Protectionist measures: what are they? Protectionism - what is it in simple words What is protectionism policy definition

1) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions. Same as protection.

2) Protectionism- the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting its own economy from external influence through financial support for its own industry and stimulation of exports while limiting imports.

3) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from external influence and competition. It is expressed in financial support for domestic industry, stimulation of export (export) and restriction of import (import) of goods.

4) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, which aims to protect the national domestic market from foreign competition by imposing high duties on goods imported into the country, restricting or completely prohibiting the import of certain goods, and other measures. It was widespread in France in the 17th century.

5) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions. Pre-monopoly capitalism is characterized by "defensive" protectionism (the protection of developing sectors of the national industry is carried out as opposed to free trade).

6) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions.

7) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions.

8) Protectionism- - the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition (by establishing high customs duties on imported products, etc.). Thus, under Peter I in 1719, state monopolies on almost all goods were abolished in Russia. In 1724, a protectionist customs tariff was adopted - low customs tariffs were set for exports. Customs duties on imported goods depended on the level of development of the production of this product in Russia. The higher was the ability to meet the demand for this product at the expense of domestic production, the higher were the import duties. For some types of iron products, they reached 75% of their value. Under such conditions, the goods were not imported. By 1726, Russian exports were twice as high as imports. (See the scheme "Economic reforms of Peter I").

Protectionism

The economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions. Same as protection.

the economic policy of the state aimed at protecting its own economy from external influence through financial support for its own industry and stimulating exports while limiting imports.

The economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from external influence and competition. It is expressed in financial support for domestic industry, stimulation of export (export) and restriction of import (import) of goods.

The economic policy of the state, which aims to protect the national domestic market from foreign competition by imposing high duties on goods imported into the country, restricting or completely prohibiting the import of certain goods, and other measures. It was widespread in France in the 17th century.

The economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions. Pre-monopoly capitalism is characterized by "defensive" protectionism (the protection of developing sectors of the national industry is carried out as opposed to free trade).

The economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions.

The economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition. It is implemented through financial incentives for domestic industry, export promotion, and import restrictions.

- the economic policy of the state, aimed at protecting the national economy from foreign competition (by establishing high customs duties on imported products, etc.). Thus, under Peter I in 1719, state monopolies on almost all goods were abolished in Russia. In 1724, a protectionist customs tariff was adopted - low customs tariffs were set for exports. Customs duties on imported goods depended on the level of development of the production of this product in Russia. The higher was the ability to meet the demand for this product at the expense of domestic production, the higher were the import duties. For some types of iron products, they reached 75% of their value. Under such conditions, the goods were not imported. By 1726, Russian exports were twice as high as imports. (See the scheme "Economic reforms of Peter I").

For the prosperity of the state and its economy, it is necessary to take care that there are appropriate conditions for development. They may either occur during systematic development humanity, or be created separately. This is the last aspect that we will consider in the framework of this article.

What is protectionism?

This is the name given to economic patronage by the state, aimed at the producer within the country. It manifests itself in the protection of the economic sector from competition with foreign goods. It also encourages the export of its competitive products to the foreign market. The measures are aimed at developing the national economy and protecting it through tariff/non-tariff regulation. The main opposing philosophy is "free market".

What is protectionism?

There are such forms:

1. Permanent protection. It implies support for strategic industries (like Agriculture), with the weakness of which the country would be vulnerable in a war.
2. Temporary protection. Used to support industries that have been recently established and need time to mature and compete with their global peers.
3. response measures. Applied when trading partners introduce certain restrictions first.

Types of protectionism

Depending on the development of trends, the following types are distinguished:

Protectionist measures in Russia and the rest of the world

What tools are used to protect domestic industries? Russian protectionist measures will be considered, but it should be noted that world ones are very close to them or even the same with them (depending on the country). So it applies:

It should be noted that the focus of the article was on the Russian Federation. But other states of the world act in a similar way.

Protectionism(eng. protectionism from lat. protectio - cover, protection, patronage) - the economic policy of the state to protect the domestic market from foreign competition. In a narrow sense, protectionism refers to the customs policy pursued in order to restrict or prevent goods of foreign origin from entering the domestic market.

In a broad sense, protectionism is provided by a system of measures aimed at protecting the interests of national producers, as well as encouraging and stimulating national production. Customs policy is only part of this system.

Protectionism is carried out by individual states or their economic associations (for example, in relation to third countries when importing agricultural products), that is, there may be a so-called collective protectionism. If national production as a whole is protected from foreign competition, such a policy is called total protectionism. If it concerns certain industries National economy, protectionism is called selective, or selective. A special case of the latter is agrarian protectionism.

Protectionism has a long historical tradition. It appeared in the 17th century in Europe, when nation states, relying on the concept , sought to achieve a positive balance primarily by limiting . A new surge of protectionism occurred in the 19th century as a counterbalance to the supporters of free trade policies. The concept of protecting young industries was especially popular at that time. XX century until the 80s. marked by a clear predominance of protectionism. Until the 50s. very strong protectionism prevailed, in the 50-70s. there was a significant weakening of it, especially in the practice of developed countries, in the 70-80s protectionism intensified again. In the 1990s, the offensive against protectionism intensified, associated primarily with activities.

In the historical context, there is a constant confrontation between the concepts and practices of protectionism, on the one hand, and free trade, on the other, as two antipodes. Loosening international competition through protectionism, the state simultaneously weakens the incentives for development, lower production costs, and improve product quality. The national consumer pays more for purchased goods. Therefore, periods of protectionism are inevitably replaced by periods of its weakening or free trade.

There are several options for carrying out protectionist policies.

First, it is an introduction to products and services. Sometimes their size can reach prohibitive values, when the import of a particular item becomes economically inexpedient.

Second, an introduction. So, in 1980, a trade agreement was concluded between Japan and the United States, which limited the number of cars imported into America.

Thirdly, the approval of standards and regulations that do not comply with products sold on the international market. An example is Russian norms SES for poultry meat imported from the United States.

Fourth, direct state support for domestic producers. For example, in a number of European countries, farmers receive.

All measures of customs regulation serve as instruments of protectionism: tariff (customs duties) and non-tariff (licensing, quotas, "voluntary" restrictions on exports, norms of sanitary, epidemiological, environmental control, technical standards, etc.). The role of individual instruments of protectionism is currently changing dramatically. High, i.e. protectionist, customs duties, quantitative restrictions, which traditionally occupied the main place in the arsenal of open protectionism, according to WTO decisions, cannot be used by most countries of the world (except for developing countries and countries with economies in transition) to protect certain industries. The more veiled instruments of sanitation and technical control, that is, open protectionism is replaced by indirect one.

Protectionism is the view that restricting international trade is a desirable policy. Its purpose may be to prevent or lose production capacity in industries threatened by imports, to promote such forms of industrial development, which affects the internal distribution of income or improves a country's terms of trade by exploiting its international monopoly position.

Some politicians use protectionist measures for their own benefit, others who disapprove of protectionism continue to support it because they cannot afford to lose the votes or financial support of those who demand it.

The arguments of supporters of the protectionist doctrine are: the growth and development of national production, employment of the population and, as a result, improvement demographic situation in the country. Opponents of protectionism, who support the doctrine of free trade - free trade, criticize it from the standpoint of protecting consumer rights and entrepreneurial freedom.

Types of protectionism

Depending on the tasks and conditions imposed, protectionist policy is divided into several separate forms:

Branch protectionism - protection of one branch of production;
- selective protectionism - protection from one state or one of the types of goods;
- collective protectionism - protection of several allied states;
- local protectionism, products and services of local companies fall under it;
- hidden protectionism, carried out with the help of non-customs methods;
- green protectionism, uses the norms of environmental law;
- corrupt protectionism, carried out by dishonest politicians in the interests of certain financial groups.

Economic crises are the driving force behind protectionism

The protracted global economic depressions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries gradually led many world powers to switch to a policy of strict protectionism, under the slogan "Support the domestic producer." In continental Europe, this transition took place after a protracted economic depression in the 1870s and 1880s. After the end of the depression in all countries that pursued this policy, active industrial growth began. In America, the transition to protectionism occurred in 1865, after the end of the Civil War, this policy was actively pursued until the end of World War II in 1945, after which it continued to operate in an implicit form until the late 1960s. IN Western Europe tough protectionist policies began to operate everywhere in 1929-1930, at the beginning of the Great Depression. In the late 1960s, the Western European countries and the United States made joint decisions and carried out a coordinated liberalization of their foreign trade, and the active universal action of protectionism ended.

Supporters of protectionism argue that it was the protectionist policy pursued by the countries of Europe and North America in the 17th-19th centuries that allowed them to industrialize and make an economic breakthrough. In their statements, they point out that periods of rapid industrial growth in these states coincide with periods of severe protectionism, including the most recent economic breakthrough in Western countries in the middle of the 20th century.

Critics of protectionism, in turn, point to its main shortcomings. An increase in customs duties leads to an increase in the cost of imported goods within the country, from which end consumers suffer. The threat of monopolization of industry and the seizure of control over the domestic market by monopolists in conditions of protection from external competition, which happened in the USA, Germany and Russia at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.

The modern protectionist mechanism is a complex of complementary means that are constantly changing under the influence of, above all, the objective processes of development of productive forces and the interests of the main groups of domestic companies. Among protectionist means there are traditional and relatively new ones, overt and covert, more or less effective from the point of view of the international community, and most importantly, those recognized by it as permissible and inadmissible, the latter also referring to the methods of using these means.

Protectionism is a policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition through a system of certain restrictions. On the one hand, such a policy contributes to the development of national production. On the other hand, it can lead to the strengthening of monopolists, stagnation and a decrease in the competitiveness of the economy.

Protectionism policy (protection - protection) is the theory and practice of foreign trade regulation, aimed at protecting the subjects of the national economy from foreign competition. As a theory of foreign economic behavior, protectionism took hold in the 19th century and became the opposite of the policy of free trade.

The theory of protectionism claims that the greatest effect is achieved:

• 1) with the uniform application of import and export duties, subsidies and taxes in relation to all subjects, without any exceptions;
• 2) with an increase in the size of duties and subsidies as the depth of processing increases and with the complete abolition of duties on imported raw materials; 3) with the continuous imposition of import duties on all goods and products, either already produced in the country, or those whose production, in principle, makes sense to develop (as a rule, at a rate of at least 25-30%, but not at a level that is prohibitive for any competing imports);
• 4) in case of refusal from customs taxation of imports of goods, the production of which is impossible or impractical (for example, bananas in the north of Europe).

The line of protectionism in the Russian customs policy can be seen from the time of the reign of Peter I and up to the beginning of the 20th century. The essence of Russian protectionism was mainly to encourage the export of Russian goods in every possible way, to impose moderate duties on imports of foreign goods not produced in the country, while goods whose production in Russia had been mastered or was already being established, to impose high duties, or generally prohibited from importation.

In a developing national economy, protectionist measures are necessary to protect only new industries that have emerged as a result of scientific and technological progress from the competition of efficient foreign firms that have been operating on the world market for quite a long time. It was under such protection that the formation and development took place. national economies modern developed countries.

Protectionism is actively used not only by developing countries, but also by industrialized countries to protect national producers in the face of increasing competition.

During periods of serious aggravation of relations between states and increased international tension, protectionist measures are used to preserve the security of the state, which is facilitated by the production on its territory of all necessary, vital products.

IN modern conditions Protectionism exists in various forms. It can be unilateral - aimed at regulating elements of foreign trade without agreement with partners; bilateral, involving the coordination of proposed measures with partners; multilateral, when the views of many countries are taken into account in the development of trade policy.

In the 17th century there were numerous trade and customs duties and fees, which created considerable difficulties in trade, caused dissatisfaction among merchants, and gave rise to popular unrest.

Especially great dissatisfaction among the domestic merchants was caused by the predominance of foreign merchants in domestic markets, the presence of significant benefits for them. The better organized and richer Western European merchant class was a strong competitor to Russian merchants. Foreigners started industrial enterprises, trading posts in Russia, conducted duty-free trade and had other privileges that they received under Ivan IV. Beginning in 1627, major representatives of the trading world in their collective petitions to the tsar condemned the practice of issuing preferential letters to Western Europeans and drew the attention of the government to the need to protect them from foreign competition, especially the British, in the Russian market. In addition, they asked to simplify and facilitate the customs system in the country, which varied greatly depending on the locality.

In turn, the English merchants, fearing the restriction of benefits, took retaliatory steps: they threatened to break off trade relations with Russia if duties were taken from them. However, the government rejected the demarche of the British and went to meet the wishes of the Russian merchants.

Prominent statesman and diplomat A.L. Ordin-Nashchokin, who was an active supporter of the policy of protectionism and mercantilism and well understood the importance of the development of trade and industry for Russia.

Protectionism is a system of import restrictions, when high customs duties are introduced, the import of certain products is prohibited, and other measures are used to prevent the competition of foreign products with local ones. The policy of protectionism encourages the development of domestic production that can replace imported goods.

Thanks to protectionism, an inflated price level is maintained for products protected by high duties. Incentives for technological progress are weakened in industries protected from foreign competition. The illegal import of goods without customs control is on the rise. In addition, the countermeasures of the trading partner countries can cause damage to the national economy that exceeds its gain from customs protection measures.

The first step towards protectionism was the Statutory Customs Charter, adopted in 1653. In accordance with it, the former fractional customs duties, (washed, living room, pavement, etc.) were replaced by a single tenth duty. It amounted to 10 money per ruble or 5% of the purchase price of the goods, and both the seller and the buyer paid it. This greatly simplified the entire system for determining and the procedure for collecting state fees from the sale and purchase and declared sums of money. If earlier local merchants had an advantage over non-residents in the amount of duties (sometimes twice), now this practice has been abolished. Merchants became equal before the state. Within the European part of Russia, multiple collections of customs duties were canceled, having paid it once, the merchant was exempted from payment in other areas.

These provisions were confirmed in the New Trade Charter of 1667, which reflected the issues of foreign trade, which had a pronounced protectionist character. Foreign merchants were deprived of the right to duty-free trade. They paid 6% of the price of goods and 2% when leaving the border. They were allowed to trade in bulk only in Arkhangelsk and foreign cities. Retail inside Russia, foreigners were banned.

The charter recommended resisting foreign merchants by organizing the storage of Russian merchants, i.e. kind of companies with joint capital. In the opinion of the government, such companies will help keep decent prices for Russian goods and protect Russian merchants from borrowing money from foreigners. The government also tried to establish the Order of Merchant Affairs - as the highest body for managing trade, but this intention remained on paper.

These measures meant the formation of not only the Russian protectionist policy, but also the transition to the formation of a mercantile system. In accordance with the new foreign trade course, high import duties were established, the export was prohibited or limited precious metals, the export of goods of domestic manufactories was encouraged, which contributed to the formation of a positive trade balance, the accumulation of revenue in the country's budget. The Riga merchant D. Rodes, who visited Moscow in 1653, noted: “All the regulations of this country are aimed at commerce and bargaining; everyone here, from the highest to the lowest, only thinks, only tries to make money somehow. In this respect, the Russian nation is much more active than all the others put together.

In general, the 17th century, especially the second half, was characterized by some fundamentally new aspects of entrepreneurship, its transition to a qualitatively new level, associated with the emergence of early bourgeois features. And the manifestation was the growth of small-scale and the emergence of large-scale manufacturing industries, the deepening and expansion of the social division of labor, the formation of the all-Russian market, the emergence of a new type of entrepreneur - a wealthy merchant and industrialist, who is trying to combine the trade sphere with industry and resist foreign capital. But, despite all these "sprouts of the bourgeoisie", the business class of Russia in the 17th century. did not take shape in the European "third estate" and it did not become a bourgeois country.

There are many reasons, including objective ones, for the protectionist policy of the government. Let's consider the main ones.

Firstly, the reason for the protectionist measures of governments may be the lack of competitiveness of domestic producers of a given country compared to producers in other countries due to uneven economic development. In a market environment, there is a need for state support and protecting part of domestic suppliers from foreign ones in order to counteract the growth of unemployment and social tension, especially during the period of restructuring of production in order to increase its efficiency.

The share of 28 developed countries taken together in world GDP is almost 3.6 times, and in exports - 5 times higher than their share in total population peace.

Among developed countries, there are also differences in the ratio of the above indicators. The share of 128 developing countries taken together in world GDP and in exports, on the contrary, is much less than in the total population, almost 2 times and 4 times, respectively. This difference would be even greater if a number of countries approaching developed countries in terms of economic development are excluded from the number of developing countries. The share of China in world GDP is also almost 2 times less than in the total population, and its exports are respectively 8 times less.

Uneven development is inherent in a market economy, both for national economies in general and especially for individual sectors. Therefore, protectionism to a certain extent is an integral element economic policy governments. It is important that protectionism, which is thus objectively necessary, does not become a brake on the development of the economy and the renewal of its structure.

Secondly, an integral part industrial policy stimulating the development of emerging promising industries is often also a temporary restriction on the import of competing products.

Characteristically, the traditional concept of "industrialized countries" disappeared from the traditional terminology of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the late 1990s. The IMF reports now include the notion of "advanced economies", which, in addition to the former industrialized countries, includes Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Israel. The listed countries caught up with the leading group of powers in terms of per capita income and a number of other key economic indicators.

In fact, this restriction is fully justified, since it promotes the growth and efficiency of national production. In this way, for example, the industrial potential of Japan was successfully restored and modernized in the first post-war decades. Average level customs duties in Japan in 1964 exceeded 16% and was higher than in other economically developed countries, both taken together (respectively 11%), and in each of them separately.

Thirdly, the periodic deterioration of the general economic situation in the country due to cyclical development market economy requires the government to take measures to limit access to the domestic market for foreign goods and services in the interests of overcoming the temporary reduction in demand as soon as possible. Therefore, protectionism during periods economic downturn usually intensifies.

Recall that in the mid-70s, the deepest and most protracted post-war economic crisis in the world, accompanied by a significant increase in unemployment in developed countries. According to official data, unemployment for 1972-1976. increased (in %) in the USA from 5.6 to 7.7, Germany - 1.1 to 4.6, Great Britain - from 3.7 to 5.4, etc. As a result, the massive use of protectionist measures began: the number of countries resorting to such measures increased, the number of goods covered by the latter, and their forms became more diverse.

Fourth, the country's episodic balance-of-payments difficulties call for rapid import restraints, as well as an excessive increase in the share of imports in the consumption of important goods from a national security point of view. It is characteristic that high level The country's self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs has long been a universally recognized indicator of its foreign policy independence.

Finally, unfair commercial practices of foreign suppliers (sometimes carried out with direct or veiled financial support from the national governments of exporting countries) require anti-import measures to ensure fair competition in the domestic market.

All of the above reasons seem to justify a protectionist policy, since it is aimed at maintaining the normal functioning of the market mechanism within the country in conditions where national economies coexist and closely interact with different efficiency in the world market, when failures occur in this mechanism due to various circumstances, or when internal the market becomes an object of aggression on the part of unscrupulous entrepreneurs using budgetary funds.

An analysis of the causes of protectionist policies shows that there is no clear line between their positive and negative character. The interest of entrepreneurs in one or another trade and political course makes it possible to change it in a direction that is favorable for themselves and unfavorable for domestic consumers and foreign entrepreneurs.