The value of the property of the enterprise according to the balance sheet. How to find the book value of a building

Essentially, the book value is the price of the property as of a specific date, reflected in balance sheet companies.

Usually, when it comes to book value, we mean the initial and (or) residual. Residual value has the most practical application. Now let's take a closer look at these concepts.

BOOK VALUE - the cost of property such as fixed assets and intangible assets, according to which they are accepted for accounting. The initial cost of fixed assets of the enterprise and intangible assets purchased for cash.

The carrying amount includes the amounts actually incurred for:

• acquisition or manufacture (construction) of property;
• t transportation (including transportation costs);
• construction - assembly work (installation, adjustment of equipment and technology, foundation ...) and other works related to their commissioning;
• the cost of loading and unloading operations;
• state fees;
• as well as amounts paid by organizations for consulting and information services caused by the purchase of fixed assets and intangible assets;
• fees paid for registering property;
• and other similar payments excluding property value added tax and other reimbursable payments (except for cases prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

Fixed assets in the balance sheet of the enterprise are estimated and such concepts as initial, replacement and inventory value are used.

The replacement book value of fixed assets of an enterprise is the cost of acquisition, reproduction, i.e., construction or repair at a certain date and at market prices for this number, at which they are taken to account. accounting. This value can be determined expertly based on existing market prices or using inflation rates. The cost calculated as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets and carried out by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation is also considered to be replacement.

Assessment of fixed assets

For a more accurate accounting of the book value, the concept of depreciation is used:

1. Property and other valuables can be accepted on the company's balance sheet at their original and replacement cost. The initial carrying amount will include the acquisition, construction, commissioning of new production or non-production premises and other assets.

2. Replacement value refers to the purchase price of the property at prevailing market prices on a specific date. If the amount of the original cost is determined as the amount of costs, then the replacement cost is calculated taking into account average market prices. The replacement cost needs to be adjusted more often as a result of revaluation.

3. The book value is regularly adjusted and revised due to the fact that the company's property wears out, i.e. its depreciation is recalculated

4. IN joint stock companies there is a need to determine the book value of the property. If the transaction related to the transfer or acquisition of values \u200b\u200bis more than 25% of the value balance sheet property enterprises, it is considered large. On such a transaction, a decision is made at a meeting by the directors or general meeting shareholders. The transaction may be considered invalid if the book value was incorrectly determined.

5. It should be borne in mind that the book value of the company's assets must be assigned at the date of the transaction. In joint stock companies it is usually quite difficult to draw up a balance sheet for an interim date, since most transactions take place at the end of the reporting period. Therefore, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides, in order to make a decision on the size of the transaction, to determine the book value of assets as of the last reporting date (month or quarter).

How to calculate the book value?

1. The property is put on the company's balance sheet at its initial and replacement cost, which includes all the costs of acquiring, building, repairing and putting into use assets, both production and non-production. Sum up all the already known expenses and add your additional calculations to them.
2. Include in the replacement cost the expenses incurred for the acquisition of the property for the found price on the market in a certain period of time. Adjust the completed report periodically.
3. The replacement cost is determined both by expert method based on market prices and using inflation rates. The cost is recognized as replacement cost if it is determined as a result of revaluation of funds, which must be made by decision of the Russian government. Use the services of professional accountants if required, or regularly monitor market prices that are relevant to your business.
4. Don't forget to clarify book value taking into account the depreciation of the company's property (depreciation). The value of assets is calculated as the difference between the original value of the property and the amount of depreciation shown in the balance sheet.
5. Remember that the book value is calculated on the date of the transaction, this is especially true for JSCs, in which the bulk of transactions are made at the end of the reporting period, which makes it difficult to put on the balance sheet. The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for fixing the balance sheet value of assets based on the goals of making decisions on the size of the transaction as of the latest reporting date.

Before starting a conversation about the valuation of fixed assets, let us express an idea, the essence of which looks somewhat seditious. It lies in the fact that for an accountant, the term "fixed assets" presupposes, first of all, the value reflection of the presence of property capital, which the organization has. The material content of this phrase in accounting is very secondary.

In fact, there is no fundamental difference in accounting work how many products are planned to be produced today on a specific machine installed in the workshop. Its material indicators serve in accounting work only as identifiers that allow the object to be “personified”. All accounting procedures for any object are carried out in its monetary, value terms.

This is what makes the valuation of fixed assets of particular importance for all aspects of the accountant's work in accounting for fixed assets.

Types of fixed asset valuation

In the management activities of any organization, a normatively established system of assessing the value of property is used, which is used for various purposes of value measurements - accounting, analysis, forecasting, and the formation of accounting, statistical and tax reporting data.

Any particular situations, such as sale, transfer on account of barter transactions, obtaining a loan by an organization under collateral schemes, determining the amount insurance compensation or judicial settlement of property disputes, are carried out on the basis of the data determined in this property valuation system.

There are three basic types of valuations applied to an enterprise's fixed assets:

• Initial;
• Recovery;
• Residual.

Here we should immediately mention the term "book value", which is used in accounting to denote an estimate. In practice, it is often assumed that the initial and carrying values \u200b\u200bare completely identical. However, this is not entirely true.

The borderline point that makes the difference between them is the case of revaluation of fixed assets. The cost of revalued items is a replacement cost, and these items are subsequently taken into account in the balance sheet.
The property objects acquired after the revaluation are accepted on the balance sheet in their initial assessment. The amount at which both those and other fixed assets are taken into account is the balance sheet. However, in terms of its economic content, the book value of some is replacement value, while others are original.

This is evidence that, in practice, property accounting is carried out in a mixed form of estimates. Further, to designate the cost at which fixed assets are accounted for, we will use the concept of "book value", if necessary, indicating the category of its filling, initial or replacement.

The initial

Determines the value at which the property unit entered the account as a fixed asset. The formation of the initial appraisal of the property is directly dependent on the method of its receipt.

When buying or creating or building, the initial amount is formed on the basis of the aggregate of the actual costs of acquisition or creation. In case of receipt as a contribution to authorized capital, the initial cost is set according to the assessment agreed by the founders. The basis for the formation of the initial amount upon receipt under exchange agreements (barter) is the amount transferred in return material values... If the objects are received free of charge, the current market price of similar ones is recognized as the initial one.

In addition, in all cases, when forming the initial amount, the costs of delivery, storage and installation, as well as other costs directly related to the implementation of the object, are taken into account.
Subsequently, the initial carrying amount, as a rule, remains unchanged. A change in the initial amount may occur in the process of its clarification during revaluation or carrying out measures that significantly change the state of the object. At the same time, such a change can be both an increase, in cases of major repairs or modernization, and a decrease in the case of partial liquidation.

Restorative

In practice, situations arise when the current book value ceases to correspond to the actual economic situation in the market. In this case, the organization can exercise its right to revalue the property. In the course of revaluation, the balance sheet estimate of the fixed asset is updated taking into account data on market value the cost of creating or purchasing an object that is identical to the revalued one.

As a result of the revaluation, the replacement cost of fixed assets is established. It is the replacement amount from this moment that is taken as their book value. To establish the amount of an object in the restoration assessment, various sources of information can be used, including:

• Information of companies producing identical objects;
• Information about the price level obtained in government organizations or special public sources;
• Expert assessment by independent specialists
• It should be noted that in the future, previously revalued fixed assets must be revalued so that no significant differences arise in terms of their current replacement cost for the revalued items.

Residual

For the full management of economic processes, economic information about the state of property capital plays an important role. One of its main indicators is the residual property valuation, defined as the difference between the book (original or replacement) value of fixed assets and the amount of depreciation.

Thus, the residual valuation of an object reflects that share of the value of the fixed asset that has not yet been transferred to the product being manufactured.

The depreciated value determines the degree of deterioration of the property and identifies the need for its renovation. Funds with zero residual value should be removed from property due to their economic inefficiency.

In cases of reconstruction, modernization, capital repairs, completion of fixed assets, there is an increase in their residual value in the amount calculated by the amount of costs for these activities.

Some points related to the valuation of fixed assets in tax accounting

Both in accounting and in tax accounting, there is one system of categories - initial, replacement and residual values. However, it should be noted that the final results of the formation of the initial cost for accounting and tax registers may differ.

Often this is due to the moment of accounting for the amount (exchange rate) differences arising in the process of acquiring objects, the payment for which is determined in relation to foreign currency... The sum (exchange rate) difference in such cases is determined as the difference between the ruble equivalent of the debt on payment in foreign currency as of the date of its occurrence and the date of its repayment. Differences are calculated according to official rateestablished by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

In the Regulations defining the accounting procedure for fixed assets, the difference between the exchange rates that arose during the settlement period for the acquired property is included in the costs incurred by the company upon receipt of fixed assets. At the same time, the tax code, namely article 256, unambiguously interprets the exchange rate difference as belonging to the category non-operating income or expenses.

The result is an increase or decrease in the "bookkeeping" original book value of fixed assets in relation to the original estimate calculated for tax purposes.

Also, article 264 of the tax code gives food for discrepancies. A number of types of costs, in accordance with this article, attributable for tax purposes in accordance with this article to other costs associated with production and sale, on the basis of RAS, can also be included in the initial cost of the property.

It is equally important to consider the limitations imposed by tax code, by the order of determining the restoration amount of the object. Chapter 25 establishes that the inclusion in the composition of income or expenses taken into account in taxation includes only those revaluation results that were accepted for accounting before 01.01.2002.

The results of revaluations made later, or the results of revaluations made before the specified date, but taken into account after it, are not accepted for determining replacement cost and calculating depreciation for tax purposes.

The book value of assets is monetary value all property of the company reflected in the balance sheet. Let us consider in more detail how the book value differs from the residual and original, as well as for which assets these concepts should be applied.

Is the book value residual or original?

Any property belonging to an organization can be both tangible, that is, in kind, in the form of real estate, machines, tools, various equipment, and in intangible form: investments in scientific research, know-how, officially issued patents. The cost of such property when registered with a company consists of:

• expenses for its creation or purchase;
• costs of loading and unloading, delivery;
• commissioning works;
• the cost of consulting services required for use;
• registration, customs fees;
• minus indirect taxes.

The monetary value of the company's property formed in this way is the initial value. In the balance sheet, non-current assets are reflected at their residual value, that is, the initial value less accrued depreciation for the entire period of operation. Answering the question, the book value is the residual or the original, we can say that the book value is equal to the residual.

A distinction should also be made between depreciable property, the value of which is not written off immediately, but during the period of useful life. This period should exceed 1 year, and current assets, whose value is repaid at a time. Working resources include:

• materials, various supplies;
• accounts receivable and VAT left unchecked;
• granted loans and short-term financial investments;
• cash and non-cash funds.

Current assets are not related to depreciable property and are reflected in the balance sheet at their actual acquisition cost.

Book value and residual value: difference

The difference between these two concepts is in the amount of accrued depreciation, since, in accordance with clause 49 of the Regulation on accounting and reporting, fixed assets are reflected in the balance sheet at their residual value. The same applies to intangible assets in accordance with paragraph 57 of the same Regulation. Therefore, the concepts of book value and residual value do not differ, they are absolutely identical in Russian legislation. The tax legislation adheres to the same opinion.

There is also the concept of the replacement value of property in the form of fixed assets and intangible assets. This refers to the value of the property at market prices as of the current date or calculated using specified inflation rates. The cost of fixed assets, which were revalued by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation, can also be replacement. If the depreciable property was revalued, then it is reflected in the balance sheet at its replacement cost less accrued depreciation.

What is the difference between book value and residual value and why is it calculated?

The book value of assets is equal to the residual value of non-current resources and the sum of the balance of circulating stocks in kind and monetary form according to registers accounting... The calculation of the book value is necessary to analyze the financial position of the enterprise, to determine the level of profitability of existing assets.

Determination of the book value of assets is required to calculate the size of the concluded transaction. A transaction is considered large if its amount exceeds 25% of the book value of all available assets of the firm. In case of incorrect calculation balance sheet assets, the completed transaction may be declared invalid.

The book value of assets is the value of the assets of the enterprise. IN accounting statements asset book value is balance line 1600. For more information on how asset book value is calculated and what this metric is used for, read this article.

Book value of assets: where to look in the balance sheet (line) and how to calculate

The book value of assets is the sum of all assets of the enterprise in value terms, reflected in the balance sheet (BB). The assets of the enterprise include:

• non-current assets - line 1100 BB;
• current assets - line 1200 BB.

The book value of assets is the sum of non-current and current assets, reflected in line 1600 BB.

Fixed assets and intangible assets are classified as non-current and are indicated in the BB at their residual value, that is, at the acquisition price less accumulated depreciation and taking into account revaluation, if it was carried out at the enterprise.

Revolving funds are assets that participate in the activities of an enterprise and are consumed within 1 year or 1 full cycle. Current assets include:

• materials / supplies;
• receivables;
• cash;
• VAT on acquired values, which is indirectly, but also the property of the enterprise;
• short-term financial investments.

Based on the goals, the company can calculate the book value of assets as the value of the entire property of the company or its constituent elements (fixed assets, intangible assets, etc.). How to calculate the book value of an enterprise's assets will be discussed below.

So, as already noted, the book value of assets is reflected in line 1600 BB and is the sum of the non-current and current assets of the enterprise. That is, the book value of assets is the value of all property of the enterprise according to the balance sheet data as of the last reporting date. It is calculated like this:

String 1100 BB + String 1200 BB.

Note! Book value of assets and book value net assets Are different concepts. The book value of assets is the aggregate of all the assets of an enterprise, while net assets are assets less the liabilities of the enterprise.

More details about net assets can be found in the article "How is the carrying amount of net assets calculated?" .

An enterprise can, upon request, provide information about the state of its assets to credit and insurance organizations, and some counterparties when making transactions. For this, the company draws up a certificate of the book value of assets, which includes the calculation above.

A sample of such a certificate and the procedure for filling it out can be found in the article "Certificate of the book value of assets - sample" .

Why the book value of assets is calculated

First of all, for financial purposes, which is the most important tool for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise. In particular, the book value of assets is used in calculating:

• return on assets, which shows how much profit the company receives from each ruble invested in property;

How the return on assets is calculated can be found in the article "We determine the return on assets (the formula for the balance sheet)" .

• the asset turnover ratio, which determines the efficiency of their use.

How the asset turnover ratio is calculated can be found in the article "Asset turnover ratio - calculation formula" .

If the company calculates the coefficients of profitability and asset turnover for introspection, then the indicator of the book value of assets in some cases must be calculated according to the law.

The book value of assets is the most important indicator that determines the size of an enterprise's transaction.

So, some transactions of the organization for the sale of assets are recognized as large in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 46 FZ of 08.02.1998 No. 14-FZ (for LLC) and clause 1 of Art. 78 ФЗ dated 26.12.1995 No. 208-ФЗ (for JSC). To determine the size of the transaction, it is necessary to calculate the book value of assets and the value of the property being sold. If the value of the property being sold is more than 25% of the book value of the organization's assets, the transaction is considered major. In this case, the transaction requires a decision of the meeting of shareholders or founders. If the book value of the assets is determined incorrectly or not calculated at all, the transaction may be invalidated.

Outcome

The book value of assets is the value of the property of the enterprise according to the accounting data. Information about it is contained in line 1600 of the balance sheet. The book value of assets is important indicatorused to analyze the performance of an enterprise.

The balance sheet is an integral part in the formation of a report on the activities of an enterprise for a certain period. It must reflect all data about the property owned by the organization. In order to avoid problems when checking tax service, you need to know how to correctly register the property of the enterprise in the balance sheet.

Balance sheet structure

The accountant's balance sheet reflects all the basic data on the company's finances for a certain period. There are several types of balance sheets. In practice, a Russian accountant most often implements it in the form of 2 sections:

• The first reflects the property of the enterprise in the form of its value. This part is called the balance sheet asset;
• In the second block of the document, the specialist prescribes the sources from which this property of the organization was obtained - the liability.

It is thanks to the presence of a certain amount of property that the enterprise can carry out its work in full. Experts consider the property of any enterprise as a definition that has material value.

It is worth noting that with an accurate calculation of all indicators, the amounts in both parts of the document will be the same.

Let's take a closer look at the first part - the balance sheet asset, where all the data on the ownership and obligations of the organization that are under control are registered.

This is all the property that is used to create products of labor, as well as what should bring him profit.

It consists of two main blocks:

• Fixed assets. They are called the property of the organization, which is used in the production of a product of labor for a long time. The cost is calculated in several parts. It should be noted that the service life of such property must exceed 1 year;
• ... They represent the property of the company that has a short operating life or is in constant dynamics. Its cost is prescribed only once. The term of use of current assets should be less than 12 months. However, it can be changed.

The composition of the property of the enterprise

The basis of any balance sheet is the current and non-current assets of the enterprise, then it is necessary to figure out which property objects can be accounted for as the property of the organization. Specialists distinguish several types of property that are part of the balance sheet. So, the property of the company can be accounted for in the balance sheet in:

• Monetary form;
• Natural form.

Therefore, it is necessary to consider a more detailed classification:

• Production assets. These include the property of the company, which makes it possible to form its economic potential. It also allows you to determine the size of the organization, the direction of its work, which contributes to making a profit. These include: intangible assets, fixed assets, as well as production inventories;
• Commodity. This property is intended to receive financial resources, the implementation of the creation of a product of labor. Experts consider this type: finished products and goods and services;
• Settlement and monetary assets include property that ensures the company's expenses for its needs, namely: accounts receivable, financial resources.

In order to understand each of the types of enterprise ownership, it is necessary to consider each of them separately:

• Intangible assets. This property has no material structure. It is most often isolated and applied for a certain time. It should exceed the economic cycle of product creation and the timing of its implementation;

• Fixed assets of the enterprise. These include tangible non-current assets that can be used for the production of goods and services for more than 12 months;
• Financial resources. They are called the cash of the enterprise, as well as the finances that enterprises have on bank current accounts. This also includes demand deposits;
• Long-term financial investments of the enterprise. These are the rights of the enterprise, which are assigned to him for a share of property in other organizations;

• Productive reserves. This is all the property of the enterprise, which is the basis of all material objects for the implementation of economic activities;
• Goods and services. This is the tangible property of the enterprise, which was acquired by it or produced for its subsequent sale;
• The finished product of labor. This property of the enterprise, which was produced by him, has passed all the necessary tests for compliance with norms and quality standards, and is also completed for subsequent sale on the sales market;
• Receivables. it total amountpaid to the entity from other sources. They can be intermediary organizations.

There is also such a type of assets as biological. These are the animals and plants that the company owns and benefits from.

Property value in the balance sheet

The value of all property of the company is a set of circulating and non-current assets, which is at the complete disposal of the enterprise.

He needs to know how much funds make up the total value of the organization's property, therefore, the value of the company's current and non-current assets is initially determined:

• The specialist calculates the value of the company's property reflected in the second section "Current assets";
• After that, the value of all non-current assets of the enterprise is revealed based on the information in the first section of the balance sheet;
• Then the specialist transfers the general result of the first two calculations to financial results, and subtracts the amount from the third section, namely the enterprise's losses.

Thanks to this procedure, it will be easier for the management of the enterprise to analyze the dynamics of changes in the value of property over several periods of production.

Thus, the balance sheet provides a detailed horizontal analysis of the decline and increase in property values.

Let's note a few additional nuances that need to be taken into account when determining the value of an enterprise's property in the balance sheet:

• It is imperative to take into account the results of property revaluation, as well as the current inflation rate;
• Trends to accelerate the turnover of all groups of ownership of the organization determine the high rate of growth of current assets compared to non-current;
• In the event that an increase in the proportion of non-current assets was not noted, from this it is necessary to draw a conclusion about the capitalization of profits, as well as the correct activity of the enterprise in the introduction of an investment policy;
• The effectiveness of investing funds in other organizations should be studied with a large proportion of long-term financial investments or with a noticeable increase in 1 reporting year;
• The percentage of income from invested capital in other organizations, ideally, should be significantly higher than that for finance that was used to develop its own production.

The increase in depreciation costs, as well as fixed production costs indicate an increase in the share of fixed assets in the property of the organization.