securities. Certificates, being securities, are not subject to registration and does not require a special decision on their issuance from the CRH. At the same time, the territorial management may prohibit the issuance of certificates, as well as recognize invalid released on the following reasons:
The terms of the issue contradict the current legislation or rules of the CBD;
Bank - the issuer timely did not provide the conditions for the issue to the main territorial management of the CBD;
The Bank violates the current legislation and rules of the CBD on the process of issuing and handling a certificate.
The certificate owner can give way to the right of the certificate requirements to another person. For a presenter certificate, this concession is carried out by a simple delivery, the name is drawn up on the reverse side of the certificate by a bilateral agreement (CESSIYA). At the occurrence of demand, the owner of the certificate must submit it to the bank together with a statement containing an indication of the method of repaying the certificate.
For the purpose of accounting sold certificates, commercial banks lead special registration journals or provide for a certificate issuance with special starting roots containing the same registration details.
Certificates are issued in terms of 1 month to 3 years, and in the amount of deposit certificates - from 5 thousand to 10 million rubles, savings certificates from 1,000 and more than 1 million rubles. Interest rates depend on the size and term of the deposit, some banks carry out indexation and monthly income payment.
Consider the features of deposit certificates. Depositserts can only be transferred from a legal entity to legal entities. A deposit certificate can only be issued by an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or on the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit. The deposit certificate has two advantages. First, he, unlike other tools of deposit policy, is the subject of exchange game, and, therefore, its owner can count on extraction of additional profits as a result of a favorable change in market opportunities. Secondly, in the case of the government of intentions to freeze enterprises' deposits, the acquisition of a certificate having free walking in the market will give them owners some freedom of maneuver. In this situation, the certificate becomes an alternative means of payment.
The term of appeal to deposit certificates (from the date of issue to the date, when the certificate owner receives the right to demand the deposit or certificate contribution) is limited to one year.
In international practice, having received interest deposit certificates, discount, i.e. Sold down the price lower than the nominal and certificates with a "floating" rate. The validity period of the last certificate is from 3 to 5 years and the interest rate is determined every 6 months for the next six months. Deposit Certificates can be bought at any time during the period of their action - interest is charged from the date of acquisition.
Some commercial banks issue deposit certificates transmitted (or indescribable) to other empowerment owners with dignity from 500 thousand rubles to 10 million rubles. For a period of up to a year, calculated on large investors. Transmitted deposit certificates are usually sold to government agencies, pension funds, corporations. They bring an income exceeding the interest rate on short-term treasury bills of less long-term (three-month and other) and can contact the secondary securities market.
Consider the features of savings certificates. A savings certificate can move from an individual to physical. A savings certificate can be issued only to a citizen of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit. The right demand for a savings certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or other state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.
Commercial banks in order not to lose, most, a stable source of credit resources are forced in conditions of inflation to indexing the savings certificates by increasing the interest rate, which is an incentive for the population when buying.
Certificates have significant advantages over urgent deposits issued by simple deposit treaties: thanks to more possible financial intermediaries in distributing and handling certificates, a circle of potential investors is expanded; Thanks to the secondary market, the certificate may be early sold by the owner to another person to obtain some income during the storage time and without changing the volume of bank resources, while the early seizure of the owner of the urgent contribution means for him a loss of income, and for the bank a loss of resources .
The disadvantages of certificates are: increased bank costs associated with certificate emissions, as well as the fact that income on them is the object of taxation, in contrast to demand bills and term deposits. The latter feature is taken into account by banks, so interest on certificates is usually higher than interest on urgent deposits with similar deadlines and sum.
So, making the conclusion from the theoretical material setlined, it can be said that for commercial banks deposits - the main and at the same time the most profitable type of resources. The increase in the share of this element in the resource base allows you to place a greater amount of funds raised, thereby increasing the liquidity of the bank.
The exacerbation of competition between banks and other financial structures for the contributions of individuals and legal entities led to the emergence of a huge variety of deposits, prices for them and maintenance methods. According to some foreign specialists, in developed countries, there are currently more than 30 types of bank deposits. At the same time, each of them has its own characteristics, which allows customers to choose the most adequate interests and the possible form of money savings and pay for goods and services.
From above, it can be seen that deposits among the banks raised funds are an important source of resources. However, such a source of the formation of bank resources as deposits are also inherent in some drawbacks. It is primarily about the significant material and cash costs of the Bank when attracting funds into deposits, limited cash within the framework of a separate region. Nevertheless, the competitive struggle between banks in the credit resource market makes them take measures to develop services that contribute to attracting deposits.
1.3 Analysis of the Russian Deposit Services Market
The process of forming a deposit policy is closely interrelated with the Bank of the Interest Policy, as the Deposit Percentage is an effective tool in the field of resource attracting. In the days of state regulation, the limits of the percentage of the percentage were established in accordance with the urgency of the contribution. Currently, banks can independently establish competitive interest rates, focusing on the accounting rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (from September 30, 2009, 10.00%), as well as the state of the money market and on the basis of its own deposit policy.
The peculiarity of the population deposit market is the essential influence of interest rates on the formation of demand for deposits - that is, by banks, interest on deposits largely determines the growth rates of their resource base. Moreover, for different groups of banks, this effect is manifested in varying degrees. Such heterogeneity of the market is able to lead to a significant redistribution of market share between banks, which may be accompanied by the emergence of new major players. Let's try to figure out these processes.
Analysis of the cost of banking resources suggests that Russian credit organizations actively use the factors of manipulating interest rates in their deposit policy to ensure the influx of new depositors. Of course, the level of interest rates is not the only factor that determines the fluctuations in the deposit base, but from a practical point of view, the task of determining the influence of the cost of deposits on the oscillation of the client base "with other equal terms" is very relevant.
An increase in deposit rates leads to an increase in the growth rates of the general deposit base of the bank. For example, if in 2006 the average level of interest rates in commercial banks was about 10% (at the same time there was an increase in bank deposits with rates equivalent to 40% per annum), the deviation of rates of attracting banks up to 11% on average ensured them an increase in the growth rates of deposits to 50 %.
The dynamics of the attracted contributions of the population in the banking system, starting from 2006 to the second half of 2008, had a positive trend. This was due to the growth of income of the population and increasing the level of confidence in the banking system (Figure 8). Currently, the growth of the rates of attracted funds slowed down, which is associated with the financial crisis. The highest rates in the market of bank deposits of individuals demonstrate credit organizations from the "Other" group. These averages of banks are most active in attracting new customers, with the main argument accessible to them when attracting new depositors become the amount of interest payments (the reliability of these credit institutions is still not able to significantly affect their deposit policies).
Figure 8. Dynamics of population deposits for the period (2006-2008).
The contribution insurance system that appeared in Russia, in addition to the obvious advantages, is capable of bringing certain dangers - in the presentation of the population, there is gradual smoothing in the risks of various banks that differ in real levels of financial stability. As a result, it is for these banks that the price factor is the main tool in the competitive struggle. It is not by chance that in this group of banks demand for deposits is most sensitive to changes in interest rates. And it is precisely that the greatest growth rates of deposits of the population in this group of banks are explained.
Slightly exceed the levels of the cost of deposits in commercial banks the cost of relevant resources in the group of the largest Russian private banks. This group initially used the population to be more high (compared to banks from the "junior" groups) confidence, which allowed them a long time to ensure the moderate cost of attracting deposits. However, recently, the competitive advantages of this group of banks are falling in the eyes of the population, which, on the one hand, is explained by the emergence of the deposit insurance system, and on the other hand, the experience of the 2004 banking crisis, when the several largest Russian banks turned out to be on the verge of solvency loss. As a result, the status of large banks is gradually leveling towards smaller credit institutions. And, as a result, the price factor, as well as for banks from the "Other" group, plays a significant role here - sensitivity to changes in interest rates. At the same time, high sensitivity in combination with sufficiently high rates does not guarantee them the same growth rate of the deposit base. This is explained by the special "disloyment" of their clientele, which, reasonably without seeing special differences in risks, preferred to translate deposits into smaller credit organizations offering obviously higher percentages.
The cost of a group of banks involving foreign capital is most distinguished. Their deposit policy is based on high credit ratings of maternal structures unattainable for Russian commercial banks. This factor allows banks involving foreign capital to raise the funds of the population at low rates. At the same time, since the spring of 2005, a group of banks with the participation of foreign capital remains the only category of banks that consistently increasing the cost of deposits. It seems that this effect is explained by two factors.
First, initially the main clientele of banks with the participation of foreign capital were secured segments of the population, validation in deposits of banks reliability and ready to put up with underestimated interest rates. However, a small group of depositors today can no longer ensure a significant increase in the volume of attraction. So, banks are forced to pay attention to other potential depositors who are more oriented to receive interest income. The benefit that current low levels of deposit rates of banks involving foreign capital make it possible to increase them without a significant reduction in the bank margin.
Secondly, the rise in the cost of borrowing in foreign markets has recently made the Russian market of deposits for banks with the participation of foreign capital really interesting, and they are ready to actively fight for the place on it, especially in the context of the current financial crisis.
If recently the sensitivity of the growth rate of deposits for banks with the participation of foreign capital to the cost of deposits was actually absent, then you can also state their willingness to attract new depositors.
If you see the dynamics of currency and ruble deposits, it can be seen that over the past five years, the growth rates of deposits of individuals in rubles almost constantly averaged the growth rate of currency deposits, which was caused by the fall in the population of the dollar.
Figure 9 Ruble and currency deposit growth rates
As of July 1, 2008, foreign currency deposits were 13.6% in the total volume of deposits. Today, according to the Bank of Russia, the volume of currency deposits is about 30% of the total volume.
Speaking of interest rates, it is necessary to note the following: on certain types of deposit accounts, the amount of revenues is determined by the term of the contribution, the amount, the specifics of the functioning of the account, the volume and nature of the associated services and depends on the compliance of the deposit conditions by the Client.
The deposit rates system should be focused on the market conjuncture with an indispensable accounting of the emerging hierarchy of the reliability of comparable tools. So, the bank holding rates at a lower level than the competitors close to him in the degree of reliability, risks to lose part of his clientele.
Accrual by the Bank of interest on deposits is the main part of operating expenses. Therefore, the Bank, on the one hand, is not interested in a high level of interest rate, and on the other, it is forced to support such a level of interest rate on deposits, which would be attractive to customers. Trying to attract deposits, especially large-size and for a long time, commercial banks offer customers high interest rates, despite the increase in interest expenses. However, the attraction of funds of the population by banks is not impossible. As of January 1, 2009. The average interest rate on attracted funds is 12% per annum (from the statistical data of the Central Bank). If you trace the dynamics of% of rates in the commercial banks of North-West over the past 3 years, we can conclude that the average interest rate on deposits increased by approximately + - (3-4)%. Interest rates on deposits were especially noticeably changed in the crisis that established in the world. Only for the 1st quarter of 2009, they increased approximately (3-5)% in almost all commercial banks.
Chapter 2 Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank (on the example of OJSC "Bank Petrovsky")
2.1 Place OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" on the banking services market
Before analyzing a specific direction of activity of any entity of the economy, it is necessary to give it a brief description.
Bank "Petrovsky" was registered by the Central RSFSR Bank on November 12, 1990. In 1991, the 5 first branches in St. Petersburg began work, as well as the first non-resident office.
In 1992, an agreement on cooperation was signed between the Bank and the Office of the Federal Postal Service. Already next year, together with the UFPS and the Department of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in St. Petersburg, Petrovsky began the introduction of technology to pay pensions from current pension accounts on the post office of the city. In 1997, Petrovsky began to introduce his retirement technology in the Leningrad region.
In 1997, the Bank received the status of an authorized bank of the Government of the Russian Federation category "C", as well as an authorized bank of the Government of the Leningrad Region.
In 2000, the Bank's leadership decided to renaming the Bank at Petrovsky People's Bank OJSC.
In 2002, in connection with the change of shareholders of the Bank, Petrovsky People's Bank was renamed MDM-Bank St. Petersburg.
In May 2006, the Bank's controlling stake was acquired by an Eastern European financial corporation. In accordance with the decision of the General Meeting of Shareholders of the Bank, the new name of the Bank was approved: the Bank's Open Joint-Stock Company "Bank of the Eastern European Finance Corporation" (abbreviated name - JSC "Bank VEFC").
On October 29, 2008, the Agency for Insurance Deposit (DCA), based on the requirements of the Federal Law "On Additional Measures to Strengthen the Stability of the Banking System in the period up to December 31, 2011", assumed the functions of the Interim Administration for the Bank of the VEFC Bank. In February 2009, agreements were achieved on the participation of NOMOS-Bank and FC Opening as co-investors in the capital of the VEFC Bank.
As part of the implementation of measures to financial rehabilitation of the Bank, investors in the face of Nomos Bank and the Financial Corporation "Opening" bought at 25% of the additional issue of shares of the VEFC Bank. The remaining 50% of the additional emission acquired the QU.
In September 2009, the Bank returned the initial name - Petrovsky Bank.
OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" provides a wide range of services for both legal and individuals. For individuals, the Bank offers services such as deposits in rubles and foreign currency, money transfers, payback of pensions, transfers from ruble and currency accounts, sein, operations with cash currency, opening and maintenance of plastic cards. Enough and list of services for organizations. We call those of them that enjoy the greatest popularity: lending, opening and maintaining ruble and currency accounts, salary projects.
The priority activity of OJSC Bank Petrovsky is to work with the population in the field of attraction of deposits. Depositors of OJSC Bank Petrovsky can choose the most convenient scheme for preserving and multiplying their savings. The bank offers customers a flexible system of deposit deposit in rubles and currency for a period of 1 month to 3 years; Different types of deposits allowing you to choose a contribution that meets the customer requests. OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" produces its own international plastic cards of Visa InternationalMaster Card International . OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" has an extensive correspondent network consisting of large banks in Russia and the CIS. OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" is widely branched (second after Sberbank in magnitude) a branch network - 170 branches in St. Petersburg and branches in the cities of Russia. Focused work on improving banking services and the expansion of their spectrum was the basis for a significant increase in the number of clients of Petrovsky Bank OJSC.
At the end of April 2009, the change of shareholders and top management of the VEFC Bank, as well as the Bank's credit institution with state participation in capital, had a positive impact on the bank's attitude to the Bank by private individuals. For the past quarter of Petrovsky Bank OJSC reversal the tendency to reduce the main indicators characterizing the volume of operations to maintain individuals observed in the previous period. So, the volume of attracted funds of individuals increased by 10.3% - from 17.4 billion to 19.2 billion rubles, which can be seen Figure 10. At the same time, the amount of term deposits increased by 6.6%, the balances on pension accounts in additional offices of the bank - by 15.5%, balances on bank card accounts - by 14.1%.
Figure 10 Dynamics of deposits of individuals for the period from 10.08-09.2009
The average monthly income of the bank for operations with individuals (remittances, utilities, sein, etc.) has increased significantly. If, for comparison, in February-March S.G. They averaged 7.5 million rubles, then in June, the Bank's revenues increased to 8.3 million, in July - up to 8.6 million.
The number of remittances carried out by the Bank, which, for example, in the spring of this year, 15-16 thousand units per week, currently reached a mark of 20 thousand.
Separately, I would like to mention the serious increase in balances in the accounts of pensioners who receive a pension directly in the offices of OJSC Bank Petrovsky. As you know, pensioners receiving pension in the bank can be served both in postal offices and additional offices of the bank. At the same time, the list of services provided by this category of clients in Popularities is wider than in branches of communication. This fact finds understanding and at the pensioners themselves, as of July 2009, about 1.2 million pensioners are serviced in the bank. The remains in the accounts of pensioners for the first half of the year increased by 1 billion rubles (53%).
Speaking of legal entities, it should be noted that since May 2009, the balances in the accounts increased by 20% - up to 7.5 billion rubles. If at the beginning of the year corporate clients in OJSC Bank Petrovsky on average, about 150 bills opened on average, then at the end of September 2009, 250-270 new bills open a week. The general number of Jurlitz accounts is now 67 thousand units.
According to the journal "Expert", OJSC Bank Petrovsky occupies 41th place in the ranking of the 100 largest banks in Russia in 2008 as of 01.01.2009. The Bank is among the 30 banks - leaders in attracting deposits of individuals following the results of 2008 at number 26
2.2 Types of deposits of OJSC Bank Petrovsky
Deposits of the population are important in the resource base of OJSC Bank Petrovsky. So on 01.09.2009, deposits of the population amounted to 80.0% of the total amount of resources. This is quite natural, since Petrovsky constantly pays special attention to the contributions of the population.
Consider applicable as of 01.09.2009. Types of deposits and conditions on them. They can be divided into three basic groups: urgent deposits, pension and demand deposits.
Table No. 1 Types of deposits as of 01.10.2009
| Types of deposits | Deposit term, prolongation | The sum of the initial contribution and additional visions | Note | Annual% |
| Poste restante | any | At least 10 rubles. Extra. Contributions are not limited | 0,15 | |
| Autumn |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 100 dollars From 100 euros |
4.35-14.70 | |
| Autumn-pension |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 100 dollars From 100 euros |
Extra. Contributions \\ Payments Capitalization, prolongation are not prevailing | 4.55-14.90 |
| Petrovsky-Classical |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 100 dollars From 100 euros. |
4.10-14.70 | |
| Petrovsky-classic with monthly payment% |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 100 dollars From 100 euros |
Extra. Contributions \\ payments are not prevailing. Payment% monthly |
3.10-13.70 |
| Petrovsky-accumulative |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 300 dollars From 300 euros Contributions from 500 rubles, 50 dollars, euro |
Extra. Payments Capitalization are not prevailing | 5.10-13.70 |
| Petrovsky-complex percentage |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 1000 rubles From 100 dollars From 100 euros |
Extra. Contributions \\ Payments are not prevailing | 3.60-14.20 |
| Petrovsky-multi-currency |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 30000 rubles From 1000 dollars From 1000 euros Contributions are not limited |
Extra. Payments Capitalization, prolongation are not prevailing | 6.35-13.70 |
| Petrovsky-Universal |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 10,000 rubles From 300 dollars From 300 euros Contributions from 1000 rubles, 50 dollars, euro |
capitalization is not prevailed | 4.60-13.95 |
| Petrovsky-Vip. |
over 1 year to 3 years |
From 300,000 rubles From 10,000 dollars From 10,000 euros |
Extra. Contributions \\ Payments Capitalization are not prevailing | 5.55-15.20 |
| Pension-cumulative deposit | 2 years |
Contributions are not limited |
Prolongation is not provided | 12.50 |
| Current pensioner account | any | 5-7 |
From the data of Table No. 1, it is clear that the most expensive deposits for individuals of individuals are deposits of autumn-pension, autumn, Petrovsky-Classic and Petrovsky-VIP. This is due to the conditions of these types of contributions, namely the lack of monthly capitalization of interest, or the large amount of the deposit, as, for example, in Petrovsky-VIP.
It can be seen that contributions aimed at pensioners are in a special place in the line of deposits. Thus, it can be concluded that OJSC Bank Petrovsky offers a wide selection of contributions that are aimed at various market segments. At the same time, special attention is paid to the pensioners for which the line of deposits is provided, which allows to take into account their interests. Special allocation of contributions for pensioners is due to the fact that it is they who are an important segment of investors for Bank Petrovsky.
If you consider additional conditions on deposits given for each contribution separately in Appendix No. 1, you can trace the following trend in the use of such a criterion as prolongation. If the deposit prolongation is present in the terms of the contract, then a significantly lower interest rate is observed than the deposits without prolongation.
Analyzing the deposits (deposits) of Bank Petrovsky OJSC, you can pay attention to the following:
installing interest rates, the bank always binds deposits (deposits) by investment. For example, the interest rate of the contribution of "to demand" is 0.15%, and the interest rate of the contribution of the Pension Cumulative Deposit for 2 years is 12.5%;
the deposit amount is also tied to the amount of interest rate. So, for example, the contribution of Petrovsky-cumulative for 1 year and 1 day) the amount from 1 to 700 tr. Accepted under 13.25% per annum, and the same contributions amount from 700 tr. and higher under 13.70%;
interest rate on ruble deposits is not lower than the level of inflation, which saves deposit deposits;
based on the fact that income in the form of interest received by taxpayers on deposits in banks are not subject to taxation.
interest on ruble deposits are paid within the amounts calculated on the basis of the current refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia (10%), increased by five percentage points. ,
the established rate does not exceed 9 percent of annual deposits in foreign currency;
it can be noted that all proposed contributions are not subject to taxation (the exception is Petrovsky - VIP).
For legal entities, Bank Petrovsky OJSC offers clients various options for posting temporarily free funds for various dates:
· Urgent deposits in Russian rubles and foreign currency;
· Own bill of bank "Petrovsky" in Russian rubles and foreign currency.
The Bank offers legal entities Financial Medium-term tools - a bank deposit.
The deposit agreement certifies the amount of the deposit made to the Bank, and the rights of the depositor to receive, after the established period, the amount of the deposit and the percentage of interest in the contract. The payment of interest on the deposit is carried out monthly or at the same time after the expiration of the contract. A fixed interest rate is established for the entire deposit validity period. The bank cannot unilaterally reduce or increase the interest due in the contract. Interest rates are established depending on the terms of placement of funds. Accordingly, the rate depends on the amount and term of the deposit. In the case of claiming the deposit depositor to the return amount before the expiration of the contract, interest is paid at a rate of 0.01% per annum.
2.3 Analysis of the Deposit Portfolio
The main goal of the deposit policy of OJSC Petrovsky is to attract the optimal amount of monetary resources (in terms of and under currencies), necessary and sufficient to work in financial markets, subject to ensuring the minimum level of costs.
Attracting resources is carried out in the course of specific operations provided for in the current bank licenses. At the same time, the main tools used by OJSC Petrovsky to attract resources are:
o Opening and maintenance of legal accounts and physically persons involving funds for these accounts;
o Opening and maintenance of accounts of other banks involving funds for these accounts.
The list of tools for attracting funds can be expanded during further banking. During the deposit operations, the Bank's division is guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the regulatory acts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Bank's charter, this document and internal documents regulating the technical procedure and conditions for conducting specific types of banking operations. If you trace the dynamics in a few years, then you can note the steady increase in the balances of legal entities (Figure 11):
Figure 11 Dynamics of residues in accounts of legal entities OJSC Bank Petrovsky
Deposits of individuals will analyze using Table number 2:
Analysis of the deposit portfolio of Petrovsky Bank OJSC in 2008 (for urgency of investments)
| No. p / p | Name of the PDS article | Balance account | The magnitude of the PDS, thousands rub. | PDS structure,% | Changes for the period (+/-) | |||
| at 1.01.0. 8 G. | at 1.01.0. 9 G. | at 1.01.0. 8 G. | at 1.01.0. 9 G. | in thousand rubles. | in% | |||
Deposits (e), total including: |
Σ p.1 - 7 | 19270123.00 | 18033769.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | -7% | ||
| I. | Demand deposits (BV), total | 410-423(01), 42309, 425-426 (01), 42609 | 290832.00 | 1 | 2 | 40013 | 15.9 | |
| II. | Urgent deposits (DS), total | 17742937.00 | 99 | 98 | -6.8 | |||
| 1. | for up to 30 days | 410-423(02), 42310, 425-426 (02), 42610 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 2. | for a term of 30-90 days | 410-423 (03), 42311, 425-426 (03), 42611 | 445687 | 1109708 | 2 | 6 | 148 | |
| 3. | for a period of 91-180 days | 410-423(04), 42312, 425-426 (04), 42612 | 2247860 | 3590845 | 12 | 20 | 1342985 | 59.7 |
| 4. | for a period of 181 days to 1 year | 410-423(05), 42313, 425-426 (05), 42613 | 5946184 | 5155936 | 31 | 29 | -790248 | -13.3 |
| 5. | for a term of 1 year to 3 years | 410-423(06), 42314, 425-426 (06), 42614 | 10379573 | 7886448 | 54 | 43 | -2493125 | -24.1 |
| 6. | for a period of over 3 years | 410-423(07), 42315, 425-426 (07), 42615 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Such an analysis allows you to identify the features of the Bank's deposit policy and to determine in the overall approximate deadlines for the placement of the Bank's resources. In particular, the results of the analysis make it possible to conclude about the involvement of resources from the point of view of their cost ("expensive" / "cheap"): term deposits are much more expensive than balance of funds in demand.
Additionally, to formulate the final output on the analysis of deposits for timing, it is advisable to calculate the following indicators:
The urgency coefficient of the structure of deposits (D in D):
d in d \u003d ds / d, where DS is the volume of urgent deposits; D - total deposits.
As of 01/01/2008 98%
As of 01/01/2009 98%
The high rate of urgency of the structure of deposits characterizes the degree of constancy and stability of the resource base.
In general, the increase in the share of urgent deposits in the total amount of deposits of the bank should be assessed positively, because Urgent deposits as the most stable component of the deposit portfolio provides at an acceptable level and makes it possible to increase the liquidity of the Bank and conduct operations on the placement of resources for longer times.
The share of urgent deposits (DS) in the total amount of liabilities (P): D \u003d DS / P.
As of 01/01/2008 38.5%
As of 01/01/2009, 21.4%
Coefficient of the structure of obligations (CSR): KSO \u003d BOARD / DS.
As of 01/01/2008 1.3%
As of 01/01/2009 0.1%
The indicator characterizes the stability of bank financial resources. The lower the value of the indicator, the smaller the relative need of the Bank in liquid assets caused by the structure of obligations.
Figure 12 shows that the greatest amount of funds raised is to deposits over 181 days and over the year.
Figure12 The structure of deposits of OJSC "Bank" Petrovsky "in terms of 01.01.2009
Since 2005, OJSC Bank Petrovsky is confidently increasing the deposit portfolio, as can be seen in Figure 13. 
Figure 13 Dynamics of residues in the accounts of individuals
Banking crisis of October 2008 tailed the sustainability of the bank, but today everything has stabilized
2.4 Organization of the formation and implementation of deposit policy
The deposit policy of OJSC Bank Petrovsky is closely related to the Bank's credit and interest policy, being one of the elements of banking policies in general.
Deposit policy is formed with the allocation of the following
Setting a goal and determination of tasks of deposit policy;
Allocation of relevant units involved in the implementation of deposit policies, the distribution of employee powers;
Development of the necessary procedures and technical procedures for conducting banking operations that ensure resource involvement;
Organization of control and management in the process of carrying out banking operations aimed at attracting resources.
When forming a deposit policy, the following specific principles are taken into account:
Principles of ensuring optimal (taking into account the subsequent receipt of income from the placement of resources) of the cost level;
The principle of security of deposit operations and maintain the reliability of the Bank's work.
Compliance with the listed principles allows the Bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of deposit policies.
Deposit policy of OJSC "Bank Petrovsky" is based depending on:
Subjects of deposit relations (in relation to individuals and legal entities);
Banking tools used to attract resources;
Resource attraction time (short-term, medium-term and long-term deposit policy);
Attraction goals (for investing, lending, maintaining current liquidity);
Aggressiveness in the involvement of resources and related pricing policy and the degree of risk of operations.
Deposit policy of OJSC "Petrovsky Bank" provides for:
carrying out the analysis of the deposit market;
o determining target markets to minimize deposit risk;
o minimizing expenses in the process of attracting funds;
o Optimizing the management of the deposit portfolio in order to maintain the required level of liquidity of the bank, increasing its sustainability.
Bank Petrovsky OJSC, when conducting its deposit policy, takes into account the following factors:
Change of tax legislation;
The current state and trends of the financial market both in terms of attraction and placement of resources;
Changes made in the calculation of bank standards;
Changes in the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
Limits, control numbers installed by the Bank by the banking operations themselves.
The implementation of the Bank's Deposit Policy is carried out during the conduct of specific banking operations that allow you to attract funds. At the same time, Bank Petrovsky OJSC conducts deposit operations, that is, attracts funds on conditions:
o repayment;
o urgency;
o paid (when it is provided for by the relevant contracts);
o publicity (regarding the conditions for attracting funds).
The basic principle of the Bank's work in the course of deposit operations is to ensure the amount of resources required for the normal functioning of the Bank, achieved with the minimum cost of their purchase.
The main principle is achieved due to the diversification of the portfolio of the attached monetary resources on sources of their involvement and structure, binding volumes and the structure of these resources (according to currency and urgency) to the volume and structure of assets.
A compulsory requirement in determining the possible conditions for attracting resources is a preliminary analysis of possible areas of spending involved resources with an assessment of financial results and structural changes as a result of the alleged banking operations.
The main direction of the Deposit Policy "Petrovsky Bank" is the opening and maintenance of individuals of individuals.
Remains of funds in the accounts of individuals - customers of the bank make up most of the total amount of funds attracted by the Bank. Nevertheless, the issue of intensifying work with individuals is intended to pay increased attention.
The Bank's policy in working with individuals is based primarily at work with a wide range of individuals, this contributes to a developed network of offices. Another client unit is employees of organizations and enterprises that are clients of the bank. The Bank opens and conducts the accounts of individuals in rubles and foreign currency on the basis of existing agreements, differing depending on the urgency of accounts.
The price policy of the bank in working with customers - individuals provides for:
Lack of fees for the balances on the current states of individuals.
The availability of fees for the balances on urgent (deposit) accounts of individuals, the amount of which is determined on the basis of the basic conditions for the attraction of funds approved by the Board of the Bank.
The Bank is conducting activities aimed at an increase in the total amount of funds in the accounts of individuals to the share of urgent resources, which serves by the Bank the Interest Policy, which provides for the creation of competitive conditions for attracting funds from individuals. So the bank holds for permanent depositors a bonus program "Premium percentage"
The influx of funds from individuals directly or indirectly contributes to additional services provided by the Bank to individuals. Among these services, issuance and maintenance of plastic cards, remittances, payment of utilities, renting safe chains.
Another important area of \u200b\u200bthe Deposit Policy of Petrovsky Bank OJSC is the opening and maintenance of legal entities.
The leading source of the formation of the resource base of the Bank is the balance of funds in the accounts of legal entities - customers of the bank.
The Bank's policy in working with legal entities is based, first of all, at work with the Bank's current clients, as well as on the involvement of new ones.
Increasing the sustainability of the Bank's resource base (in terms of volumes and timing) should be facilitated:
Business development by current banking banks;
Opening in bank accounts by organizations and enterprises - counterparties and partners of the Bank's current clients;
The accumulation of financial flows associated with the implementation of programs and projects carried out with the participation of the Bank's clients.
The Bank opens and conducts accounts of legal entities in rubles and foreign currency on the basis of current treaties. The price of the Bank in working with clients - legal entities provides for the lack of fees for funds on the current accounts of legal entities, except the establishment of individual fees for fees for Remains of funds in the accounts of enterprises and organizations.
Considering the increasing demands on the part of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on
Raising liquidity levels expressed in the need for daily execution of banking standards, as well as aiming to balance resources with assets in terms of timing, the Bank is conducting activities aimed at an increase in the total amount of funds in the accounts of legal entities share of urgent resources. These activities imply personal work with specific clients involving:
Tracking of cash flow on customer accounts - legal entities, choosing on the basis of the information received by the most promising customers in terms of formation on the basis of customer database of the urgent resource base;
Creation for customers - legal entities conditions stimulating to the translation of a part of funds from current accounts for urgent accounts;
Timely informing customers - legal entities about new customer service conditions.
As part of solving the problems of expanding the circle of legal entities serviced in the Bank, increasing the resource base of the Bank at the expense of funds accumulated on the accounts of legal entities, is of paramount importance to create conditions for customers contributing to the influx of cash resources. Such conditions can be considered competitive, compared with other banks, the Bank's Tariff Policy, the Bank's flexibility regarding the establishment of fees for the deployed monetary resources, favorable customers for customers, including obtaining loans, the possibility of remote customer service through the client-bank system and so Further.
Chapter 3. Improving Deposit Policy
3.1 Tools for improving the deposit policy of OJSC Bank Petrovsky
2008 was a difficult year for the banking system around the world. Despite the assumptions and forecasts of a number of experts, the financial crisis has affected Petrovsky Bank OJSC. Despite the problem situation in the banking market, Bank Petrovsky OJSC continued its development. According to the results of September 2009, the Bank completely overcame all the difficulties and achieved high financial results.
One of the problems with which commercial banks are currently facing is the formation of a resource base. The resource base has a direct impact on the liquidity and solvency of the commercial bank. The scale of the activities of the commercial bank, and, therefore, the size of the income that he receives is rigidly dependent on the size of those resources that the Bank acquires in the market of various resources and, in particular, deposit. From here there is a competitive struggle between banks for attracting resources.
The formation of a resource base, which includes not only the attraction of a new clientele, but also a constant change in the structure of sources of resource attracting, is an integral part of the flexible management of assets and liabilities of a commercial bank. Effective liability management involves the implementation of competent deposit policies. The specificity of this area of \u200b\u200bactivity is that in terms of passive operations, the choice of the Bank is usually limited to a certain group of clientele, to which it is tied much stronger than to borrowers.
The limited resources associated with the development of banking competition leads to close binding to certain customers. If the circle of these clients is narrow, then the dependence on them is very high. Therefore, in our opinion, to strengthen the resource base, banks need a weighted deposit policy, which is based on the maintenance of the necessary level of diversification, ensuring the possibility of attracting cash resources from other sources and maintaining a balance with assets in terms of timing, volumes and interest rates.
In order to expand the resource potential of JSC Bank Petrovsky, it is necessary to intensify its deposit policy. In this regard, one of the priorities of the Bank's work should be the gradual increase in the deposit portfolio through a competent deposit policy aimed, in particular, to expand the list of deposits accessible to customers, the introduction of new types of services for their convenience.
The deposit policy of OJSC Bank Petrovsky should take into account the needs of all social and age groups of citizens - working and pensioners, young people and middle-aged people, and must also be designed for people with different levels of income.
With each client, OJSC Bank Petrovsky should strive to establish long-term partnerships. To this end, the bank must predict the development of customer needs, develop and offer a full range of banking products and services.
Thus, OJSC Bank Petrovsky could offer a new type of contribution to accumulate funds for training or a gift to the child. The minimum initial fee is 10,000 rubles. The deposit opens for a period of a year, with accrual of 13% per annum in rubles and with the possibility of innovation. If at the end of the term, the deposit amount and interest due to interest remains for the next time in the same form of the contribution, then the client will have the opportunity to receive a bonus of 0.5% to the interest rate acting at the time of prolongation in this type of deposit. It is possible to conduct promotional actions and issuing prizes to active depositors.
To attract a young generation of OJSC Bank Petrovsky, which could be replenished with the list of contributions with new types of deposits focused on this population, for example, to offer a contribution to students. It is proposed to introduce the following conditions of this contribution: the deposit period is 1 year (four-fold prolongation), the discovery only if there is a student ticket, a plastic card opens to the deposit and percentages are listed monthly on it, it turns out a stylance. In order to ensure the influx of depositors to this type of deposit, it is advisable, in our opinion, to introduce some incentives attractive to potential customers among the younger population (for example, discount cards stores).
For the greatest interest of customers and the influx of deposits of OJSC Bank Petrovsky, it can offer interest payments on placed deposits ahead with the aim of compensating inflationary losses. In this case, the depositor when placing funds for a certain period immediately receives income due to him. However, if the contract is terminated early, the Bank recalculates interest on the contribution and excessively paid amounts will be held from the deposit amount. In addition to expanding the spectrum of deposits, in order to improve the deposit policy, the Bank is invited to master the issue of securities, namely savings certificates. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs will be able to acquire a deposit certificate. The minimum deposit amount decorated by a deposit certificate is 100,000 rubles. The maximum period of which the deposit certificate is issued is 2 years. The deposit certificate is carried out on the basis of the concluded agreement of the bank deposit. The payment of interest on the certificate is made simultaneously with its repayment.
Payment of the certificate is carried out by the bank when the date of claiming the amount on it on the basis of the application for payment and upon presentation of a deposit certificate.
A deposit certificate can be charged to pay early. In case of early presentation of the certificate to pay, the Bank pays the amount of the deposit and interest paid on the claim to demand valid at the time of the certificate for payment.
Thus, when developing deposit policies, the bank should be guided by certain criteria for its improvement, among which the following can be distinguished:
- the relationship of deposit, credit and other bank operations to maintain its stability, reliability and financial stability;
- diversification of the bank resources in order to minimize the risk;
- segmentation of the deposit portfolio (on customers);
- differentiated approach to various groups of clients;
- Competitiveness of banking products and services.
These are some possible ways to improve the deposit policy of OJSC Bank Petrovsky and increasing its role in ensuring its sustainability. In conclusion, we can say that each bank develops its deposit policy, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for holding deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor in competition from other banks and inflation processes occurring in economy.
3.2 Deposit Insurance System in the Russian Federation and its improvement
Attraction of funds of legal entities and individuals, operations on deposit accounts are one of the main activities for banks. At the same time, bankruptcy of banks leads to the loss of their depositors of their money. A guarantee of the preservation of a bank deposit in such cases can be provided by means of a deposit insurance mechanism.
One of the manifestations of the stabilization of the Russian economy is a pronounced tendency to an increase in real incomes of the population, respectively, its savings potential. Cash accumulation of citizens are an important reserve for increasing the resource base of the banking sector, so necessary to expand its investment opportunities. Therefore, the task of enhancing the process of mobilizing financial resources of individuals into deposits is macroeconomic significance for our country.
According to leading domestic and foreign experts, the main factor preventing the successful solution of the problem under consideration is the low level of citizen confidence in commercial banks. To change this provision by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia, a whole range of events was adopted. The most important of them is legitimately attributed to the introduction of the Legislative Deposit Insurance Base. This federal law ensures the necessary legal framework for centralized protection of investors' interests, establishes the organizational foundations of the deposit insurance system, regulates the legal and financial relations arising in the process of its operation.
Independent experts and representatives of the banking community unanimously note its positive impact on the development of a savings effect in modern Russia. At the same time, the analysis of the results of the functioning of the system made it possible to state the presence of a number of not solved and controversial issues. They relate to the conceptual apparatus, the general methodology for compulsory deposit insurance, its applied mechanisms, finally, the functions and powers of the agency managing this system.
The deposit insurance system is a set of measures aimed at protecting deposits and ensuring their guaranteed return (or partly) in the event of a financial institution bankruptcy. The insurance system is based on the following principles:
Obligation of participation in the deposit insurance system;
Reduction of the risks of adverse effects for investors in case of non-fulfillment by banks of their obligations;
Transparency of the deposit insurance system;
The accumulative nature of the formation of the fund's compulsory deposit insurance funds by regular contributions from the deposit insurance system.
And yet, the main factor determining the type of deposit protection system is the economic level of the country's development: the degree of development of the monetary system, the share of state ownership in the banking sector, as well as the possibility of a banking crisis, which is an important stimulus for introducing a more efficient deposit protection mechanism .
The most important factor in the redistribution of funds between banks, naturally, is the interest rate policy of banks. The introduction of any advanced new guarantees will lead to a decrease in interest rates on deposits in commercial banks, and high interest rates will remain only in the most risky and aggressive banks that need additional funds, which is not included in the number of tasks of creating a new system.
Amendments were made to the current Federal Deposit Insurance Act in order to improve the efficiency of the insurance system for individuals and improving the confidence of the population to banks. Consider the improvement of criteria and mechanisms for monitoring the compliance of banks, the requirements for participation in the deposit insurance system after making changes from 2008:
The inaccuracy is eliminated, according to which the established requirements for banks involved in the deposit insurance system have been distributed only to banks on the day of entry into force of this federal law permission to attract funds to the deposits of individuals and on the opening and maintenance of bank accounts of individuals. According to the new formulation, not only banks that have the appropriate permission of the Bank of Russia should be satisfied, but also applying for its extradition.
In addition, the requirements for banks that are used to participate in the deposit insurance system are clarified. It was envisaged that the bank can be a member of the deposit insurance system at the same time as follows:
Accounting and reporting of the Bank are recognized by the Bank of Russia with reliable;
The Bank complies with the required regulations established by the Bank of Russia;
The financial stability of the Bank is recognized as the Bank of Russia sufficient;
The Bank does not apply to the measures provided for by banking legislation, as well as there are no grounds for their application (including the introduction of a ban on the implementation of individual banking operations, recovery from the credit institution of fines, the implementation of measures to prevent bankruptcy).
Another requirement was added: the bank compliance with the established procedure for disclosure to an unlimited range of information about persons providing a significant (direct or indirect) influence on decisions made by the authorities of its management. At the same time, the Bank of Russia is obliged to decide on the introduction of a ban on receiving deposits of individuals of individuals, if the bank does not satisfy the required requirements for a certain period. So, in particular, it was established that the Bank does not comply with the requirements for participation in the Deposit Insurance System in cases if:
Accounting and reporting of the Bank are recognized by the Bank of Russia unreliable for three months in a row;
Bank for six months in a row does not fulfill the same mandatory standard from among Russia established by the Bank. Non-compliance with the mandatory standards in the reporting month is its violation for the total for six or more operational days during this month;
In addition, the Bank of Russia has the right to decide on the introduction of a ban on attracting funds to the deposits of individuals in cases where:
1) Accounting and reporting of the Bank are invalid by the Bank of Russia;
2) the bank within two months in a row does not fulfill the same mandatory standard from the number of Russia established by the Bank;
3) The Bank has two months in a row to assess "unsatisfactory" on the same group of indicators (equalization of capital, assets, liquidity, as well as assessing the quality of bank management, its operations and risks).
4) If the bank has an assessment of "unsatisfactory" on the same group of indicators (equalization of capital, assets and liquidity) for six reporting monthly dates in a row or two reporting quarterly dates in a row;
5) If the Bank has a "unsatisfactory" assessment of the Bank's quality assessment assessment group, its operations and risks, as well as in relation to the procedure for disclosing an unlimited range of information about persons providing a significant (direct or indirect) impact on decisions made by its management bodies , three months in a row;
6) If the bank has an assessment of "unsatisfactory" on the group of indicators of estimation of profitability into two reporting quarterly dates in a row.
Also, banks are entrusted to keeping accounting not only by the Bank's obligations before depositors, but also the oncoming requirements of the bank to the depositor. The maintenance of such accounting ensures the readiness of the Bank to form at the occurrence of an insured event, as well as for any day at the request of the Bank of Russia (within seven calendar days from the date of receipt of the specified claim) of the bank's obligations register before depositors. The registry is formed in the order and in the form, which are established by the Bank of Russia on the proposal of the agency. The composition of deposits subject to mandatory insurance was specified. Thus, from this composition excluded the funds posted on bank accounts (deposits) of lawyers, notaries and other persons, if such accounts are open to the implementation of professional activities.
A circle of persons with the right to receive compensation on deposits after the occurrence of the insured event was expanded, namely the heirs of the depositor. The heir is entitled to take advantage of the rights of the deceased depositor from the moment of issuing the heir to the relevant certificate of the right to inherit or other document confirming its right to inherit or the right to use the testing of the testator.
In addition, a new rule has been introduced regarding additional funds received into the contribution (at the expense) after the introduction of the Bank of Russia to attract funds to the deposits of individuals. Such funds (with the exception of interest accrued in accordance with the terms) are not credited to the contribution (at the expense), and are subject to either return to persons who gave an instruction on crediting funds into the contribution (to the account), or, on the application of an individual, are listed on The account of the same individual opened in another bank consistent with the deposit insurance system.
As amended agency, the agency is entrusted with the functions of the competitive managing (liquidator) in the bankruptcy of credit institutions. In addition, it is envisaged to empower the Agency to carry out operations on the sale of property (pledge subject), which is ensuring the fulfillment of the obligations of credit institutions - the counterparties of the Bank of Russia.
Of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the main reason for improving the deposit insurance mechanism in the Russian Federation is the financial unreliability of most existing financial institutions and the enormous loss of the population from the collapse of the largest private banks during the unstable financial situation of the country's economy.
As is well known, the most severe consequence of bank crises of various countries has become a total crisis of distrust of the population to the banking system. It is clear that no administrative measures cannot force the population to keep free cash in banks. Economic measures are needed and the creation of adequate regulatory and legal support for the operation of the bank deposit protection system. Under these conditions, the question of creating a system that allows you to protect the contributions of citizens from risk to be lost, is published on the implementation of measures to restore society confidence in banks. Political and economic instability are a consequence:
Reduction of savings activity and increasing consumption due to accumulative funds, in case of interest in income received by interest deposits;
Reduce the activity of the population to invest in securities;
Transfer of funds from the ruble zone to currency.
Therefore, in our opinion, the modern Russian state is important tasks of improving the insurance system concerning, firstly, stimulating economic growth and, secondly, raising the level of security of the rights and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen.
Thus, it is worth noting that for our country in conditions of general economic instability, inflation, a huge budget deficit, the creation of a multitude of banks, reorganization of the banking system, etc. With all the sharpness, the question arises to improve the insurance of banking activities, ensuring the interests of bank customers.
In conclusion of this issue, it must be said that the reliability of commercial banks is one of the decisive elements of their activities, and one of the important measures to ensure reliability is insurance of deposits, which is used in all countries with highly developed banking systems. In connection with this banking system, it is necessary to significantly increase the confidence of potential depositors in full and timely return of funds trusted by the Bank. This will contribute to the solution of an important task in engaging in the economy of financial resources currently from the population in the form of ruble and currency cash for many tens of billions of dollars.
Conclusion
Today, commercial banks are able to offer a customer a variety of banking products and services. All banks in the Russian Federation are universal in their specifics. There is a certain basic set, without which the bank cannot exist and function normally. Among them are preferred to attract and place temporarily free cash customers into deposits.
Deposits are an important source of resources of commercial banks. Deposit accounts can be the most diverse and mostly their classification may be given such criteria as sources of deposits, their intended purpose, the degree of profitability, etc.
Attracted resources have important for banks, since it was at the expense of them banks cover the greatest proportion of their needs for money, which averages 40% of the total number of resources of a commercial bank.
At the same time, it is impossible not to say that such a source of formation of banking resources, as deposits inherent and some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and cash costs of the bank when attracting funds into deposits, limited free cash. In addition, the mobilization of funds in deposits depends to a large extent of customers, and not from the bank itself. Therefore, the competitive struggle between banks in the credit resource market forces them to take measures to develop services that contribute to attracting deposits. For these purposes, commercial banks are important to develop a deposit policy strategy based on their goals and objectives. Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total contributions and expanding the circle of contributors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system to encourage contributions.
During the writing of the work, the activity of a particular subject of the banking system was studied - OJSC Bank Petrovsky in the field of contributing operations.
Analyzing the deposit market, you can reveal the growth trend of the share of deposits of legal entities and individuals in the total liabilities of the banking sector, their share has been growing steadily during 2005-2008.
As for the activity of OJSC "Bank Petrovsky", it can be noted here both positive and negative trends. A constantly expanding client base, capital and attracted funds can be attributed to the positive points of the Bank. However, in the structure of raised funds, it is necessary to pay attention to the funds attracted from legal entities, since it is the contributions currently are the most promising liabilities and a priority direction of bank growth.
Deposits of legal entities from the entire amount of deposits account for approximately 24.2% as of 01/01/2009, it is three orders of magnitude less than deposits of individuals. This is due to the peculiarity of the Deposit Policy of Petrovsky Bank OJSC: not to attract a possible placement of funds from the settlement or current account of the Client to the Bank to the urgent deposit, much more convenient and more profitable for cash for free of charge on the current account, or, in the extreme The case is a monthly interest accrual for the average daily balance. And if you consider that there is such a concept as a comprehensive customer service (the presence of a current account, a bank-client system, a salary project, business accounts and other services), which implies an increase in interest rate for several points when using the service of an urgent deposit together with another service Bank, we can conclude that the chances of a savings bank to attract this client are almost equal to zero.
The amount of funds raised to deposits from organizations has a positive trend over the past years. This is due to the growing income of enterprises and the development of customer business.
Interest policies are an integral part of the formation of a commercial bank deposit policy. This is the observance of a number of principles on which the optimal interest policy of the Bank should be based. Among them, first of all, the principle of differentiation of interest should be called depending on the storage period and the size of the savings, the principle of "social" differentiation of interest on deposits, the principle of ensuring the profitability of banking activities and the principle of maintaining and protecting savings of depositors. When forming an effective interest and deposit policy of the Bank, a combination of all these principles is required.
Policy in the field of attracting free funds in deposits both for legal and individuals in Petrovsky Bank OJSC despite uniform growth from year to year should be constantly improved.
The study of the theoretical foundations of the Deposit Policy and the assessment of the current situation in the field of attracting funds in the conditions of the current financial crisis contributed to the contributions allowed to develop a number of proposals and recommendations for improving deposit policies.
So, to strengthen the deposit base and the expansion of resource potential, the Bank is offered:
1) Expand the list of existing contributions, focusing on different layers of the population with different income levels. In this regard, a number of new contributions are proposed.
2) take measures to minimize the negative impact of unforeseen dissemination by the population of term deposits.
3) to pay interest on placed deposits at a rate corresponding to the storage time of funds on the account in order to compensate for inflationary losses for the client
Reliability of commercial banks is one of the decisive elements of their activities, and one of the important measures to ensure reliability is insurance of deposits, which is used in all countries with highly developed banking systems. In connection with this banking system, it is necessary to significantly increase the confidence of potential depositors in full and timely return of funds trusted by the Bank.
For our country in the context of general economic instability, inflation, a huge budget deficit, the creation of a set of banks, reorganization of the banking system, etc. With all the sharpness, the question arises to improve the insurance of banking activities, ensuring the interests of bank customers.
Summing up It should be noted that each bank develops its deposit policy independently, determining the types of deposits, their terms and interest on them, the conditions for holding deposit operations, while relying on the specifics of its activities and taking into account the factor in competition from other banks and inflation processes flowing in economics.
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Appendix No. 1.
Treaty No. ______________
On the contribution of "to demand"
st. Petersburg "_________" _______________ 200 ___.
1. Subject contract
1.1. The subject of the contract is the relations of the parties about the receipt of funds in the contribution, interest payments and the return of the deposit on the terms and in the manner prescribed by this Agreement.
2. The procedure for accrual and interest payments
2.1. The bank opens the account to the account __________________
2.2. For the use of cash, the Bank pays to the depositor __________________% per annum. Deposit term: to demand.
2.3. Interest on the amount of the contribution is charged from the day following the day of its receipt to the bank, on a day preceding it to return to the depositor, or to write off the depositor from the account for other reasons. At the same time, a valid number of calendar days a year (365 or 366 days, respectively, is taken for the calculation).
2.4. The interest accrued during the calendar year is joined to the deposit remainder, increasing its amount on the last working day of the current year.
2.5. When paying out funds from the deposit in foreign currency in cash, the amount less than the minimum nominal value of the corresponding currency is paid to the depositor in the currency of the Russian Federation at the rate established by the Central Bank of Russia at the date of payment.
3. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES
3.1. The depositor has the right:
3.1.1. Make the contribution and expenditure operations in deployment, both in cash and non-cash. It is possible to replenish the deposit by third parties.
3.1.2. Unilaterally terminate the contract and claim the amount of the contribution with interest due.
3.1.3. To give the third person the power of attorney at the disposal of the contribution and make a testamentary disposition of cash rights in the bank.
3.2. The depositor is obliged:
3.2.1. To contribute to cash or non-cash by cash in the amount of at least 10 (ten) rubles or equivalent in foreign currency, no less than the minimum nominal banknote.
3.2.2. Do not use the contribution of "to demand" to implement settlements related to business activities.
3.2.3. Reopen the costs of expenses arising from the banking of the depositor's instructions in accordance with the feasibility fees approved in the Bank.
3.2.4. Notify the bank in two working days about the intention to claim an amount of an amount exceeding 10,000 rubles or equivalent in foreign currency at the date of notification.
3.3.The bank has the right:
3.3.1. During the term of the contribution to change the interest rate on the deposit. The new interest rate comes into force on the expiration of 10 days from the date of placement of the corresponding message on the advertising stands in the premises of the bank.
3.3.2. To write off at the time of the operation from the account of the depositor in the disassembled procedure due to the Bank's services fee in accordance with the tariffs of the commission, approved in the Bank.
3.4. Bank must:
3.4.1. Provide a contribution to the account statement reflecting the cash flow in the account when performing profit-expenditure operations.
3.4.2. Comply with the secret of the contribution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
4. SPECIAL CONDITIONS
4.1. If the depositor within 12 (twelve) months from the date of the last operation has a zero balance on the account, the Bank has the right to consider this circumstance, as a direct disposal of the contributor to the closing of the deposit account.
4.2. The savings book on the deposit is not issued.
CONTRACT TIME
5.1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the date of its conclusion and making funds into the contribution and is valid until the invoice is closed on the application of the depositor or before the circumstances specified in clause 4.1. This contract.
5.2. This Agreement is drawn up in two copies, one for each of the parties having the same legal force.
5. Details, addresses and signatures of the parties
BANK : OJSC "Bank Petrovsky":
191186 St. Petersburg, Nevsky Pr., House 26, k / from 30101810600000000809 in GRKTS GU Bank of Russia in St. Petersburg, Beach 044030809,
TIN 7831000179, PPP 783501001, windows 96120, OKPO 09801859, OGRN 1027800000568 SWIFT: PETR RU 2P
Depositor: FULL NAME ______________________ INN
Date of Birth ___________________________
Zip code, address _____________________ phone __________
Passport: Series ________ number _______________ whom and when issued _____________________________________________________________
Signature ___________________
Appendix No. 2.
Contribution "Petrovsky-Universal"
Additional cash contributions are made to their contribution, or by non-cash. The periodicity of the application and the magnitude of additional contributions are not limited.
At the deposit allowed partial payments of sums within 20% of the amount of funds on the 1st month of the month in which the payment is made.
The deposit produces 3 multiple automatic prolongation of the deposit period without the personal presence of the depositor.
Interest on the deposit is paid at the date of return of the contribution of the main or prolonged period by calculating the deposit amount. When claiming the deposit amount before the expiration of the main or prolonged period, interest for the period from the beginning of the term (main or prolonged) to the date of claim is awarded in the amount of 0.05% per annum.
By deposit, you can make a power of attorney and testation by the rights to the cash deposit into the contribution.
Contribution "Petrovsky - Universal"
| 91-180 | 181-1 year | over 1 year to 3 years | |
| amount, rub. | |||
| from 10,000 extra. Contribution from 1 000 | 11,25 | 12,25 | 12,75 |
| from 500,000 extra Contribution from 25,000 | 12,25 | 13,25 | 13,70 |
| from 1,000,000 extra. Contribution from 50,000 | 12,50 | 13,50 | 13,95 |
| amount, US dollars | |||
| from 300 extra. Contribution from 50. | 5,00 | 6,00 | 6,15 |
| from 15,000 extra. Contribution from 500. | 5,90 | 6,90 | 7,05 |
| 6,05 | 7,05 | 7,25 | |
| amount, Euro | |||
| from 300 extra. Contribution from 50. | 4,60 | 5,60 | 5,75 |
| from 15,000 extra. Contribution from 500. | 5,50 | 6,50 | 6,65 |
| from 30,000 extra. Contribution from 1 000 | 5,65 | 6,75 | 6,80 |
Contribution "Petrovsky - Classic"
With interest payments monthly or at the end of the deposit period
The agreement of the term deposit is in writing by the contributor or its representative for a notarized power of attorney, in which this right of the representative of the depositor is agreed.
Deposits are accepted in rubles, US dollars or euros. The amount and deposit period may be any of the proposed installation ranges. The interest rate on the contribution depends on the amount and term of the deposit and is not subject to change during the main or prolonged timeline.
Additional contributions to the contribution are not accepted. Payment of part of the contribution with the preservation of interest rates is not allowed. According to the deposit, 3-fold automatic time limits are made without the personal presence of the depositor with interest payments monthly.
Interest on the deposit is paid to the current account of the investor 01 of each month and on the last day of the main or prolonged deposit period.
- with the payment of interest at the end of the deposit period
Interest on the deposit is paid at the date of return of the contribution of the main or prolonged period by calculating the deposit amount.
When claiming the deposit amount before the expiration of the main or prolonged period, interest for the period from the beginning of the term (main or prolonged) to the date of claim is awarded in the amount of 0.05% per annum. By deposit, you can make a power of attorney and testation by the rights to the cash deposit into the contribution.
Contribution "Petrovsky-Classic"
| deposit term (inclusive), days | 31-90 | 91-180 | 181-1 year | over 1 year to 3 years |
| interest rates on deposit (% per annum) with interest payments: | ||||
| ruble | at the end of the deadline | |||
| 1 000-100 000 | 9,20 | 12,75 | 13,75 | 14,25 |
| 100 000- 700 000 | 9,40 | 13,00 | 14,00 | 14,45 |
| from 700,000 | 9,60 | 13,25 | 14,25 | 14,70 |
| u.S. dollars | ||||
| 100-3 000 | 4,50 | 6,50 | 7,50 | 7,65 |
| 3 000-15 000 | 4,65 | 6,65 | 7,65 | 7,80 |
| from 15,000 | 4,80 | 6,80 | 7,80 | 7,95 |
| euro | ||||
| 100-3 000 | 4,10 | 6,10 | 7,10 | 7,25 |
| 3 000-15 000 | 4,25 | 6,25 | 7,25 | 7,40 |
| from 15,000 | 4,40 | 6,40 | 7,50 | 7,55 |
| ruble | monthly | |||
| 1 000-100 000 | 8,20 | 11,75 | 12,75 | 13,25 |
| 100 000- 700 000 | 8,40 | 12,00 | 13,00 | 13,45 |
| from 700,000 | 8,60 | 12,25 | 13,25 | 13,70 |
| u.S. dollars | ||||
| 100-3 000 | 3,50 | 5,50 | 6,50 | 6,65 |
| 3 000-15 000 | 3,65 | 5,65 | 6,65 | 6,80 |
| from 15,000 | 3,80 | 5,80 | 6,80 | 6,95 |
| euro | ||||
| 100-3 000 | 3,10 | 5,10 | 6,10 | 6,25 |
| 3 000-15 000 | 3,25 | 5,25 | 6,25 | 6,40 |
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The Deposit Policy of the Bank (in a narrow sense, an integral part of the Bank's credit policy as a whole) is a banking policy to attract funds into deposits and effective management of them. The Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank is the Bank's strategy and tactics to attract depositors and other lenders and identify the most effective combination of sources of funds for this bank. The purpose of the Deposit Policy is to meet the needs of the liquidity of the bank by actively finding borrowed funds as necessary. In this regard, the possibilities of profit acquisition are expanding, but it is also due to the risk that should be considered (mainly, this is the relationship between funds attracted and income, which can be obtained when using deposits).
In the economic literature of the West countries, a large place of monetary policy issues and, in particular, the problems of regulating "deposit money" are given. For effective monetary control and monetary control, various methods of planning, forecasting and regulating the state of the money supply in circulation and, as component, mass deposits, analyzes various variants of the structuring of the money supply. The most common scheme used in the industrialized countries of the West is the definition of so-called monetary units. Currently, in the United States, up to 75 monetary units take into account almost all financial instruments that are operated by banks. The basic principle of incorporating various components into the composition of the money supply is the liquidity of these elements. Under liquidity it is understood as the ability of the Bank to repay its obligations in a timely manner in relation to customers. The higher the liquidity of the banking asset, the greater the degree of "money" of the corresponding indicator. The greatest liquidity is the indicator M0 (cash). The use of several indicators in practice characterizing various parameters of monetary turnover, the state of money supply in circulation, allows us to evaluate the trends in the development of monetary turnover, as well as the tempo of information, which is undoubtedly positively consistent on the possibilities of regulating the monetary sphere.
At the same time there is no need for budget financing. The deposit partly contributes to the containment of inflation rates, distracts the facilities and the population from the trade turnover, which reduces the pressure of the money supply to the market of goods and services. The problem of attracting free cash of the population is one of the most pressing problems today. The rise in the economy will largely determine internal investments. The task of banks is to accumulate temporarily free cash of the population for their subsequent investment in the economy. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that the banks themselves are not able to develop steadily and stably, without having a reliable resource base. They cannot develop, in particular, credit operations in the conditions of limited resources. Therefore, the problem of developing and executing the optimal deposit policy of banks in a row with the most relevant problems awaiting their decision. So, the bank today must conduct an active policy aimed at attracting funds and use them as resources. It should rely on the interests of the depositors in order to maximize them in storing funds in bank accounts. And the main stimulus, of course, is the deposit fee, the size of which will certainly be higher than the level of inflation. The lack of a scientifically based interest rate is the main brake in attracting deposits.
The decisive condition in the successful deposit policy banks is the effective use of mobilized funds.
Loans in the form of deposited funds received from enterprises and the population for a specific fee must be returned by the bank to the Depositor. The case is complicated by the instability of the development of economic relations, so depositors should be insured against losses. This is an additional stimulus for the effective use of this resource, since the bank, having received the funds to temporarily, should not only return them, pay interest, but also to get the maximum benefit for themselves from their use. In recent years, the issue of optimizing the structure of credit resources and investments in the amounts and in terms of time has been acquired in recent years, since many banks have a resource part in terms of more shorter than the timing of their credit investments.
In terms of distribution and use of credit resources, their implementation is based on the basis of obtaining maximum benefits at minimal risk (principles of profitability and reliability). The deposit policy of commercial banks should focus on two categories of depositors - individuals and legal entities. At the same time, banks need to take into account the features of each group of customers.
The mutually beneficial relationship of clientele and the bank are a guarantee of the success of the deposit policy. To increase the number of depositors, banks need to carefully study their interests and the state of serving their bank. In the West, the criteria of the so-called ideal bank, which enjoys unlimited trust of customers are identified. Such a bank must be solid, reliable, succeeding; representing a variety of information and advice; well organized, innovative, with good glory, oriented to customer requests; affordable in the sense of acceptable interest rates; experienced, highly professional.
The growth of deposits is not a spontaneous process. It depends on many factors and is associated primarily with the policy of banks aimed at mobilizing means of increasing customer interest in investing. In this regard, banks need to develop a position on the benefits of depositors, to submit the most convenient forms of service, minimize time loss.
In modern conditions, each commercial bank should develop its own deposit policy for effective operation, development and achieve its goals. Deposit Policy is a set of activities of a commercial bank aimed at identifying forms, tasks, maintenance of banking activities for the formation of banking resources, their planning and regulation of a returnable basis. Deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements: Economic feasibility; competitiveness; Internal consistency. Deposit Policy of the Bank should include: 1) Development of a strategy for the implementation of the Bank to attract funds into deposits; 2) the formation of a commercial bank tactic on the development, proposal and promotion of new bank deposit products for customers; 3) control of the implementation of policies and its effectiveness; CB Customers, commercial banks and government agencies are included in the subjects of the CB Deposit Policy. The objects of the bank and additional services of the bank (comprehensive service) are attracted to objects. Principles of formation of a commercial bank deposit policy: the principle of scientific validity, the principle of ensuring reliability, the principle of an integrated approach. Compliance with these principles allows the bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the efficiency and optimization of its deposit policy. The following directions of the Commercial Bank Deposit Policy can be distinguished: analysis of the deposit market; determination of target markets to minimize deposit risk; minimizing expenses in the process of attracting funds; optimization of deposit and credit portfolio management; Maintaining the liquidity of the bank and increase its sustainability. For practical activities to attract funds, banks are developing provisions on deposit (deposit) operations (separately on deposits of individuals and on deposits of legal entities), which negotiate: the rules and conditions for receiving deposits (contributions); The procedure for entering into a bank deposit agreement; its content; the rights of depositors and the obligation of the Bank; Methods of accrual and interest payments on deposits (deposits).
The level of interest rates on deposits (deposits) is established by each commercial bank independently with the orientation at the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia, as well as on the basis of the provisions of its own deposit policy. When setting the amount of interest rates on urgent deposits (deposits), the determining factor is the period for which the means are placed: the more period, the higher the level of interest. An equally important factor is the deposit amount. In addition to the flexible interest policy, in order to attract funds, the banks must create depositors to ensure the reliability of the facilities in deposits.
Deposit (contributable) operations of a commercial bank - these are operations to attract funds for legal entities and individuals into deposits for a certain period, or to demand, incl. Research balances on customer accounts for use as credit resources and investment activities. Distinguish: - Deposits of legal entities (enterprises, organizations, banks); - Deposits of individuals.
Deposits in the form of seizures are divided into: - deposits to demand (obligations that do not have a specific period); - urgent deposits (commitments that have a certain period); Savings deposits
Requirement deposits are funds that can be in demand at any time without prior notice to the Bank by the Client. This is: - funds on settlement, current, budgetary and other accounts; - funds on the bank's correspondent account opened in the RCC; - own funds of enterprises intended for capital investments and stored in separate accounts; - Investment deposits. The main advantage of these deposits is high liquidity, for banks establishing a low interest rate or its absence. The main disadvantage: for their owners - the lack of paying interest on the account (or very small percentage); For the Bank - the need to have a higher operational reserve to maintain liquidity (due to the potential ability to withdraw money from accounts to demand).
Urgent deposits are funds attracted by banks for a certain period. The amount of interest paid by the client on the urgent contribution depends on the term, the amount of the deposit and the depository compliance with the terms of the contract. Urgent deposits are usually classified depending on their term: deposits with a period of up to 3 months; from 3 to 6 months; from 6 to 9 months; from 9 to 12 months; Over 12 months. The advantage of urgent deposit accounts for the client is to establish a higher interest rate compared to demand deposit, and for the Bank - the ability to maintain liquidity with a smaller operational reserve. The lack of urgent deposit accounts for customers is low liquidity. For the Bank, the disadvantage is the need for payments of increased interest on deposits and decline, therefore, profits. You can also distinguish: - deposits limited by the minimum amount and without limiting amounts; - the replenished contribution - allows the investor to periodically replenish the contributions to additional contributions; - not replenished contribution; - deposits with a fixed interest rate for the entire period; - deposits with a fixed, increasing "progressive" over the time limit; - deposits with a percentage non-fixed during the term; - Capitalized contributions - deposits for which the amount of accrued interest joins the sum of the main contribution.
The most important tools of the deposit policy of commercial banks are deposit and savings certificates. Savings certificate - Securities certifying the amount of the contribution made to the Bank, and the rights of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive the amount of the deposit amount and due in a certificate of interest in the bank, issued a certificate, or in any branch of this bank. A deposit certificate can only be issued to legal entities, and savings - only to individuals. Bank certificates cannot be used as a means of payment in calculating goods and services. They only perform the function of the accumulation means. Depending on the category of depositors, certificates can also be classified: - according to the method of release: issued in one-time; produced by series; - according to the design method: nominal; for bearer. Certificates should only be urgent. The main tasks solved by banks during the issuance of certificates are: - attracting temporarily free funds of legal entities and individuals to increase resource potential; - regulation of the liquidity of the bank by accumulating liabilities with a fixed period of circulation and profitability; Thus, urgent deposits of the population and business entities act as the most important factor in obtaining the profits of banks used to conduct active operations. For investors, the advantage of the deposit before cash is that the deposit brings interest. The deposit portfolio - the portfolio is diversified in such a way as to evenly distribute not only yield, but also the risk. Deposit portfolio of the bank is a balance sheet on current, settlement and deposit accounts of legal entities and individuals for a specific date.
Introduction 3.
1. Essence of the Commercial Bank's Deposit Policy 4
2. Problems of formation of a deposit base of a commercial bank 11
3. Deposit deposits 12
4. Deposit and savings certificates 13
Conclusion 15.
References 17.
Introduction
Reforming the economy and the transition of Russia in the direction of world economic development implies the need for an in-depth study of the processes constituting the core of market transformations to which the formation and development of the securities market, their placement, resale, modifying, repayment and other operations include.
Commercial banks on the securities market can act as issuers of securities, intermediaries in operations with securities and perform operations with securities on their own behalf in order to obtain income.
Securities manufactured by commercial banks can be divided into two main groups:
1. Shares and bonds;
2. Checks, savings and additional certificates.
The main part of the resources of banks is formed by attracted funds that cover up to 90% of the entire need for cash to carry out active banking operations. The commercial bank has the opportunity to attract funds of enterprises, organizations, institutions, publics and other banks in the form of deposits (deposits) and the opening of the relevant accounts.
The contribution (deposit) is money (in cash and non-cash form, in national or foreign currency), transferred to the bank their owner for storing under certain conditions. Operations related to the involvement of funds in the deposit. Are called deposit. For banks, contributions are the main type of their passive operations and, therefore, the main resource for conducting active credit operations.
1. Essence of the Commercial Bank's Deposit Policy
In order to attract resources for its activities, commercial banks is important to develop a deposit policy strategy based on the goals and objectives of the Commercial Bank, enshrined in the Charter, to obtain maximum profits and the need to preserve bank liquidity. Deposit policy must first of all meet the following requirements:
- economic expediency;
- competitiveness;
- Internal consistency.
Under economic expediency here is aware of the profitability of the use of attracted population resources. This question, of course, should be considered in the overall context of active-passive management. When calculating the relative efficiency of attracting private deposit resources, it is necessary to take into account both the cost-related costs, including reserve deductions, as well as an indefinite degree of their liquidity and explicit benefits.
The deposit rates system should be focused on the market conjuncture with an indispensable accounting of the emerging hierarchy of the reliability of comparable tools. So, the bank holding rates at a lower level than the competitors close to him in the degree of reliability, risks to lose part of his clientele.
You can consider the internal consistency of deposit policy in several aspects. This is the temporary structure of deposit rates, and their differentiation in sums, types of deposits in comparison with other comparable tools of the same bank (certificates, promissory notes, etc.), as well as in various categories of clientele (for example, for individuals and legal entities).
Considering the essence of the deposit policy of commercial banks, it is necessary to affect issues such as: subjects and objects of deposit policies, the principles of its formation, as well as the borders of the deposit policy.
Customers of the Bank, commercial banks and government agencies are included in the subjects of the deposit policy of the commercial bank. Facilities of the Deposit Policy include attracted funds from the bank and additional services of the Bank (comprehensive service). The classification of subjects and objects of the Deposit Policy of the Bank is generalized in Figure 1.
The basis of the formation of the deposit policy of the commercial bank is both general and specific principles, which is clearly reflected in Figure 2.
Under the general principles of deposit policy, the principles, united and state monetary policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, conducted at the macroeconomic level, and for politics at the level of each particular commercial bank. These include the principles of an integrated approach, scientific validity, optimality and efficiency, as well as the unity of all elements of the bank's deposit policy. A comprehensive approach is expressed in both the development of the theoretical foundations, priority areas of the Bank's deposit policy from the point of view of the strategy of its development and in determining the most effective and optimal data stages of tactical techniques and its implementation methods.
Figure 1 - Composition of subjects and objects of deposit policy
commercial Bank
The specific principles of deposit policy include the principles of ensuring the optimal level of the bank's costs, the security of deposit operations, reliability, since the bank, carrying out the accumulation of temporarily free cash in order to follow their subsequent placement, seeks to receive income at any cost, and taking into account the realities of the market, on which He operates.
Compliance with the listed principles allows the bank to form both strategic and tactical directions in the organization of the deposit process, thereby ensuring the effectiveness and optimization of its deposit policy.
Figure 2 - Principles of Deposit Policy Formation
commercial Bank
One of the important issues of the work is the question of the borders of the Commercial Bank's Deposit Policy, under which a certain permissible limit of accumulation of temporarily free cash of legal entities and individuals is understood. It gives the classification of these borders on the following features:
- depending on the demand and suggestions on the deposit market (economic borders);
- on the impact of the standards of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Bank's limits (administrative boundaries);
- depending on the subjects of deposit relations (external and internal boundaries);
- depending on the urgency of deposit relations (temporary boundaries);
- depending on the geographical principle (territorial boundaries);
- Depending on the volume and structure of raised funds (quantitative and high-quality borders).
In generalized form, the classification of boundaries is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Borders of the Deposit Policy of the Commercial Bank
Considering the Bank's Deposit Policy as one of the elements of banking policy as a whole, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the main purpose of the deposit policy is to attract as much money as possible at the lowest price. The successful implementation of this multifaceted goal of the Bank's Deposit Policy involves a decision in the process of its formation of such tasks as:
- assistance in the process of holding deposit operations to receive banking profits or the creation of conditions for profit in the future;
- maintaining the required level of bank liquidity;
- ensuring the diversification of subjects of deposit operations and a combination of different forms of deposits;
- maintaining the relationship and mutual consistency between deposit operations and operations for issuing loans on the amounts and terms of deposits and credit investments;
- minimization of free funds on deposit accounts;
- carrying out flexible interest policy;
- constant finding of ways and means of reducing interest expenses for attracted resources;
- Development of banking services and improving the quality and culture of customer service.
In this issue, it is also advisable to consider the mechanism for the formation of a commercial bank's deposit policy, which is schematically presented in Figure 4. The successful implementation of the goals and tasks, which are put in the process of developing and conducting deposit policies in many ways, depends on the efficiency of the functioning of this mechanism.
Each of the stages of the formation of a commercial bank deposit policy is directly related to the rest and is mandatory for the formation of an optimal deposit policy and the right organization of the deposit process. In the development of the Bank's Deposit Policy Mechanism, various structural divisions of the bank take part. In the context of this issue, it is also necessary to note that an important factor determining the liquidity of the Bank is the quality of its deposit base. The criterion for the quality of deposits is their stability. The greater the stable part of the deposits, the higher the liquidity of the bank, since the bank does not leave the battery resources in this part. An increase in the stable part of deposits reduces the needs of the Bank in liquid assets, as it implies the renewability of the Bank's obligations.
Figure 4 - scheme of formation of a commercial bank deposit policy
Analysis of the state of various types of deposits carried out by foreign researchers showed that deposits to demand are the greatest stability. This type of deposits does not depend on the level of interest rates. Its belonging to a particular bank is more due to factors as: quality and speed of service; Bank reliability; a variety of services offered by depositors; The proximity of the location of the bank from the client. Less stability, according to surveys of foreign researchers, have remnants of urgent and savings deposits. Their consolidation of a specific bank affects the level of interest rate. Therefore, they are subject to migration in case of certain oscillations of the level of deposit percentage, installed by different banks.
2. Problems of the formation of a deposit base of a commercial bank
Analysis of the current practice shows that the formation of a deposit base of any commercial bank, both the process of complex and laborious, is associated with a large number of problems both subjective and objective nature.
Subjective issues include such as:
- the scale of activity and the weak capital base of Russian commercial banks;
- the lack of interest of the Bank's leadership in attracting customer funds, especially the population, which is dictated by the tactical and strategic goals and objectives of the Bank;
- insufficient level and quality of higher and medium management;
- the absence of a scientific and well-founded concept of deposit policies in most Russian banks;
- Disadvantages in the organization of the deposit process: the absence of an appropriate unit in the bank; Low level of marketing research of the deposit market; Limited range of deposit services offered and so on.
Among objective factors are allocated as follows:
- Direct and indirect impact of the state and government bodies for commercial banks;
- the influence of macroeconomics, the impact of global financial markets on the state of the Russian money market;
- interbank competition;
- the state of the monetary and financial market of Russia;
- The absence of the legal mechanism of the insurance and protection of bank deposits in Russia.
3. Deposit deposits
The deposit is economic relations about the transfer of customer's funds for temporary use of the Bank.
Deposit accounts can be the most diverse and the basis of their classification such criteria as sources of deposits, their purpose, the degree of profitability, etc., however, most often as a criterion is the category of the depositor and the form of deposit seizure.
Deposits of individuals.
Deposit operations - a broad concept, since they include all the activities of the Bank associated with the involvement of funds in deposits.
The contributions of citizens have the right to take only banks that ensure their safety and timely return by insurance or other methods provided for by law.
The safety and refund of the contributions of citizens in banks created by the state, and banks, where the state owns more than 50% of shares (shares), guaranteeing the state or the central bank responsible for non-fulfillment of obligations to depositors.
Deposit can be used in two values:
1. Deposit is a cash or papers introduced by the debtor in financial and credit, judicial or administrative institutions for storage, followed by transfer (under certain conditions) or other business entities or citizens - depositor (contributions to customs duties, deposit contributions Court accounts in ensuring the claim and to transmit recovers, contributions to notarial offices, if it is impossible to give money or securities directly to the recipient).
2. Deposit is the contribution of cash or securities to banks. The deposit is a contribution to a rigid - a certain period in which the conditions of return or securities immediately negotiate.
Deposits are the source of the formation of loan capital of the Bank, which is used to issue loans, investment and the like. These banking operations bring revenue bank. Therefore, the Bank pays the citizen of his deposit. The percentage of deposit deposits to a citizen and is a fee for invested money.
4.Depotes and savings certificates.
The certificate is a written commitment to the issuer's bank on the contribution of funds certifying the law of the depositor or its right of the receiver to receive the amount of deposit and interest on it after the established period. Certificates can be produced both in one-time and series.
Certificates can be registered and for bearer.
The certificate cannot serve as a settlement or payment facility for sold goods or services rendered.
Cash payments on the purchase - sale of deposit certificates and payments on them are carried out only in non-cash.
Deposits and savings certificates are securities.
A savings certificate can be issued only to a citizen of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit. A deposit certificate can only be issued by an organization that is a legal entity registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or on the territory of another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit.
The certificate is not subject to export to the territory of the state who do not use the ruble as an official monetary unit. The right of the claim for a depository certificate can be transferred only to legal entities registered in the territory of the Russian Federation or another state that uses the ruble as an official monetary unit. The right demand for a savings certificate is transferred only to citizens of the Russian Federation or other state that uses the ruble as an official payment unit.
Certificates should be urgent. The term of appeal to deposit certificates (from the date of issue to the date, when the certificate owner receives the right to demand the deposit or certificate contribution) is limited to one year.
The change in savings certificates is limited to three years.
In the event that the term of receipt of the deposit or certificate contribution is overdue, then such a certificate is considered to be a demand document for which the Bank is committed to paying the contribution to the first requirement of the owner (beneficiary).
The bank may provide for early presentation of an urgent certificate. At the same time, the Bank pays the owner of such a certificate amount of the certificate and the percentage at a reduced rate installed by the Bank when issuing a certificate.
Interest on certificates are established when issuing and indicated on the blanks in percentage and money. At the same time, interest payments due to the owner after the certificate expiration do not depend on the acquisition time.
Conclusion
Passive operations play in commercial banks primary role in relation to active. It is at their expense that funds are raised for the further investment activities of banks.
At the same time, it is impossible not to say that such a source of formation of banking resources, as deposits inherent and some disadvantages. We are talking about the significant material and cash costs of the Bank when attracting funds into deposits, limited cash in the framework of a separate region. In addition, the mobilization of funds in deposits depends to a large extent of customers, and not from the bank itself. Therefore, a competitive struggle between banks in the credit resource market makes them take measures to develop services that contribute to attracting deposits. For these purposes, commercial banks are important to develop a deposit policy strategy based on their goals and objectives. Strengthening the deposit base is very important for banks. By increasing the total contributions and expanding the circle of contributors of legal entities and individuals, it is possible to improve the organization of deposit operations and the system of stimulating contributions.
To strengthen the deposit base and expanding resource potential, the Bank is offered:
1) Expand the list of existing contributions, focusing on different layers of the population with different income levels.
2) to master the release of savings certificates.
3) take measures to minimize the negative impact of unforeseen exemption by the population of term deposits.
4) to pay interest on placed deposits forward to compensate for inflation losses.
5) Enter a new service for customers - telemarketing service.
Also, in general, commercial banks are proposed to build a system for guaranteeing bank deposits, taking into account the characteristics of the Russian banking system.
Bibliography
1. Akhmetov A.E. How to evaluate the liquidity and solvency of the bank. - Saratov: Finnish CJSC, 2000. - 78C.
2. Balabanova I. T. Banks and banking. - SPb.: Peter, 2001. - 345С.: IL.
3. Banking: Tutorial. Ed. Kolesnikova V. I. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1999. - 536c.: Il.
4. Zhukov E. F. Banks and banking operations. - SPb.: Peter, 2001. - 234c.: Il.
5. Serebryakov S.V. Financial Ecology: Will it be safe to keep money in Russia // Banking. - 2001. - №5. - P. 15-20.
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