Modern types of economic systems. Economic systems and their classification. Mixed economy. Social inequality in traditional systems

The command economy is such a way to organize the life of the country, in which land, capital and almost all resources are in state ownership. Such a system is a good familiar residents of the former Soviet Union. This is not surprising, because many of the states entering it cannot change it for several decades.

History of Education

The command economy is a system that appeared as a result of a number of socialist revolutions, which was held under Marxist ideological sign. The final model in modern understanding was developed by the Communist Chiefs: first V. I. Lenin, and then I. V. Stalin. By the fifties - the eighties of the last century, the period of the greatest dawn of the socialist camp fell out. Then, in its composition, more than thirty percent of the inhabitants of the planet lived in its composition. In this regard, it is not surprising that, according to many scientists, the team economy is the largest economic experiment on Earth in the history of mankind. At the same time, many of the researchers forget that he began with the hard suppression of the slightest civil liberties, and its implementation entailed huge sacrifices.

Marxist theory

Based on the theory of Karl Marx, the only way to significantly increase the well-being and welfare of humanity is to eliminate such a thing as private property, eliminating any manifestations of competition and the implementation of the entire activities of the state exclusively on the basis of a general obligatory plan. At the same time, it should be developed by the government on the basis of scientific data. At such positions and the roots of this theory can be found in the Middle Ages era, in the works of the authors so called social utopia. Then this kind of idea failed, but at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the formation of the socialist camp, the Government of the Soviet Union began their practical implementation.

Signs

The main sign command economy is a shortage of some (or even many) products. If they are present on sale, then, regardless of the place of implementation, as a rule, do not differ from each other in quality. The government in this case comes from that consideration that the buyer will still buy what is. Thus, it is not surprising that there is no need for the manufacture of more expensive products and facilities on each street of the same type of stores.

The next sign of the command economy is the absolute absence of oversupply of manufactured goods under any conditions. The explanation of this is very simple and lies in the fact that the government of the state with such a system under no circumstances will allow the irrational use of its own resources.

It is impossible not to note that the country with such an economic system has permanent support to state enterprises. It is expressed by clear planning of break-even markets, loyal tax policies, as well as constant subsidies. Another essential feature of the command economy is very appropriate use. labor resources At the above-mentioned enterprises. It is possible to explain this fact by the fact that, due to the absence of excessive production, the need to process staff and the appointment of overtime clocks.

Property in the team economy

For countries in which the team economic system is valid, characterized in the hands of government bodies of all production organizations. At the same time, there are enterprises with municipal or nationwide property. Have their place in the system and cooperatives. At the same time, the last form of ownership does not concern production companies. It applies only to such subjects. economic activitywhich can provide individual benefits for citizens. This includes housing funds, preschool institutions, garages and so on.

disadvantages

Almost all problems of the command economy proceed from the fact that the highest power of the country carries out production management. At the same time, all subjects of state economy, in fact, are in equal terms and rights. This leads to the fact that even the slightest functions of the competitive environment are reduced to zero. Based on the fact that this will not bring a larger material result, the desire of entrepreneurs to improve the quality of their products is leveled. Due to the fact that all goods produced in the country are more or less evenly distributed between all regions, the wages of the working class is in the maximum possible equalized state. Thus, about the desire of employees of enterprises to improve the quality of their own labor, there can be no speech. The whole problem in this case comes down to the fact that no matter how a person does not work, he will not receive wages that go beyond the salary in one category or another.

Positive sides

Despite all the negative aspects of the system, which was discussed earlier, there are some advantages of the command economy. The main "plus" can be called the lack of the need for financial and labor costs for promoting products on the market. Based on the fact that the government on the commercial market is a monopolist, there is no competition here. In other words, the goods in any case will be implemented because there is a state quota.

Another major advantage of the planned-of-team economic system is considered the lack of class bundles within society. Due to relatively identical wages, in any state where it preigns, there are no citizens and poor citizens. It will be right to note that many problems characteristic of market economycan be easily solved by the planning command method.

Life of the population

With the main human needs, the command economic system is not connected in any way. Circuit of production in society is quite simple. The decision to produce goods and their sectoral distribution is made only by the government. In all regions of the country, products are distributed based on the idea that the population of each of them evenly consumes not only essential goods (including food and medicine), but also clothing and household appliances in full compliance with the volumes produced. As practice shows, this kind of approach cannot be called correct, because the goods that are not necessary in the same area may be vital in the neighboring region. Even such features of the command economy did not interfere with her very successfully flourish even in many strong states. As for the welfare of citizens, the salary of each working person is the proportional volume of its labor. Along with this, the average salary in such countries is at a rather low level.

Examples of countries with command economics

The very first and famous state in history in the team economy is the Soviet Union, which moved to her back in 1917. The peak of the development of such a system was raised in the fifties of the last century. At that time, the terrible production crisis reigned on the planet. In this regard, the USSR, Cuba, China and other socialist countries have become bright examples of this method of organization economic Life states. Currently it is difficult to judge and unequivocally answer how effective he was at that moment. On the one hand, the industry fell into a catastrophically complex state, it was impossible to resolve that by only one ratio of supply and demand, and on the other, it was difficult to find a more rational way to overcome the current situation than government intervention.

Whatever it was, the best indicator of the quality of economic systems of that time is the growth rate of GDP in the first decades after the war. If they analyze them, which can be seen that capitalist Western European states are a lot of steps averaged in this indicator of the country of the Socialist Camp. Over time, the gap in their development only increased.

Completion of exit

The planning and command development of the Soviet Union, which lasted more than eighty years, led to the fact that the real state of the state of the state at the beginning of the nineties of the last century was, to put it mildly, deplorable. It was expressed in very low quality and non-competitiveness of products, reducing the well-being and life expectancy of the population, obsoletrhea of \u200b\u200bthe production sector, as well as severe pollution ambient. The main reason for all this was the features of the command economy, which was more detailed earlier.

Whatever it was, the process of transition to the market economic system is not so simple and rapid, as it may seem at first glance. No state can have been successful for several years. In this regard, in theory there is a notion of the so-called transition economy. It is distinguished by uncertainty, instability and changes in the entire economic structure of the state. Something similar can be observed now in some countries of the former socialist camp.

Conclusion

Summing up, it should be noted that the command economy is a way of organizing public life, which is often called socialism. In its framework, the Government plays a monopolistic role in regulating the economic life of the country. It is power that makes a decision on the volume of manufacturing of a type of product, as well as its value in the market. With all this, such data is not established on the basis of the real ratio of supply and supply, but solely on the basis of many years of statistical data, on the basis of which plans are established. Although a similar model of development of the state and has some advantages, as practice shows, in a market economy and competition, any country is developing much more efficient.

The concept, criteria and types of economic systems.

Economic system - the totality of all economic processescommitted in society. The most important element in the economic system is socio-economic relations. These relationships are based primarily on the form of ownership of economic resources and the results of economic activity, as well as in the method of coordinating the economic activity of people, firms, states on the macro level. An important role is also played by organizational forms of enterprises and the system of incentives and motivations, which are guided by participants in economic processes.

In any economic system, production, distribution, exchange and consumption plays a primary role. In the process of interaction between these areas, there is a transformation of resources, that is, there are their stream, which goes into the flow of goods and services produced from these resources. But systems differ in the approach and methods for solving the main economic problems of society.

There is really an unlimited diversity of economic systems in the world. They can be combined into the following types:

traditional economic system;

market economic system (pure capitalism, modern capitalism);

command-administrative (planned) economic system;

mixed Economic System (Socially Oriented Economics);

transition economy.

General characteristics of various forms of farm (forms of production).

Natural economy (patriarchal farm or traditional economy).

The traditional economy can be considered the most ancient type of economic system. It is based on natural production - production, in which labor products are intended to meet their own needs of the manufacturer, for internal consumption.

Such relations in pure form were manifested in a closed primitive community that produces everything necessary for themselves. Most naturally were the patriarchal peasant farm and feudal estates. The system of natural economy in the economy contributed to the isolation of individual business units (family, community, lot, princess) from each other. Each of them was self-sustainable, consuming the entire product that produced. No significant commodity exchange.

In real life, natural production can be called the economy of one family in the garden plot, if the products of labor are not intended for sale, but for their own consumption.

With the traditional economic system, land and capital are in the overall possession of a tribe or community, and limited resources are distributed in accordance with existing traditions. The economic roles of people dictate their heredity and custom affiliation and, because of this, there is a socio-economic stagnation. Technical progress penetrates such a system with great difficulties, as it confesses with traditions and threatens the stability of the existing system.

Of course, traditions over time are also changing, but very slowly and only by virtue of significant changes in the external living conditions of the tribe or nationality. In the stability of these conditions, traditions are preserved for a very long time. Over time, the traditional economic system has ceased to be the basis of organizing people's life in most countries of the world. Her elements went to the background and preserved only in the form of different customs and traditions.

In the modern world, the traditional system still exists in economically underdeveloped countries. It is most often based on backward technology, wide distribution of manual labor and pronounced multipleness of the economy.

In a number of countries, natural community forms of management are preserved. Here is a great importance for small-wing production. It is based on private ownership of resources and personal labor of their owner. Such production is represented by numerous peasant and craft farms that dominate the economy. In a relatively poorly developed national entrepreneurship, foreign capital plays a huge role in the economy.

The solution of major economic problems has specific features in each such country within various styles. The traditional system is characterized by such a feature as the active role of the state. Redistributing through the budget a significant part of income, the state sends funds to the development of infrastructure and social support for the poorest segments of the population.

Product Management (Market Economics).

Growth of public division of labor, crafts, Commodity and cash relations and economic isolation destroyed the closure of natural economy. And a market economy came to replace him.

The basis of this system is:

1) Private property for resources;

2) Private Economic Initiative;

3) a market mechanism for regulating macroeconomic activities based on free competition;

4) Availability of many independent sellers and buyers of each product and goods.

By the middle of the XVII. Great geographical discoveries were made, which served as an impetus to the rapid expansion of world trade and the formation of the global market. All this led to an increase in demand for industrial products and a sharp increase in production. Small and isolated craft farms were not able to solve this task, and the ruin of an increasing number of artisans replenished the labor market by the hired labor force.

A new era has come - the era of capitalist production. Trade (merchant) and roving capital played a major role in its formation. The merchants and the usurists rushed their capital to industry and turned either in the industrial capitalists or in capitalists-bankers.

The formation of capitalist industrial relations accelerated the so-called initial capital accumulation. The essence of this process was to be a violent mass branch of direct manufacturers (primarily peasants in the conditions of feudalism) from previously belonged to them and turn them into sellers of their labor force. On the other hand, in the hands of the emerging bourgeoisie, more and more monetary wealth and capital focused.

The most important economic result in the development of capitalism was the provision of higher productivity. The decisive condition of economic progress was the freedom of entrepreneurial activity of those who had capital, as well as a new principle of relations between employers and employees. Buyers and sellers of labor advocated both legally equal agents of market relations. This assumed freedom of movement within the labor market. The hired worker, receiving a reward for his work, has a freedom of choices and ways to meet its needs. The employer had the right to free choice of labor. The reverse side of this freedom was the personal responsibility for maintaining labor in the normal state, the correctness of the decisions and compliance with the terms of the employment agreement.

With capitalism, there is a market mechanism for solving the main economic problems of society. Each product and each service has its price, i.e. Everything is sold and bought for a certain value. Even all types of labor have their cost. Thousands of goods and services are made by millions of people, tens of thousands of companies and plants without any centralized management or plan. However, there are no chaos, but there is a certain economic order. This is due to the so-called social coordination mechanism. Its essence is that people, acting in their own interests, create choices for others. Public coordination acts as a process of continuous adaptation of people to changes in net benefits arising from their interaction. The change in market prices in one direction or another is used for manufacturers a signal to change consumer preferences. The manufacturer independently solves the problem of the distribution of rare production resources, focusing on the market conjuncture and the price level and determines what to produce and how much.

Resources are used in accordance with the decisions made by individual consumers in the market and for profit. And in the desire to increase her entrepreneur tries to minimize production costs, and therefore, very economically uses natural, labor and investment resources. Achieving this is possible with the maximum use of the creative and organizational potential of the owner itself, the implementation of its entrepreneurial talent, which serves as a powerful incentive of development and improvement of production.

Command Economy (Command-Administrative System) and planned economy (planned economy).

Differences in income pertaining to the market economy have long encouraged people to interpret capitalism as an "unfair" economic system and dream of a more perfect device of their lives. These dreams led to the appearance in the XIX century. Public movement called "Marxism" in honor of his main ideologist - German economist Karl Marx. He and his followers believed that the market system was overwhelmed and became a brake for further growth of human welfare. And therefore, it was supposed to be replaced by a new economic system - command-administrative (socialism).

A classic example of such a system has become centralizedplanned economy in the former USSR. This system was offered as a sample to imitate, it was evaluated by the economy - socialist it or not. The basis of its construction was the main signs of socialism:

public domination (and in fact - state) property for production;

universal state control;

execution of a plan as a motive;

equation principle of distribution;

state pricing.

With such an economic life organization, the state is the resulting owner of all types of resources: land, industrial capital, labor and, even, entrepreneurial ability. The distribution of these resources was engaged in central governments in accordance with the plans, which were developed by the state management on a scientific basis. The state was a monopolist in all sectors. Thus, socialism was the exact opposite of pure capitalism, where there is no place for any monopolies.

The economic mechanism of the command-administrative system has a number of features. He suggests, firstly, the direct management of all enterprises from the Unified Center - the highest echelons of state power, which negates the independence of economic entities. The main economic problems of the Company were solved at the national level: the state plan determined what and how much will be produced, as will be produced and how it will be distributed.

Secondly, the state, fully controlling the production and distribution of products, sets prices, resulting in free market relations between individual enterprises. Suppliers were tightly attached to consumers. At the same time, supplier enterprises both in economic and administratively were unilaterally advantageous in comparison with buyers' enterprises that they imposed their products.

Third, the state apparatus leads economic activities through mainly administrative and administrative methods, which undermines the material interest in labor results.

Planning was supportive, it was a type of power pressure and did not relieve economic interests. And this meant that to bring plans to the enterprise, a certain organizational system of public production management was required. She found his expression in the State University. Its functions included to each enterprise of a detailed scheduled job and control over its implementation. At the same time, no one interested enjoys the products in demand or not. The result of such a policy was the incorporation and waste of social labor.

As for the management system of labor resources, the country has been tasked to make an organized workforce set by the basic form of the need for her need. The states of most enterprises were artificially inflated. And although there was no pronounced unemployment in the country, it is fair to note that it is in a hidden, depressed form. In order to stimulate high-performance work and advanced training, progressive forms of wages and tariff nets were introduced.

Recall that during the heyday of the socialist camp (50s - 80s) in its countries more than a third of the population of the Earth lived. So this is perhaps the largest economic experiment in the history of mankind.

The result of the centralized and planned management system was a contradiction between the production structure and the consumption structure, which was constantly deepened. On the one hand, often expanded the release not so necessary and even unnecessary products both in heavy and light industry, on the other hand grew a list of scarce goods.

The most important reason for the situation was the fact that the Center was not able to cover the entire system of relationships, and the existing methods for planning and management focused on an increase in production volume. At the same time, enterprises seeking to fulfill the plan, resources often spent uneconomically. It is rightly noticed that the idea of \u200b\u200bplanning in the economy itself is quite reasonable within the enterprise so far for all actions is responsible for a specific person risking, in case of an error, with its property. Planning across the country is necessary, for example, in conditions of military time, when the interests of individuals and firms are retreating on the back plan compared to the national objective. But in peacetime, a detailed centralized planning of actions of all economic entities is unreasonable, as the cumbersome and volatile system of Mamurn is not able to respond to changes in the structure of consumer demand.

The serious negative consequence of the impact of this system was the drop in the efficiency of the functioning of the economy as a whole. Capital investments were centralized and headed mainly in new construction, and the existing enterprises worked on the old production base. Because of this, most of the products produced in the country was low quality and outdated design. She did not use in demand either by external or in the domestic markets.

As a result, the end of our century became the era of the full collapse of the economy of the countries of the Socialist Camp. The unvisability of this system, its immunity to NTP achievements made inevitable indigenous socio-economic transformations in these countries. The planning across the country did not justify itself and the majority of former socialist countries engaged in the revival of private property and market system.

Mixed economy.

Speaking about a planned or market economy should not forget that in its pure form you can only be found on paper. In real life, the economy of most countries is somewhere between the extremes of pure capitalism and socialism plus elements of the traditional economy.

For example, private ownership and support for market mechanisms do not necessarily accompany each other, as well as state ownership and centralized planning. Proof of this can serve as the fascism of Hitler's Germany, which was called authoritarian capitalism. The economy here was under tough government planning and management, but the property remained private. In contrast to this picture, the economy of the Yugoslavia of the 80s can be described as market socialism. She was characterized by state ownership of resources and at the same time support for the free market as a mechanism for organizing and coordinating economic activity.

And today in most countries of the world there is a mixed economic system. With such a system, land and capital can be located not only in private, but also in state ownership. In many countries there is a significant state sector. It includes enterprises whose capital is partially or fully belongs to the state, but which:

do not receive from the state plans;

work on market laws;

forced to compete with private firms on equal rights.

The distribution of production factors is carried out both by markets and with significant participation of the state. Thus, the state and market system share responsibility for solving the main economic problems of society.

State intervention in economic life is necessary due to a number of reasons. Here are the main of them:

The needs of society, whose satisfaction does not bring money income (such as the content of the army, the struggle against epidemics, etc.), the state can satisfy better than the market.

The state may mitigate the negative effects of the action of market mechanisms - too large differences in the income of citizens, environmental pollution, etc.

The main functions of the state in a mixed economy can be attributed:

Development of the legal framework and some specific services, such as law enforcement agencies or state-owned product quality standards.

Maintain competition. Development of antimonopoly legislation and tight control over prices and quality in natural monopolies.

Redistribution of income. Social security programs and social transfers.

Redistribution of resources. The state from the budget pays resources coming on the production of "public benefits", such as building highways, the content of national defense, etc.

In each country, such a business method as mixed economy Acquired its form - depending on the degree of state intervention in the economic life of society.

Transition economy.

The transition from one economic system to another causes a special state of the economy. The reason is usually the crisis and the transformation of the economic relations of the former system, as well as the emergence of newinherent in the emerging system. Old and new relations interact within the transition economy.

This situation may arise both in one country and at the same time in a number of countries. The transition from one well-established economic system to another can not occur instantly - it takes time to create a new complex of economic relations. It takes, as a rule, a sufficiently long period of time. The duration of the transition depends on the characteristics of the country or region.

The transition from the traditional economy to pure capitalism in some countries lasted centuries. Elements of capitalist relations arose in the cities of Italy and the Netherlands already in the XIV-XVV., However, the decomposition of feudal production and the beginning of the capitalist dates back to only the XVIV, and the final transition occurred in Holland and in England in XVIIV .. these countries have passed the classic path of development of capitalism - the initial Capital accumulation, simple cooperation, manufactory and finally capitalist factory. In France, the process of initial capital accumulation stretched for three centuries. This is explained by the stability of the absolutist state, the relative strength of the social positions of the nobility and the small peasant farm. In Germany and the US, the transition finally carried out by the end of the XIXV .. In Russia, the development of capitalist relations was stretched more than two centuries. This process proceeded in conditions of significant remnants of feudalism and serfdom. And in landlord farms, where changes occurred most slowly, was not completed and to the beginning of XXV.

However, today, speaking of the transition economy, most often mean the collapse of the former socialist. End of XX century It was characterized by a mass transition of a number of countries from the administrative and command economy to the market. The initial point of such transformations served as a crisis of state ownership and planned system of regulating the economy. These elements began to gradually replace with various forms of private property and the formation of the mechanisms of functioning of the economy inherent in the market.

Although this process goes much more intense than the transition from the traditional system to capitalism (which is explained by the presence of developed industrial production), in different countries It occurs differently. The more such or another country was "market" at the time of approval of the administrative command system, the easier and faster it goes to the market. An example of such countries can be the Czech Republic and Hungary.

It should be noted that for the transition economy, a sharp exacerbation of socio-economic contradictions is characterized, which fades as the mature economic system form.

Forms of a market economy based on private and collective ownership of the means of production. Clean capitalism, its main institutions and principles.

Above, we reviewed the history of the market economy (capitalism) and allocated common characteristic features such a business system. But it should be recognized that capitalism XVII-XIXVV. It differs significantly from the economies of those countries that we today consider capitalist. Therefore, it is customary to distinguish between two types of capitalism: capitalism XVII-XIXVV. and modern. The main differences can be viewed in the table.

Main characteristics	Capitalism XVII-XIXVV.	Modern capitalism
The prevailing form of ownership.	Sole private property.	Collective, Joint Stock and State Property.
A method for coordinating economic activity.	Self-regulation of individual capital based on the free market. Weak state intervention.	Active government regulation by the national economy in order to prevent crises, unemployment, etc.
Social guarantees.	Social vulnerability of citizens in cases of unemployment, illness and old age.	Creation of public and private funds social insurance and security.

Capitalism of the XVII-XIX centuries. The most closely approaches the concept of pure capitalism (its characteristic features we will consider below). As for modern capitalism, in all signs (the presence of both private and state ownership, state regulation) it can be attributed to the mixed economic system.

The market economy compared to all other systems was the most flexible - it is able to rebuild and adapt to changing internal and external conditions. Competition makes manufacturers constantly seek something new, offer more advanced goods and services to the buyer, reduce production costs. And all this requires the use of new technologies and more progressive equipment. But new scientific developments are often unbearable with small firms, they require high costs that most often can afford a separate owner of capital. And thus the development of NTP in the CHW. He led to the emergence of new forms of entrepreneurial activities - corporations (joint-stock companies). Participants of such a society can be an unlimited number of participants (depositors) and thus you can collect a huge capital by selling shares. Corporations can be private if private investors are becoming shareholders; public, organized and managed with the government; and mixed - with the participation of government and private investors.

The emergence of corporations did not eliminate free entrepreneurship and small business and today in countries with a market economy along with large corporations, which account for up to 90% of products, there are partnerships (collective enterprises) and individual private firms.

In the second half of the XX century, when the scientific and technical revolution was so widely unfolded and the production and social infrastructure began to develop more intensively, the state has become much more actively affected by the development of the national economy. In this regard, the economic mechanism has changed, organizational forms of economic activity and economic ties between the subjects.

State regulation is also necessary because there is an increasing and large internationalization of production. This process involves the participation of the country in the international division of labor and allows it to more rationally spend their resources. The state is designed to protect the national economy by introducing state regulation of foreign trade.

Recently, planning is widely distributed both within the framework of individual firms in the form of marketing system and in the industry and the national level in the form of forecasts for the development of social needs. Such forecasts make it possible to have a significant impact on the volume and structure of products and services produced, orient them on the consumer.

Thus, the modern market is a capacious multi-faceted concept. Its characteristic features are: the presence of separate, independent producers carrying material risk for their entrepreneurial activities; free pricing; competition; developed infrastructure; State intervention in creating favorable conditions for the development of the economic system and social protection of the population and entrepreneurship through the holding of the relevant economic, legal and credit policy, as well as the tax system.

Clean capitalism.

Clean capitalism Or free competition capitalism is the perfect image, an abstract model. The capitalism of the XVII-XixVB is suitable closest to it., But it does not exactly correspond to the definition of "clean". And although such a type of management in the strict sense of the word never existed in real life, his description will help to figure out how the economy of capitalist countries is functioning.

In its pure form, capitalism assumes the presence of the following signs:

An unlimited number of participants in competition, absolutely free access to the market and exit from it;

The absolute mobility of material, labor, financial and other resources;

The presence of each of the participants in the full amount of market information;

The absolute homogeneity of the products of the same name, which is expressed in particular, in the absence of trademarks and other individual characteristics of the quality of goods. The presence of the same trademark puts the seller in a privileged monopoly position, and this is not a free market;

No participant in free competition is able to influence the decisions taken by other participants. Since their number is very large, the contribution of each manufacturer of the seller to the total production is insignificant, and therefore the price for which he is going to sell his goods is almost not reflected in the market price. It turns out that real levels of prices are few depend on the desires of individual economic entities and are formed using the mechanism of market harmonization of the interests of sellers and buyers.

The undoubted dignity of the market mechanism is that it forces each seller to think about the interests of buyers to achieve benefits for himself. Thus, as A. Smita said, "... pursuing his own interests, he often actually serves the interests of society than when it is consciously seeking to do it."

It should also be recognized that the market allows you to solve such problems of the economy as the structure and efficiency of production and product quality much better than other business systems. All this is achieved through competition, which contains incentives for technical progress. This is due to the fact that the need to improve the efficiency of the use of rare resources requires the redistribution of resources from industries, where production technology is less efficient, in the industry, where it is more efficient.

Finally, the mechanism of the market as a whole frees the economy from the shortage of goods and services. In the conditions of market economy, a steady commodity deficiency is impossible at least because it contradicts economic interests All participants in the competitive process.

From all this, you can draw the following conclusions: Competition, as the main mechanism of control in the market economy, favors the emergence of identity of personal and public interests. The free market system functions and is automatically adjusted as a result of individual, rather than centralized solutions.

But it is precisely because of the lack of any centralized control, a purely market system has the following flaws:

a) a market system, as a mechanism for distributing a social product, not peculiar to any ethical principles and benefits in a market economy can only receive the one who can pay an equilibrium market price;

b) the control mechanism and competition over time weakens;

c) the market system generates a huge difference in income and wealth levels;

d) Competitive market system does not guarantee full employment and stable price level.

Once again I want to remind you that in pure form a free market system does not exist, and never existed. Moreover, she could not exist, at least due to the fact that no entrepreneur could have absolutely complete information about the state of the entire economy. Free market - abstraction. At the same time, any actually existing market carries elements free.

Modern models of a socio-oriented market economy. Mixed systems.

As we have already noted, the economy system of most countries of the world can be considered mixed. Society with various historical and cultural heritage, various customs and traditions use various methods and approaches to solving economic problems.

Let's consider the most famous models within the Mixed System:

American model It characterizes the full encouragement of entrepreneurial activity and personal enrichment of the most active part of the population. Those. There is a massive orientation for the achievement of personal success. The task of social equality is not considered here at all. In need of population groups are given benefits, for them there is also a system of partial benefits, which creates an acceptable standard of living. America is characterized by high productivity. The state plays an important role in the development and observance of the rules of the economic game, the provision of R & D, the freedom of entrepreneurship, the development of education and culture.

Swedish model Different with a strong social policy aimed at reducing property inequality Due to the redistribution of national income in favor of the least secured segments of the population. To successfully conduct such social policies, a high level of taxation is established, which is more than 50% of national production (GNP). As a result, unemployment is reduced to a minimum, relatively small income differences different groups population, high level of social security of citizens and the export ability of Swedish companies. The Swedish model was called "Functional Socialization". Functions of production lay on private enterprises (the state only 4% of fixed assets), operating on a competitive market basis, and the function of ensuring a high standard of living and many infrastructure elements (transport, R & D) are assigned to the state. The main advantage of such an economy is that it combines relatively high rates of economic growth with a high level of employment and well-being of the population.

German model. This model was formed on the basis of the elimination of major concerns of Hitler's times and providing all forms of economic activities the possibility of sustainable development. As a result, medium and small business, as well as farms, using the patronage of the government, have achieved the high efficiency of their economic activities. The state actively affects prices, duties and technical norms. Such a model was called "Social Market Economy".

The Japanese model is characterized by the developed planning and coordination of the activities of the government and the private sector. Plans are a recommendatory nature and are government programs orienting and mobilizing individual units of the economy to perform nationwide tasks. Obstacles to property stratification is not put. Such a model can only exist in a highly developed national self-consciousness. In Japan, there is a priority of the interests of the nation over personal interests - the population is ready to go to certain material sacrifices for the sake of prosperity of the nation. The Japanese economy is also characterized by the preservation of national traditions when borrowing from other countries all that is needed to develop the country. This allows you to create such management systems and organization organizations that give the greatest success.

South Korean model It has a lot in common with Japanese. This is primarily due to a similar psychological warehouse of the population, its hardworking and responsible attitude towards his duties. The state here is also actively involved in the restructuring of the economy. But as a result of relatively undeveloped market relations, the South Korean government facilitatedly contributed to the creation of a market economy in the person of large corporations, and then grew into financial and industrial conglomerates. In addition, government agencies provided comprehensive support for small and medium entrepreneurship. Another characteristic feature of the South Korean model was a clear and balanced separation of functions between the center and the provinces, which also contributed to the formation of market relations.

It should be noted that in the mixed economy of different countries there is a choice between two ways of development - liberal and socially-oriented.

Liberal mixed economy is based on:

1) the unconditional predominance of private property and economic legislation ensuring maximum freedom of market entities and protects them from the state intervention.

2) the concentration of state regulation mainly on macroeconomic processes.

The principle prevails here - a working person provides himself, his family and his old age. State paternalism applies to beggars and disadvantages.

For a socio-oriented economy, the following signs are characterized:

1) mixed system management with a fairly significant public sector;

2) the state regulates the rules of the game on a market field for both public and private structures;

3) state regulation is carried out not only at the macro level, but also in the field of activities of economic entities;

4) The state guarantees a certain provision of the needs of the population in health, education, culture and housing;

5) regulation of employment of the population in order to minimize unemployment.

Thus, the state through its intervention directly into the activities of industrial and commercial firms gets the opportunity to take care of their citizens. Hence the name "socially oriented".

The emergence of such a model of a mixed economy accounted for 70-80 years and to date, the greatest development has reached in countries such as Germany and Sweden.

Choosing an economic system, selection criterion - the level of transaction Costs.

Search effective system The economy has their long history. This idea occupied the minds of many famous economists. I.T.Pososhkov in his "book about scarce and wealth" in the early XVIII. I tried to substantiate the need to improve the economic system of Russia of that period. Somewhat later, A. Smita dedicated to the study of this problem his main work "Studies on the nature and causes of the wealth of peoples".

The idea of \u200b\u200bfinding an ideal economic system is relevant and still. Currently, one of the most interesting theories can be called the idea of \u200b\u200bRonald Couza on the impact of the level of transaction costs to choose the optimal economic system.

Transaction costs are the costs that society bears when choosing an economic system, organizational forms, sizes and types of enterprises. These are the costs that are required to create and operate the structures of the economic system.

The level of these costs among various firms of unequal. In any economic system with developed commodity relationships, the company is forced to spend the funds for the search and processing of information on prices and technologies, to conclude contracts and their legal design, to control their execution, etc. Externally, these expenses are invisible, but really they exist and can be so great that the income of the enterprise will exceed.

If we are talking about a market economy, such costs fall on the shoulders of independent firms. They from their own pockets finance the study of the market, technology, legal services, etc. And if this is a command-administrative system? For a long time it was believed that state-owned economy costs a society almost "gift" and does not require any costs. But in fact, for the content of such a system, for the development of comprehensive plans and supervision for their implementation from the Unified Center, huge funds were required.

Currently, it is impossible to just judge which of these two polar systems is most economical for society. In order for them to compare, accurate data on the transaction costs of similar firms in the other system are needed. As R. Coase noted, only the high cost of systems and the functions of coordination can eliminate the competitive price mechanism of self-government, if it is more expensive than government regulation and vice versa.

Objective conditions and economic system of modern Russia.

For a sufficient long period of time, the economy of the USSR developed quite successfully. The highest growth rates were observed at the end of the 50s - early 60s. But, starting from the mid-60s to the mid-80s, a significant decline began in the USSR economy. This manifested itself in the production of critical types of products (electricity, oil, steel, etc.).

In March 1985 The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU became M.S. Gorbachev. He presented the state of the Soviet economy in negative light and announced the 70s and 80s with a stagnant period. This statement can be considered the initial point of the transition period in the Russian economy. A course was taken to accelerate the social and economic development of the country. It was assumed that by 2000, thanks to the introduction of NTP achievements, the most perfect society of "Humane Democratic Socialism" will be created in the USSR, and in all indicators of the USSR will be released on the first places in the world and there will be a previously composed food program.

It is worth noting that at that time the USSR period was recognized as the second country in the world after the United States in economic power, the ruble was a solid currency, there was no unemployed in the country, and the inflation rate was significantly lower than in the West. But at the same time, there were serious imbalances in both the development of the national economy, as well as individual industries. Some of the most important directions of development, such as computer technology and biotechnology, were generally missed. The created huge material and technical base was ineffective and worked not to increase the well-being of the people, but to reproduction itself.

Perestroika began with a change in the system of motivation and property relations. The search for economic levers of labor stimulation and searches for new economic conditions began. Such "market" principles as economic independence, self-sufficiency and self-financing of enterprises were proclaimed. They created organs of industrial self-government. At the same time, the creation of cooperatives and individual labor activity was encouraged. The property laws were adopted, about land, lease. At this time, the Government there was a disassemble for two opposing camps: "Conservatives", which ratified a change in the Soviet economic system and "Democrats", insist on the formation of the market economy of the Western Sample.

In 1990 The Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Declaration on the sovereignty of the Union republics. It further aggravated the political and economic crisis. The struggle between the center and the field administration began. The weakening of public administration led to the decline in production and interruptions in supplying the population with the most necessary products. The country developed an uncontrolled process of management on the basis of contractual relations and barter through commodity exchanges. Transactions of purchase and sale were carried out on them through brokerage offices. The most rejected by the mediation of the office was subsequently creators of commercial banks and investment funds.

In late 1991 The USSR ceased to exist as a multinational state and a single national economic complex, and in 1992. The government announced a decisive step towards a market economy. The plan of reform is "inflation shock therapy", i.e. stimulating economic activity by price liberalization, preferential credits, weakening the control over the income level. In the future, it was supposed to overcome financial and monetary unbalance with the help of increasing taxes and credit rates and income control.

At the same time, the privatization of state ownership and its decentralization was deployed. The cost of state property for that period of time was 1.5 trillion rubles, i.e. on 10 thousand. rubles for each resident of Russia. It was originally planned that the Russians would produce nominal privatization checks (vouchers). This method would allow state property Go to the collective property of enterprises, which would be an incentive to improve the work of labor collectives - after all, every employee (owner of the voucher) would be the owner of a part of the property of his company. But, as a result, impersonal (non-mean) vouchers were issued, which for the most part were immediately burned with wealthy people, banks and mafia structures.

Thus, the privatization of state ownership served to benefit the interests of private capital of a certain group of the population. And the vouchers released to the open market became peculiar money and led to the surge of prices and hyperinflation. An unregulated price increase led to the fact that many enterprises of the industry and agricultural organizations could not buy the necessary raw materials and materials at fair prices, which further aggravated the situation - they were idle both small businesses and huge manufacturing plants, unemployment covered the majority of industries. Real incomes of citizens have steadily falling due to inflation processes, which led to a decrease in total demand for many groups of goods. Russian enterprises faced sales issues. The situation was aggravated by a huge stream of imports that fluttering on the counter. Many enterprises were uncompetitive in the established conditions and were forced to close, which led to a new turn of unemployment.

Why did the reforms in Russia have not led to positive results that such countries of the former socialist camp have achieved as, for example, Poland and Hungary? There are a lot of reasons. Let's call some of them:

Lack of general organizational change program.

Criminalization of economic life and the growth of corruption. (The entrepreneurial sector has grown mainly from semi-criminal circles former USSR). Rapid growth of the shadow economy.

The huge territory of the country, which complicates management from the center, as well as the absence of a clear and balanced separation of functions between the center and the regions.

Extremely unfavorable climatic conditions for most of the territory of Russia, which reduce the interests of investing in Russian enterprises, both in foreign and domestic investors.

The unreasonable privatization policy, which served the interests of only a certain group of the population and bringing the impetus to inflation.

The non-competitiveness of most Russian enterprises in the global market due to the high level of cost per unit of products. The reasons here are the territorial and climatic features of Russia.

The diverse composition of the population on the national basis (over 300 nationalities) and its uneven distribution through the territory of Russia. This factor during the periods of instability of the economy leads to an increase in interethnic conflicts.

The overwhelming part of the population is neither professional nor politically, nor in its general cultural level was not ready for market relations. The economic initiative of the majority of the population is weakened by the decades of the board of the centralized economy.

The most important traditional sources of replenishment of the state budget are destroyed, while there is no alternative replacement of them. The tax system does not fulfill its functions.

External public debt, on the maintenance of which the huge funds are required, is, in essence, the "debt."

Currently it has already become clear that the model of radical economic transformations It was built without the participation of Russia's characteristics. The result was the steadily worsening financial situation of the majority of Russian citizens with a rapid enrichment of a relatively small part of society, mainly criminal and corrupt. And today the country has no clear state-owned output strategy from economic crisis and ensuring the sustainable development of the economy.

Tasks. Questions.
What is an economic system? What are the signs of economic systems? What is characteristic of natural economy? Which system are elements of natural economy more often? What was the cause of the transition from the traditional economy to the market? What is the basis of a market economy? What types of capitalism is made to distinguish? What are the advantages of the market system? What flaws of the market exist? What is the role of the state in the planned economy? Why is the state intervention in the economic life of society? What are the models of the mixed economy and how do they differ? What problems arise during transition periods? What is the essence of transaction costs? What are the features of the transition economy in Russia? What, in your opinion, will expect Russia in the near future?

Tasks. Tests.
1. Which of the listed features are characteristic of the traditional economic system: a) Private property; b) natural production; c) Collective property; d) state ownership; e) distribution of resources in accordance with traditions. 2. What signs assumes capitalism: a) the presence of trademarks; b) an unlimited number of competitors; c) the presence of monopolies; d) the influence of sellers on the market price; e) buyer sovereignty. 3. What is characteristic of command and administrative housekeeping: a) private economic initiative; b) government prices; c) state ownership of the means of production; d) the influence of buyers for the price. 4. What features characterize a mixed economy: a) Private property; b) government intervention in the activities of the economy; c) state ownership; d) government rates; e) government planning.

Essence and types of economic system

Definition 1.

The economic system is an ordered system of socio-economic and organizational ties of producers and consumers of goods (services).

Economic systems differ from each other:

1. System of socio-economic relations;
2. Organizational and legal forms of management;
3. Economic mechanism;
4. The system of incentives and motivation of participants;
5. Economic relations of enterprises and organizations.

The most common is the separation of economic systems on:

• Traditional
• Command
• Market
• Mixed.

Signs of the traditional economic system

Definition 2.

The traditional economy is an economic system that does not use the achievements of scientific and technological progress, since it takes effect with traditions.

The traditional system is characterized by:

1. backward technologies
2. wide distribution of manual labor,
3. multi-storey economy.

Note 1.

The economic problems of this society are solved through customs and traditions.

The main signs of the traditional economy can be called:

1. private property of production, personal work of the owners;
2. extremely primitive technology, which refers to the primary processing of natural resources;
3. community management, natural exchange;
4. the predominance of manual labor.

States that operate within the framework of the traditional economy are inherent in multipleness, which is the presence of various forms of management, which are based on various forms of ownership:

1. Communal ownership (Natural Community Farming),
2. Small Private property (peasant and craft small-handed production).

Command Economy: Essence and Basic Signs

Definition 3.

The command economy is an economic system at which material resources Basically belong to the state, while all economic activity is sent and coordinated by centralized management, planning and control.

When operating a team (planned) economy, the main economic decisions in the form of a plan of socio-economic development takes a centralized body.

Note 2.

The balance of the housekeeping in this system is achieved by executing plans.

Team planning economy existed in the form of a tough model. This model was characteristic of the former Soviet Union, as well as for many countries of Asia and Eastern Europe.

This type of economic system is based on state ownership of all types of economic resources, while the system of private property is almost completely excluded.

All areas of the economy are planned, while the execution of plans is required for all business entities. When operating a command economy, managed by all enterprises from the Unified Center. For this reason, direct manufacturers cannot make economic decisions themselves, lose the possibility of independent choice of suppliers of raw materials (equipment), sales of products.

In turn, society as a consumer is limited when choosing the proposed products.

Results of the functioning of this system:

1. Lack of competition
2. Reduction of product quality growth,
3. Decline in labor productivity,
4. Brake inhibition of innovation.

The dominance of command methods in the states of the former socialist republics leads to a well-established shortage of goods and services. According to the Hungarian economist, Ya. Kornai This economy is called the economies of deficiency.

It is customary to allocate the following the main types of economic systems: Traditional, administrative and command, market and mixed.

Economic systems arose in solving economic problems associated with distribution limited resources and the presence of alternative costs. In other words, paraphrasing the concept, the economic system is the method for which economic life is formed in the country, society; The method for which decisions are made about What, how and for whom produce.

The most popular classification of economic systems is based on the principle of division under two main features, namely:

• Form of ownership of
• The method of coordination and management of economic activities in the country

Thus, based on these criteria, we can establish some division and allocate several types of economic systems, each of which is assigned a certain place in the structure of real economic relations occurring in a particular country in the world.

4 main types of economic systems

The division produced on the basis of the above criteria made it possible to determine four types of economic systems:

Traditional - The practice of using rare resources is due to the traditions and customs in society. It is characterized on the widespread use of manual labor in production, and the tools of labor, applicable together with manual strength, are small, they are based on the measures of developed countries of developed countries. A similar system is common in the third world countries with a weak economy.

The question of whether "how, what and for whom?" produced, in the traditional economy is solved on the basis of traditions transmitted from generation to generation.

Capitalistic type of economic system (or pure capitalism) is characterized primarily by private property on resources and means of production, regulation and management of the system of economic relations through market distribution and relevant products with the establishment of optimal (market) prices that ensure the necessary balance of demand and suggestions. Wealth in society in this case is distributed extremely unevenly, and the main economic entities are autonomous manufacturers and consumers of material and intangible benefits. The role of the state in economic relations is very low. There is no single center of economic power, but the regulator of such a form of organizing economic relations is the system of markets in which each of the subjects strive to extract their own, individual benefits, but not collective. Production is carried out only on the most advantageous, maximally cost-effective areas, and therefore some categories of goods (they are also called public) can remain unclaimed by the manufacturer, by virtue of their small profitability and other factors, despite the availability of demand from the Company.

Thus, the advantages of this form of organizing economic life are:

• The most effective allocation of resources in accordance with market mechanisms (the so-called "invisible market's hand")
• Freedom in choosing a destination for business activities
• Indispensable improvement in the quality of goods and services in the conditions of competitive struggle
• The emergence of new products on the market and at the same time stimulating scientific and technological progress.

The disadvantages are:

• Extremely uneven distribution of income in society
• The orientation of the manufacturer on a solvent client
• and unemployment, instability of the development of the economy (possibility, etc.), as a result - Social instability
• Disadvantage in financing education
• Possible reduction in competition due to the creation of monopolies
• The negative effect of production on the environment, considerable consumption of natural resources.

Command economy

The pure capitalism presented above has its own antipode (contrast) represented by a centralized (command-administrative) system, characterized by state ownership of all material resources and the adoption of important economic decisions through collective meetings and centralized economic planning. In other words, the means of production (land, capital) are concentrated in the hands of the state - the lead economic SubjectAnd about the economic power can be said as centralized. It is important to take into account that the market does not determine the balance of economic forces (does not affect which companies and what makes the competition will be solved), the prices for goods and services are determined by the government. The central planned body (CPO) carries out the distribution of the initially available and finished products, its competence includes the task of which products should be carried out in which the quality of this product will be from which resources and raw materials will be produced. Once these issues are settled, the CPO transfers the order (performs directives) to specific enterprises with the indication of the necessary details. It is worth noting that enterprises located in the country also belong to the state.

The significant advantage of this model before the rest is the achievement of conditions that contribute to the absence of obvious unemployment due to centralized allocation of resources and accounting, in particular, all existing labor resources. Another point - due to the rigid centralization of control the ability to control the distribution of income among the population.

At the first stage of the economy planning, the task of the central planning body includes the preparation of a five-year plan for the development of the country's economy as a whole. In the future, this plan is refined and detailed, divided into more detailed moments and ultimately finished plans for economic sectors and individual enterprises are obtained. At the same time, it is worth noting the presence of feedback from these most enterprises - at the design stage of the plans, they themselves give estimates and comments on the optimality of the required indicators. The ultimate plan approved should be performed almost unquestioned.

However, it would be wrong, not to say about the difficulties in implementing this model. Among the priority is the problem, directly, centralized management of the economy, as one of the most complex. And here is an important place to dispense the problem of awareness of state bodies planning about the state of the economy directly at the moment. Indeed, in this case, it is very difficult to assess the influence of numerous factors, track changes in indicators characterizing the state of the economy (costs of production, consumption growth, resource costs). At the same time, even the statistically collected information quickly change, which makes planning often not sugic than time. The higher the degree of centralization of management, the only excellent adequacy is distorted. economic indicators down up. Often, many economic institutions deliberately distort the obtained indicators in order to look much for leadership in the most advantageous light.

There are problems in the planned economy and when trying to introduce new technologies into production or when it comes to the release of new products. This is explained by the management of the enterprise leadership by the leadership of a higher level and subordination exclusively to its directives (commands) that cannot always be assessed objectively. This in the market economy of the enterprise is striving to minimize costs and nominate a new product, superior to the advantages of competitors and make it possible to earn a profit by keeping the company on poorly changing market conditions. In the directory model, flaws in the management structure and the improper level of awareness, do not allow properly to increase the efficiency of the production of a particular enterprise in proportion to its potential.

Summing up, it is worth noting the following advantages of this model:

• Centralized management makes it possible to concentrate funds and other resources in certain, the most priority directions at the moment
• Creating social stability, the feeling of "confidence in tomorrow".

Of the minuses it is worth noting:

• Low level of consumer needs
• Lack of choice both in production and in consumption (including shortage of consumption goods)
• Achievements of scientific and technological progress are not always implemented in a timely manner.

"Mixed Economics"

But in fact, the 2 models of the economic systems "ideal" presented above 2, that is, they are not found in the conditions of real economic relations established in different countries of the world. The practice of conducting economic relations in different countries of the world shows the actual features of economic systems located somewhere between the characteristics of market and command-administrative systems.

Such systems are called mixed - those in which resource allocation occurs both by decision of the government and taking into account solutions of individuals. Private property in this case is present in the country along with state, the regulation of the economy occurs not only through the presence of the market system, but also due to the measures taken by the state. Examples of this type of economic system can also serve as directly, former socialist countries, which, with pronounced policy makers, assumed the presence of a certain market structure within the country. Although incomes in the country are also very uneven, the state seeks to reduce the negative trends in a purely capitalist economy and to support some poor segments of the population, creating favorable conditions for their existence. The mixed economic system involves the presence of several models within its structure. This is American, Swedish, German and Japanese models.

Total we get that the functions of the state in the conditions of a mixed economy are the following conditions:

1. Support for enterprises owned by the state (public sector of the economy)
2. Investing in the spheres of education, science, culture, etc.
3. The impact of state bodies on the redistribution of resources required to stimulate the economy and prevent unemployment and crises
4. Creating a redistribution of income with the help of a tax system and funds of centralized funds.

Thus, the advantages of a mixed economic system:

• As a rule, the model is characterized by economic growth or stability (hence political stability)
• The state ensures the protection of competition and limits the creation of monopolies.
• The state provides guarantees of social protection of the population
• Encouraging innovation
• Investing in the field of education, culture, science

Cons in this case are as follows:

The need to develop development models in accordance with the national specificity, the lack of universal models.

Transition economy

It would not be superfluous to mention the so-called transition economy - the one that assumes the presence of certain changes both within the framework of both the current system and the changes arising from the transition from one model to the other. In most cases, the country with economies in transition is inherent in both the features of the previously existing command economy and the forms of organization characteristic of the market economy. In the process of transit of the command economy to a market, the state needs to pay attention to the following points:

1. Reforming the public sector of the economy by privatization, lease
2. Creating a market infrastructure that would satisfy all the peculiarities of production for the greatest effectiveness of available resources.
3. Creating a private sector of the economy (primarily small and medium business) and promoting entrepreneurship
4. Stimulation of economic distribution of commodity producers with different forms of ownership (private and state)
5. Formation of the existing pricing system using market mechanisms.

Examples of different types of economic systems

• Traditional - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso (mainly agriculture) and with a more advanced economy, but with characteristic features Tradiomalism: Pakistan, Cot-Divoire.
• Planned (administrative command) - Former Socialist countries (USSR, Eastern Europe to 90s). Currently - North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam.
• Mixed type of economic system - China, Sweden, Russia, Japan, United Kingdom, USA, Germany, France, etc.
• The market system in pure form does not have real examples.

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This lecture on the economy is completed.

What is an economic system?
Economic System - 1) The method of organizing the economic activities of the Company, in accordance with which the problem of the distribution of limited resources is solved;

2) the established and current set of principles, rules, laws defining the form and content of the main economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic product;

3) Organization of economic life.

Types of economic systems.
The type of economic system is characterized by: 1) shapes; 2) ways to distribute limited resources; 3) ways to regulate the economy.

Classification number 1: 1) traditional; 2) command (centralized); 3) market; 4) Mixed.

1) Traditional economic system - The way of organizing economic life, in which land and capital are in general possession of the tribe, and limited resources are distributed in accordance with existing traditions.
Questions, what products and services for whom and how to produce, are solved on the basis of traditions transmitted from generation to generation.
Advantages: 1) Society Stability; 2) a fairly high quality of produced goods.
Disadvantages: 1) lack of technical progress; 2) weak adaptability to the change in external conditions; 3) the limited number of products produced.

2) Team (centralized, directive, planned) Economic system - The way of organizing economic life, in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out on the instructions of the central bodies and in accordance with the plans.
Advantages: 1) The ability to concentrate all the forces and means of society to solve any problem (mobilization capabilities); 2) guarantee people the necessary minimum of life benefits, providing confidence in the future; 3) avoids unemployment, although universal employment is achieved, as a rule, due to artificial deterrence of productivity growth.
Disadvantages: 1) the inability to accurately plan all the needs of society and accordingly distribute resources, which leads to overproduction of some goods and the deficiency of others; 2) lack of an incentive for the production of quality products; 3) Lack of economic freedom among citizens.

3) Market economic system- The way of organizing economic life, in which capital and land is owned by individuals, and limited resources are distributed through the markets.
The market economy is a farm in which a private form of ownership is dominated, economic activity is carried out by business entities at their own expense, all major decisions are accepted by them at their own risk.
The basics of the market system: 1) the right of private property; 2) economic freedom; 3) Competition.
Private property - recognized by society the right of individual citizens and their associations to own, use and dispose of a certain amount (part) of any types of economic resources.
Advantages: 1) Flexibility, the ability to adapt to the changed conditions; 2) the presence of incentives for technical progress; 3) rational (???) use of resources.
Disadvantages: 1) inability to ensure equality of income, a steadily high standard of living; 2) a weak interest in fundamental scientific research; 3) development instability (crisis, inflation); 4) the ineffectiveness of the use of irrepustible resources; 5) the absence of complete employment and price stability.

Each economic system is different in different ways: 1) What to produce?; 2) how to produce?; 3) for whom to produce?

What to produce? 1) Traditional: agricultural products, hunting, fisheries, are produced little products and services, and what is determined by customs and traditions; 2) centralized: determined by groups of professionals: engineers, economists, industry representatives - "planners"; 3) Market: Determine Consumers themselves, manufacturers produce something that can be bought.

How to produce? 1) Traditional: produce both the ancestors produced; 2) centralized: determined by the plan; 3) Market: Determine the manufacturers themselves.

For whom to produce? 1) Traditional: Most people exist on the verge of survival, the addition product goes to leaders or land owners, the remaining part is distributed according to customs; 2) Centralized: "Planners", directed by political leaders, determine who and how much will receive goods and services; 3) Market: consumers get as much as they want profit manufacturers.

4) in many countries exists mixed economywhich combines the features of market and team economic systems, economic freedom of manufacturers and regulating the role of the state.
The mixed economy is a way to organize an economic life, in which land and capital are in private property, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out by both markets and with significant state participation.

Classification number 2: 1) market; 2) non-market (traditional and centralized); 3) mixed.

Classification number 3: 1) market economy (centralized system, market system, mixed system); 2) Natural economy.

Natural economy - 1) the economy in which people produce products only to meet their own needs, without resorting to the exchange, to the market; 2) the farm satisfying their needs at the expense of its own production.
Product farm - 1) the farm in which products are manufactured for sale, and the connection of manufacturers and consumers is carried out through the market; 2) the farm in which production is focused on the market.

The term "property" Used in three values:
1. How to synonym the word "thing" (ordinary, everyday value).
2. Legal ownership includes three pupils (powers), with which only the owner can possess: 1) ownership (the actual possession of this property, attributed to legally); 2) use (the process of extracting beneficial properties from this property); 3) Order (definition of further fate of this property \u003d sale, donation, exchange, inheritance, leasing or deposit, etc.).

Rent (from Lat. Arrendare - Vince) - 1) Providing property (land) by its host for temporary use to other persons on the contractual terms, for fee; 2) The right to use without having the right to dispose.

Trust (from the English trust - trust) - 1) the right of owner to transfer the right to manage their property to another person, without the right to interfere with his actions; 2) Institute of Trust Property, related to the transfer of property and its property rights by the Founder of the Trust (beneficiary) for a certain period of confidence-knowing owner.

Property as an economic category - 1) relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption over the assignment of production resources, factors for the production of material goods; 2) the belonging of things, material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bto certain persons, legal entities to such affiliation and economic relations between people about belonging, partition, redistribute property objects.

Properties: 1 person; 2) family; 3) labor collective; four) social group; 5) population of the territory; 6) all level control bodies; 7) the people of the country.

Property objects: Production factors and finished products: 1) Earth, land, land; 2) money, currency, securities; 3) material and property values; 4) natural wealth; 5) jewelry; 6) the buildings of socio-cultural purposes; 7) main production funds; 8) labor; 9) Spiritual, intellectual and informational resources.

Functional characteristics of property:1) Ownership, 2) Management, 3) Control.

Which of these characteristics is the main one?
1. Karl Marx at first set possession.
2. In the XX century. The property is becoming increasingly important.

Technocracy (Greek ?????, "skill" + Greek. ??????, "power") is a socio-political device in which society is regulated by competent scientists and engineers based on the principles of scientific and technical rationality.
Technocratic ideas were expressed by A. A. Bogdanov, who introduced the term "technical intelligentsia" into circulation (in 1909 in the article "The philosophy of the modern naturalist"), the term "technocracy" itself, is Americanism that appeared in the 1920s. Initially, the idea of \u200b\u200btechnocracy as the power of engineers described Torstein Weblin, in social utopia "engineers and a price system" (1921). Weble ideas developed James Bernham in the book "Revolution of managers" (1941) and John Kenneth Galbreit in the "New Industrial Society" (1967).
Thanks to the scientific and technical revolution, knowledge and strength and wealth becomes the basis of the basis of the government. The appearance of power changes himself - refusing direct and coarse domination, it takes softer forms of influence and dominance. Now the level of knowledge, not the presence or absence of private property becomes the main source of social differences. Power in the information era moves from those who give orders, to those who form the consciousness of people, lays certain stereotypes, images, behavior models.
The creators of the meaning is the creative layer of the information society, the "creative class", which forms the stereotypes of the behavior, the scheme of perception and the actions of the media and through them affecting the worldview and behavior of wide layers of citizens. The real power is increasingly going to the shadow, to a variety of non-governmental groups of influence, often international or just foreign. The official government only executes and implements policies developed by these circles. Hard power, based on violence, gave way to the "soft power", based on the conviction of people, ideological work, a subtle manipulation of public consciousness.
"Soft power" - a new historical type of power, based not on direct violence or economic enslavement, but on belief and information manipulation. The "soft power" turns into the main instrument of power in the information era, when the former methods of domination lose their effectiveness and arises the need for a hidden and unobtrusive subordination of people to someone else's interests.
The material basis of the "soft power" forms the triumvirate "1) The creators of the meaning - 2) non-governmental organizations - 3) the media."

What is the difference between different types of ownership?
Those who belong to the means of production, as and who is distributed income from the use of property, who is a participant in economic activity.
Classification number 1:1) total (primitive communal, family, state, collective); 2) private (labor \u003d family, farming, individual labor activity; unearned \u003d slave-owned, feudal, bourgeois-individual); 3) mixed (joint-stock, cooperative, joint).
1) historically the first type of property was general propertyAt which all people were combined into groups and all means of production and produced benefits belonged to all members of society.
2) the second in time of origin was the private property, in which individuals belonged to the means of production as a person who personally belongs to them. Private property is a form of legal consolidation of a person of the rights of ownership, use and disposal by any property that it can use not only to meet personal needs, but also to keep commercial activities. Private property was dominant in the economy until the 20th century. Opponents of private ownership indicated that it represents a source of human use by a person, contributes to the separation of people, developing such qualities as selfishness, individualism and greed, generates inequality between people. Private property supporters argued that a sense of private ownership is a natural sense of a person who expresses his nature. In their opinion, it is the private property that gives an individual the possibility of not dependent on the state, being a guarantee of human rights.
3) in the XIX century. The main figure of the owner was the capitalist - entrepreneur. In the XX century The development was obtained by various types of mixed (collective-private, group, corporate) property, which combines the signs of the first two types. A typical form of such property is a joint stock company (corporation).
Corporation (Lat. Corporatio - Association, Community) - the form of organization of the enterprise, where the right to property is divided into part of the shares, and therefore the owners of corporations are called shares holders.
Unlike the individual owner and members of the partnership, the maximum that the shareholder may lose, is the amount paid for them for stocks. Shares holders can enter and leave the corporation, just buying them. The capital of such a society is formed as a result of the sale of securities - shares, which are evidence that their owner made its contribution - Pai - to the Corporation's capital and has the right to receive a dividend. Dividend - part of the profit, which is paid to the owner of the shares (as a rule, in proportion to the magnitude of the shares made by him).

Classification number 2: 1) private (personal, individual); 2) state; 3) Collective, joint.
Individual Private Property (Agriculture, Crafts, Trade, Services) is common.
Signs of an individual private enterprise: 1) ownership of the funds used; 2) the use of personal labor of the manufacturer, his families, employees; 3) the right to uniquely dispose of incomes from economic activities; 4) the right of economic independence in the decision of economic issues.
In the economy of the end of the XX century. Great value of state ownership (from 15 to 20%). Usually the state focuses in its hands the enterprises and industries with strategic importance (railways, communications enterprises, atomic and hydroelectric power plants).
Such forms of ownership are preserved as cooperative and collective property. With a cooperative property, a group of people who united to share some property (own or leased) manages these property. At the collective company, the owner is the team of this enterprise, which takes part in managing the production process.
The municipal form of ownership is a form of ownership at which property is available, jurisdiction local organs authorities.

Forms of ownership in Russia.
According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in Russia they are recognized and protected equally 1) private, 2) state, 3) municipal and other forms of ownership. The list of forms of ownership specified in the Constitution and Civil Code (GK) of the Russian Federation is not exhaustive, since it is accompanied by a reservation, by virtue of which Russian Federation Other forms of ownership are recognized.

Privatization (Lat. Privatus - private) - 1) the transfer of state ownership to individual citizens or those created by them legal entities; 2) the process of privatization of property to the means of production, property, housing, land, natural resources. It is carried out through the sale or gratuitous transfer to the objects of state and municipal property in the hands of groups and individuals with the formation of corporate, joint-stock, private property on this basis.
Nationalization (Lat. Natio - People) - Transfer of private property in the hands of the state.

Market and capitalism.
Version number 1. Capitalism \u003d Market system.
Capitalism is a type of society, based on private property and a market economy.
In various currents of social thought, it is defined as a system of free entrepreneurship, stage of development of an industrial society, and the modern stage of capitalism is like a "mixed economy", "post-industrial society", "Information Society", etc.; In Marxism, capitalism is a socio-economic formation based on private ownership of the means of production and operation of the capital of wage labor.

Version number 2. Capitalism? Market system.
Capitalism is not just a method of effective economic activity, naturally arising in the Lon of a market economy. Capitalism is an intellectual, psychological and social breakthrough, an infant pagan, a person of traditional culture.
From the market capitalism distinguishes not so much the subject of activity as its method, scale, goals. Fernandra Straodel, describing this difficult phenomenon, called it "antona", because there is clearly different activities here, non-equivalent exchanges, in which competition, which is the basic law of the so-called market economy, does not occupy a suitable place.
Fernandra Street (1902 - 1985) - outstanding French historian. Laid the foundations of a peace-system approach.
It is the most famous work of Broadleel, his triplet "Material civilization, economics and capitalism, the XV-XVIII centuries" is considered. (1979). This book shows how the European (and not only) economies functioned in the pre-industrial period. Especially in detail are characterized by the development of trade and money circulation, much attention is paid to the influence of the geographical environment for social processes.
Arnold Toynby:
"I believe that in all countries where the maximum private profit acts as a motive of production, a private-winning (market) system ceases to function."

What is capitalism?
Capitalism is a holistic ideology, the plan and scenario of a specific world order, the essence of which is not the production or trade operations itself, but operations systemic, aimed at controlling the market and aimed at extracting the system profit (sustainable super-profile).
Rough, not too accurate and quite unsightly analogue can serve as separate features of the mafia, and in the "classic" meaning of the concept, i.e. Not as crime, but as a specific system of management of the world, control over it, charging Dani.
Capitalism acquires universal power not through administrative, national structures, but mainly through international economic mechanisms. Such power is not limited to the state border in nature and extends far beyond its limits.
George Soros. Crisis of world capitalism. Open Society in danger:
"The analogy with the empire in this case is justified, because the system of world capitalism is managed by those who belong to it, and it is not easy to go out of it. Moreover, it has a center and a periphery as a real empire, and the center benefits at the expense of the periphery. It is even more important that the system of world capitalism exhibits imperialist trends ... It cannot be calm while there are any markets or resources that are not yet involved in its orbit. In this regard, it differs little from the Empire of Alexander the Great or Attila Gunna, and its expansionist trends can be the beginning of her death. "
The nutritional medium of capitalism, its magnetic field, the power lines are historically folded in the nervous plexus of financial schemes and trophy economies of crusades, mainly in the seaside ranges of Europe (the exception is the "land port" of Fairs in Champagne). His generic nests are, above all, the city-states and the fields of Italy: Venice, Genoa, Florence, Lombardy, Tuscany, as well as the North Sea coast: the city of Hanseatic Union, Antwerp, later - Amsterdam.
The spiritual source of capitalism was, apparently, highlocked, but quite united for their own - and free from specific restrictions imposed by Christian worldview and culture - heresy. During this period, sects and heresses are actively distributed in Europe: the relay is transmitted from Pavlikian and Bogomylov to Patarnas and Albaigs. It is also the Templars who actively engaged in financial activities, the organization's system itself is an impressive prototype of future TNB and TNK.
Waldens played a special role in the emergence of capitalism. In the years of the persecution of albigo wars, Waldenses were divided, and the radical part, who had refused to bring repentance, moves to German-speaking countries, in the Netherlands, Bohemia, Piedmont, to the Western and Southern Alps, where, according to some information, the communities who have gone from State Christianity in the IV century. There, in hard-to-reach areas, places of references, a kind of "European Siberia", in the harsh conditions of the struggle for survival, the spirit of Protestantism is formed, noted by a special attitude towards work, personal asceticism, enthusiasm, self-denial, honesty, scrupulousness, corporatism.
Former Waldenses are actively introduced into the wholesale and retail trade, which allows you to freely move and set multiple links. Contacts with Waldens are attributed to almost all significant figures for pre-formation Protestantism: from John Wicklife to Jan Gus. Cutting from the legal world, forced to live in masks, communicate indispensably, the sectarians found that it is due to these circumstances that have serious competitive advantages and are excellent prepared for system operations. In other words, they own the mechanism for the successful implementation of collusion and control over the situation, to develop and implement complex, complex projects, the implementation of large (often collective) investments, informal conclusion of trust agreements requiring long-term turnover of funds and active suggestions at different points of the Earth.
On this basis, a new type of globalism is applied in Western Europe, which is characterized by active fatalism, considering the earthly wealth as a visual evidence of the calling, and success is as a sign of Harizma. In the medieval Europe, completely different logic dominated: with the obligation of labor, the opposition of the necessary - Necessitas - excessive - superbia was emphasized - with an appropriate moral assessment, that is, the desire for profit was estimated as a disgrace and even the activity of a professional merchant as hardly pleasing to God.

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