Construction of the Siberian Railway. How the Transsib was created (a brief essay). Some interesting facts

The Trans-Siberian Railway, which was previously called the Great Siberian Master, today surpasses all railway lines on Earth. It was built from 1891 to 1916, that is, almost a quarter of a century. Its length is just less than 10,000 km. Direction of the road - Moscow-Vladivostok. This is the initial and end items of trains on it. That is the beginning of the Trans-Siberian Highway - Moscow, and the end of Vladivostok. Naturally, the trains follow in both directions.

Why was it necessary to build a transussiba?

The gigantic districts of the Far East, Eastern and in the early 20th century remained cut off from the rest of the Russian Empire. That is why there is a need for creating a road, according to which with minimal costs of funds and time could be reached there. It was necessary to spend the railway tracks through Siberia. Governor-General of the whole of Eastern Siberia, in 1857 officially announced the issue of construction in Siberian outskirts.

Who financed the project?

Only by the 80s the government allowed the construction of the road. At the same time, it agreed to finance the construction independently, without the support of foreign sponsors. Holding investments required the construction of the highway. Its value, according to preliminary calculations conducted by the Committee on the Construction of the Siberian Railway, amounted to 350 million rubles in gold.

First work

A special expedition, led by A. I. Ursati, O. P. Vyazemsky and N. P. Montarenov, was sent in 1887 in order to outline the optimal location of the route for the passage of the railway.

The most difficult and sharpness was the problem of building construction. The way out was the direction of the "Army of Permanent Labor Reserve" for mandatory work. Soldiers and arrestants constituted most of the builders. Housing conditions in which they worked were unbearably heavy. Placed workers in dirty, close barracks, in which there were no sex. Sanitary conditions, of course, left much to be desired.

How was the road built?

Hand made all the work. The most primitive was the tools of labor - a shovel, saw, an ax, a car and a kylo. Despite all the inconvenience, approximately 500-600 km of way. Carrying out the exhausting everyday struggle with the forces of nature, engineers and construction workers coped with honor with the task of facilities in the short term of the Great Siberian Way.

Creation of the Great Siberian Path

Practically completed by the 90s were South Ussuriyskaya, Transbaikalskaya and the Mennisibirsk Railways. The Committee of Ministers in 1891, in February, decided that it was already possible to start working on the creation of the Great Siberian Path.

In three stages, it was planned to build a highway. The first is the West Siberian road. Next - Zabaykalskaya, from Masovoy to Sretensk. And the last stage is Krugobaikal, from Irkutsk to Khabarovsk.

Of the two end points at the same time, the construction of the route began. Western branch in 1898 reached Irkutsk. At that time, passengers needed to transplane the ferry here, overcoming 65 kilometers on Lake Baikal on it. When it was joined by ice, the icebreaker punched the road for the ferry. This weighing 4267 tons of Mahina was made in England to order. Gradually, the rails ran through the southern shore of Baikal, and the need for it disappeared.

Difficulties during the construction of the highway

In the harsh climatic and natural conditions, the construction of the highway took place. The track was laid almost throughout its deserted or low-covered terrain, in the impassable taiga. The trans-Siberian railway line crossed the numerous lakes, the mighty rivers of Siberia, the regions of permafrost and increased wetlands. For builders, exclusive difficulties represented the site located around Baikal. In order to pave the road here, it was necessary to blow up the rocks, as well as build artificial structures.

Did not contribute to the construction of such a large-scale object as the Trans-Siberian Highway, natural conditions. In places of its construction for two year olds, up to 90% of the annual rainfall rate fell. The streams turned in a few hours of shower into mighty water flows. Large fields of fields poured water in areas where the Trans-Siberian Highway is located. Natural conditions greatly hampered its construction. The flood began not in the spring, but in August or July. Up to 10-12 strong water lifts happened over the summer. Also, work was carried out in winter, when frost came to -50 degrees. People warmed up in tents. Naturally, they often hurt.

In the mid-50s, a new branch was laid - from Abakan to Komsomolsk-on-Amur. It is located in parallel to the main madstore. This line from strategic considerations was much norther, at a sufficient distance from the Chinese border.

Flood 1897.

Catastrophic flood occurred in 1897. More than 200 years has not been equal to him. A powerful stream of over 3 meters high has demolished the built mound. Destroyed the flood of the city of Dodinsk, which was founded in the early 18th century. Because of this, it was necessary to significantly adjust the initial project, which was carried out by the construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway: the track was taken to transfer to new places, to build protective structures, raise embankment, strengthen the slopes. For the first time, the builders were met with the eternal Merzlot.

In 1900, the Trans-Baikal Magistral began to work. And at the Mozorgon station in 1907, it was built on the eternal Merzlot the first building in the world that exists now. In Greenland, Canada and in Alaska adopted a new method of building objects on permafrost.

The location of the road, the city of the Trans-Siberian Main

The next path is done by the train departing through the Trans-Siberian Highway. The road should be in the direction of Moscow-Vladivostok. The train departs from the capital, crosses the Volga, after which it turns towards the Urals to the southeast, where about 1800 km from Moscow takes place from Yekaterinburg, located in the Urals of the large industrial center, lies the way to Novosibirsk and Omsk. Through Ob, one of the most powerful rivers in Siberia with intensive shipping, the train goes further to the Krasnoyarsk located on Yenisei. After this, the Trans-Siberian Railway follows to Irkutsk, on the southern shore of Lake Baikal overcomes the mountain range. Cutting one of the corners of the Gobi desert and passing Khabarovsk, the train goes to the destination - Vladivostok. This is the direction of the Trans-Siberian Highway.

87 cities are located on the transussier. The population is from 300 thousand to 15 million people. The centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation are 14 cities through which the Trans-Siberian Railway is held.

In the regions serviced by it, coal is produced in the amount of more than 65% of the total produced in Russia, as well as approximately 20% of oil refining and 25% of the production of business wood. There is about 80% of natural resource deposits, including forest, coal, gas, oil, as well as non-ferrous and ferrous ores.

Through the border stations of the hens, Zabaikalsk, Grodekovo, Hassan in the east, the Trans-Siberian Railway provides access to the network of Mongolia roads, China and North Korea, and in the West, through border crossings with the former republics of the USSR and Russian ports in European countries.

Features of Transsiba

Two parts of the world (Asia and Europe) tied the longest railway on Earth. Pitch here, as well as on all other roads of our country, wider European. It is 1.5 meters.

The Trans-Siberian Highway is divided into several sites:

Amur road;

Krugobaquica;

Manchurskaya;

Zabaikalskaya;

Medium-Siberian;

West Siberian;

Ussuriyskaya.

Description of the road areas

The Ussuri road whose length is 769 km, and the number of points on its path - 39, in permanent operation, joined in November 1897. She was the first railway in the Far East.

In 1892, in June, the construction of West Siberian began. It passes, except for the watershed between the Irtysh and Ishim, on the flat locality. Only near the bridges through the major rivers it rises up. The route deviates from direct only to bypass ravines, reservoirs, crossing rivers.

In 1898, in January, the mid-Siberian road began to build. At its length there are bridges through Uda, Iya, Tom. L. D. Proskuryakov designed a unique bridge passing through the Yenisei.

Zabaykalskaya is part of the Great Siberian highway. She begins on Baikal, from the station Meszoy, and ends on Amur, Pier Sretensk. The track on the shore of Baikal passes, there are many mountain rivers on her way. In 1895, the construction of the road under the leadership of A. N. Pushechnikova, engineer began.

After signing the agreement between China and Russia, the development of the Trans-Siberian highway was continued by the construction of another road, the Manchurian, connecting the Siberian Highway with Vladivostok. The end-to-end movement from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok allowed to open this track, the length of which is 6503 km.

The round-baikal plot began to build (in since it was the most expensive and difficult area. Engineer Liverovsky headed the construction of his most difficult cut between capes of charataging and aslomov. Length of the highway - 18th part of the total length of the railway. The fourth part of the total costs required Its construction. After 12 tunnels and 4 galleries, the train passes throughout this path.

The Amur road began to build in 1906. It is divided into the East Amur and the North Amur line.

Transsiba value

The great achievement of our people was the creation of a Transsib. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway occurred on humiliation, blood and bones, but workers still completed this great work. A huge amount of cargo and passengers allowed to transport this road around the country. Sleved Siberian territories were settled due to its construction. The direction of the Trans-Siberian Highway contributed to their economic development.

The words of Mikhail Lomonosov are well known, that Russia's wealth will grow by Siberia. It is less known that Siberia's wealth themselves amused ... Railway. It was the construction of the Great Siberian Way that served as a powerful impetus to the development of industry and the entire economy of the country.

By the end of the XIX century, the idea of \u200b\u200bconstruction of Transsib was ripe and strengthened in Russia. Emperor Alexander III ordered to proceed with the necessary research and discuss in the Committee of Ministers the track of the future road.

In February 1891, a decree was published on the construction of "solid through the entire Siberia of the Railway" from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok. The construction of it was announced by the "Great People's Business". The highway was divided into seven roads: West Siberian, Middle-Siberian, Krugobaquica, Transbaikalskaya, Amur, North-Ussuri and South Ussuriyskaya. The Sino-Eastern Railway (FC) appeared later.

On May 19, 1891, the construction of Transsib began in Vladivostok. All the affairs of the construction was made: the Office of the Construction of Siberian Railways, Engineering Council of the Ministry of Measures and the Bridge Commission. From February 1894, the Committee of Siberian Railways began working, which included ministers of various departments, chaired there, according to Alexander III, Emperor Nicholas II, and therefore the decisions of the Committee had the importance of laws.

Everything was subordinated to the task as soon as possible to provide a pass-through way to the Pacific.

The builders have achieved a record raft laying speed - 642 versts a year, which was one and a half times faster than the Canadian-Pacific Rail-built in America. Transsib was built uninterrupted.

In 1894, the railway was brought to Omsk, in 1898 - to Irkutsk. The movement of trains on all over the transdiebirsk highway was first discovered in 1901. According to the total length - 7416 km - the road did not have equal. Contemporaries compared Transsib's opening with the opening of America Columbus. The organizers of the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 were awarded the Grand Prix of the Committee of the Siberian Railway and the Russian Ministry of Railways for the implementation of an outstanding construction project and a huge work on the study of Siberia and the Far East.

Recall that over 1.5 thousand locomotives and more than 30 thousand wagons were delivered to the highway. Their manufacture has made it possible to fully download orders of the European part of Russia. The railway with steamer and car-repair workshops has become the largest and technically most equipped industrial and transport enterprise of Siberia.

Transsib led to the revival of trade on huge spaces. The road laid from the West to the East crossed Tobol, Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei. The main Siberian rivers were associated with each other and turned into comfortable waterways for the carriage of goods. The construction of the railway contributed to the development of gold mining and emergence in the Siberian coal industry, mines in Cheremkhov and other places are open. For 17 years (from 1900 to 1917), coal mining in Eastern Siberia increased from 5 million to 115 million pounds and continued to grow.

World practice did not know the railway construction of such a scale implemented in such difficult conditions and within such times.

The large-scale development of the Far East, sharply increased cargo traffic to the Pacific Ocean demanded the construction of second paths on the transussier. This was preceded by solid engineering and economic and technical studies of many issues. The initial increase in bandwidth was solved due to the device of a large number of roads between stations. Particular attention was paid to the reorganization of mining sites.

In October 1904, it was decided to build the second main path on the transussier. Principles and technical conditions for reconstruction were developed by an engineer N. P. Petrov. A particularly large amount of work on laying a second path and reorganization of mining sites was produced in 1907-1910.

In Soviet times, much was done on the Transsiber on its technical reconstruction, which makes it possible to successfully cope with the significant transportation of national trade.

Today, descendants with gratitude recall the builders of the Great Siberian Highway.

Julian Tolstov, Member of the Volzh Council

The Council of Ministers of Russia divided the construction of a transussier into three stages by the time of construction. This is the intended map of the first stage of the Great Way: Chelyabinsk - Ob (1418 km) and Ob - Irkutsk (1818 km). On the map, in addition to large stations, depicted, according to the compiler, the most characteristic parts of the track.

In February 1891, a decree was published on the construction of "solid through the entire Siberia of the Railway" from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok. The construction of it was announced by the "Great People's Business". Thus, the Chelyabinsk Station of the Orenburg province has become the initial paragraph of the first stage of Transsiba - the West Siberian road.

The Siberian Railway was erected on lightweight construction standards, which were approved by Nikolai II. It was allowed to take the width of the earth canvas on top to 5.26 m instead of 6.1 m. Such relaxation was allowed against the thickness of the ballast layer, etc. Only miracle bridges were built according to the standards and rules.

Toy station at the station Oyash West Siberian railway had carved jewelry, which was remembered for a long time to all passing. The station is located on the distillation of Novonikolaevsk - Yurga, on the right on the platform, the characteristic sign of time is the kerosene lantern for lighting.

Transbaikal railway. Harmonarma on Turin Utøs, on the 753rd mile.

In a halfroadarm, according to the routine of the route of the path, an archer elder also lived and his artel (brigade of the ways), which was responsible for a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe line.

In 1896, the first section of the West Siberian road was completed - a bridge was built through Irtysh, an Omsk train station. The station grew in Siberian to good-free, stone and quite comfortable. In general opinion, on the road it was the most successful station. The Omsk station grew quickly, movement from day to day with confidence.

Station Ob (Novonikolaevsk, Novosibirsk) was laid in 1894 on the right bank of Ob. The stations assigned the III class, and a modest typical wooden station was built on it for 18 thousand rubles.

Soon the village arose, which over the past years has become the largest in Western Siberia city and a powerful railway node of the road network.

The hut of the builder of the highway of one of the villages of the track. The dull spectacle is some kind of miserable semblance of a housing, which is unlikely to protect against rains and especially harsh Siberian cold. But so lived and walked in a forest chat with an ax and fire, stubbornly, kilometers of the way.

At the station Taiga, the mid-Siberian road was a majorly steam depot, sometimes there were up to 60 locomotives. After the opening of coal deposits, the station has become a major point for shipment of coal not only on the Transsiber.

The bridge across Yenisei was called the Age Bridge, as he was the first in Russia and the second on the Eurasian mainland in the magnitude of the flights - 145 m. Designed by its engineer L. D. Skrukovakov. Bridge built in a short time: 1896-1899. It is important that the plenty structures were easier than similar on other bridges without losing strength.

The first train to Irkutsk arrived from Krasnoyarsk on August 16, 1898. All in the green and flags of the "first Siberian train of special purpose", who was on the Christmas tree, at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, the local archbishop, which was autonated with the cross, slowly approached the station. A terrible beep sounded on the hangar!

Station Irkutsk (1899) stretches on the left bank of the Angara, in the glazing suburb. The place for the station chose the "Research Commission on the Place of Construction of the Siberian Railway", headed her well-known engineer N. P. Petrov. The station had a significant waybid, a large depot, followed by a white turret of the Irkutsk station.

At the 1091st verst from Irkutsk, near the Cossack Stanny Kaidalovsky, the so-called "Chinese road" was located (now Tarskaya Station). From this junction and the branch of the border is rejected, on the connection of Manchuria with the Sino-Eastern Railway (CER).

After the apple ridge, the Chita station, a large railway node widely spread out. Based the city on the River Chitaka in 1653, the Cossack Ataman Beketov. The railway came to these edges in July 1900.

Characteristic landscape of Transsib: among the age taiga, the circular cliffs are cut down the track and the steel path is laid. Nearby goes parlor - it is possible to drive only along the railway. This place near the river is the clearing, which flows into Ingoda from Chita.

On May 19, 1896, a laying of the Ussuri road was held in Vladivostok, the first Transsib link from the Pacific Ocean. The ceremony was attended by the heir to the throne, the future emperor Nicholas II. This station was built in 1894 (architect E. Basilevsky).

A source

• Set of postcards "Construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway", Publishing House "Railway", Moscow, 2001

On October 5, the Transsiberian Railway Railway Mainer was noted - the longest on the planet. Its length is 9288.2 km. The initial point of Trans-Siberian - the Yaroslavl station of Moscow, and the destination - Vladivostok station. It was built 25 years old, the road passes through 8 time zones, through Europe and Asia, 11 regions, 5 edges, two republics and one autonomous region, 88 cities, crosses 16 major rivers. In this review, the history of the Millennium Road.

On March 30, 1891, the head of the Russian state was issued a decree on the start of construction of the path through the entire territory of Siberia. The State Committee created on its basis issued a resolution in which she approved such an important task and welcomed the use of domestic labor and material resources for the Great Business.

The first stage of construction

In May of the same year, a solemn laying of the first stone took place, in which the future Russian emperor Nicholas was directly involved. The creation of the Trans-Siberian Road began in very difficult conditions. On all over the way there was a century-old taiga, and near Baikal builders waited for rocks. To lay the sleepers, had to blow up and create a mound.

Huge funds were required for the state of the sovereign to life. The initial estimate was designed for 350 million rubles. If we take into account the difference in the weight of the modern Russian currency and the full-fledged Golden Ruble, the project will seem very expensive. To reduce the financial costs of construction, the Darm Workstation was brought: soldiers and religion. At the peak of construction in the works, 89 thousand people were involved.

Unusual pace

The railway line was laid with an unprecedented speed at the time. For 12 years, the builders managed to create 7.5 thousand kilometers of first-class paths, although in the past period they had to overcome many difficulties. These paces did not work in any country.

For laying sleepers and rails used the most primitive mechanisms and tools: manual cars, shovels, axes and saws. Every year about 600 km of the road was laid. Workers worked not to twist the hands, sometimes until a complete decline of forces. The harsh conditions of Siberia negatively influenced health, and many builders graduated from life during operation.

Engineering frames

During construction, many famous engineers at the time participated in the project. Among them is very popular, Oesty Vyazemsky, who was worthy of a large plot in the Ussuri Taiga. The Vyazemskaya station was named precisely in his honor and today keeps the name of the great Russian specialist. The connection of the railway routes of Novosibirsk with Chelyabinsk was engaged in another construction specialist - Nikolai Garin-Mikhailovsky. It is more famous today for descendants in his literary works.

His part of the road engineer finished in 1896. The plot between Irkutsk and Ory was built by Nikolai Messenino. Today he is known as the medium-grained road. The design and construction of the bridge across Ob was engaged in Nikolay Belelyubsky. He was an expert and expert in mechanics and creating engines. Work on the laying of the medium-grained line of the highway ended in 1899.

Alexander Liverovsky was engaged in the Krugobyaikal region of the road. Construction took place in very difficult natural conditions. Ussuriysk city connected with Grodekovo railway rinsing in 1901. Due to the successful end of the Plot, Vladivostok received a constant convenient connection with the center of the country. European goods and passengers got a faster and convenient way to the Pacific Ocean.

Expansion of the project

The construction of a new way from the central regions of Russia to the Far East has created economic prerequisites for the further growth of the region's economy. The expensive project began to give and practical benefit. Some problems brought war with Japan. At this time, the cargo-passenger flux on the railway decreased many times due to restrictions on several sites.

The highway could pass only 13 compositions per day, which was too small for the national economy and the army. The Council of Ministers on June 3, 1907 decided to expand the Trans-Siberian Highway. To do this, it was necessary to pave an extra rut. The construction of the construction was handed over to Alexander Liveurovsky. Already by the beginning of 1909, the road has doubled its bandwidth.

The leadership of the country decided that one of the main negative factors that had an impact on the course and the result of the war with Japan was poor transport links between Vladivostok and the European part of the country. Among the particularly important tasks, the government allocated expansion of the railway network. After the meeting of the Council of Ministers, the creation of minusinsk-Achinsky and Amur sections of the highway began. The total length of the path amounted to almost 2 thousand km.

Ending construction

The project approached its completion in 1916. Railway track connected Chelyabinsk with the quiet ocean. At the same time ended the construction of the bridge across the Amur and the Amur highway. For ease of operation, all the way was divided into four sections. Rail transportations grew every year and reached the figures to 3.2 million passengers by 1912. Significantly increased and cargo transportation. The highway began to give a large income of the country.

Restoration after destruction

Huge damage caused a highway World War. Many kilometers of paths were destroyed, bridges and office structures were strongly injured. Even the famous bridge over Cupid became a victim of the revolution and was injured. The new power understood the whole importance of the railway communication and already in 1924-1925 engaged in the restoration of the highway. Passed reconstruction and railway bridge over Cupid. In 1925, Transsib became fully functional.

The Trans-Siberian Highway is firmly connected with the word "most". The longest railway in the world (9288.2 km), the largest and most expensive project of its time. The construction of the highway took 25 years, Istracted 1.5 billion rubles in gold (approximately 25 billion US dollars at the current course).

If you pull the transmib into a straight line, then its length will take 73% of the diameter of the Earth. The road passes through 7 time zones and 87 cities. Today, the full route on the highway from Moscow in Vladivostok ranks 6 days. Between the two cities, train number 1 with the speaking name "Russia". This symbolic unity is emphasized by the similarity of the Yaroslavl railway station in Moscow (where the train comes from) and the station in Vladivostok (where it comes).

In the middle of the XIX century, Siberia and the Far East were inconspicuous and poorly mastered territories. Until 1883, the Russian population did not exceed 2 million people here. And without the railway it was impossible to master the lands. Plans for construction have been kept for a long time, but the case has shifted from a dead point only at the end of the century.

On February 5, 1891, Emperor Alexander III issued a decree on the construction of the Great Siberian Way. On May 19 of this year, Zesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future emperor Nicholas II) personally taking the first wheelbarrow from the ground on the canvas of the railway and laid the first stone to the foundation of the railway station of Vladivostok.

Historically, the Eastern part of the road with a length of about 7,000 km is considered historically trans-Siberian. It stretches from Miass in the Chelyabinsk region to Vladivostok. It was this plot that was built from 1891 to 1916. The construction was carried out simultaneously from Vladivostok and Chelyabinsk.

The builders waited a lot of difficulties: had to break through the tunnels through the mountains, to make an embarrassment under the canvas height up to 30 m, build bridges through full-flowed Siberian rivers, lay paths through thick taiga, extensive swamps and permafrost. It was especially difficult on a plot in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal. In 1897, the powerful flood was blurred railway mounds for 400 km, the city of Doroninsk was completely destroyed with water. The next year there was a strong drought, the epidemic of plague and Siberian ulcers broke out. As a result, in the Trans-Baikal road, the movement of trains began only in 1900.

On the contrary, in the steppes of Western Siberia it was easy to lay the road, but there were no suitable building materials. Therefore, the forest for the sleepers was carried out for 400 km from Tobolsk, gravel for embankment - 750 km from Chelyabinsk. In 1913-1916, a railway bridge of more than 2.5 km was built across the Amur River. At the time of construction, he was the second largest bridge in the world.

At the same time, more than 100 thousand people were employed on construction. Not only hired workers were built, they also attracted local residents, soldiers and a cortex. Much was done by hand, the tools of labor were primitive - an ax, saw, Kirk and a car.

But, despite all the difficulties, the railway was built by a shock pace. In the year, at least 500 km of the railway canvase was laid. Already in 1903, long before the end of construction began regular railway communication between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok. Some parts of the highway were then laid on simplified technology. And through Lake Baikal Trains were transported on a special ferry.

By the end of the construction, the population of Siberia increased almost 2 times (from 5.8 to 9.4 million people). Since 1906, the growth rates hit - the population of the region grew by 500 thousand people per year. In the Stolypin agrarian reform, land plots were distinguished by land plots, numerous benefits were given. Transsib was not just expensive - along the way there were many schools, hospitals, schools and temples.

The Trans-Siberian Highway still retains its strategic importance. Every year, more than 100 million tons of cargo are transported from East to the West. It is also the shortest road for goods from China to Western Europe. On the rails, the path takes 11-15 days, and by sea - for 20 days longer.

On March 17, 1891, the rescript of the State Emperor Alexander 3 was released in the name of the Crown Cesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich: "We command now begin building a solid across the entire Siberia of the railway having (purpose) to combine abundant gifts of the nature of the Siberian areas with a network of internal rail messages. I instruct you to declare this will, at the entry into the Russian Earth again, after the ferris of the ingenic countries of the East. At the same time, I put on you committing in Vladivostok laying permitted to the construction, at the expense of the treasury and direct order of the government, the Ussuriy plot of the Great Siberian Railway.

In fact, samples for the anniversaries of the Great Siberian Way - the car and a small trolley. There is a clear date on decision making. There is a rescript, a bookmark of the first stone, etc. But this is not so important. The main thing is the feat of the empire and its people who built the longest railway line in the world. This record does not break until now. Great labor and intellectual feat of a decent Great country.

And the history of the way began in the middle of the nineteenth century - after the trips and discoveries of Captain Nevelsky and signing in 1858 by Count N.N.Muravyevsky Angun Treaty with China, when the eastern borders of the Russian Empire finally took shape. In 1860, Military post of Vladivostok was laid. Post Khabarovsk in 1893 became the city of Khabarovsk. But until 1883, the population of the region did not exceed 2000 people.

In 1857, the Governor General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyev-Amur raised the question of the construction of the railway in the Siberian outskirts of Russia. He instructed the military engineer by D.Manov to conduct research and draw up a project for the construction of the railway from Amur to De-Castries Bay.

In the 50-70s of the XIX century. Russian specialists have developed a number of new construction projects in Siberia, but they all did not find support from the government, which is only in the mid-80s of the XIX century. It began to resolve the issue of the Siberian Railway.

From 1883 to 1885, the Ekaterinburg road was laced - Tyumen, and in 1886 from the Governor-General Irkutsk A.P. Ignatiev and the Amur Governor General Barona A.N. Corfa were enrolled in St. Petersburg to substantiate the urgency of work on the Siberian cast-iron. Emperor Alexander III responded to resolution "Already so many reports of the Governors of Siberia, I read and should with sadness and shame to confess that the government has not yet done almost nothing to meet the needs of this rich, but launched edge. And it's time, it's time. "

June 6, 1887. By order of the emperor, a meeting of ministers and managers of the highest state departments were held, on which it was finally decided: to build. After three months, survey work began on the trace of Ob to Amur.

In February 1891. The Cabinet of Ministers decided to simultaneously start working from opposite ends from Vladivostok and Chelyabinsk. They were separated by a distance of more than 8 thousand Siberian kilometers.

March 19. Zesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich took the first wheelbarrow of the Earth on the cloth of the future road and laid the first stone in the building of the Vladivostok railway station.

The construction of the Trans-Siberian Highway was carried out in harsh climatic conditions. Almost all throughout the route was laid on a low-seated or deserted terrain, in the impassable taiga. She crossed the mighty Siberian rivers, numerous lakes, raised wetlands and permafrost areas at the Trans-Baikal line (from Congo to Bochkarevo, now Belogorsk). Exceptional difficulties for builders represented a plot around Baikal (Baikal Station - Zadovaya Station). Here I had to blow up the rocks, lay the tunnels, build artificial structures in the gorges of the mountain rivers flowing to Baikal.

In 1893, the Committee of the Siberian Road was established, the chairman of whom the sovereign appointed the heir to the throne of Nikolai Alexandrovich. The Committee was given the wider powers.
At one of the first meetings of the Committee of the Siberian Road, construction principles were announced: "... bring to the end of the construction of the Siberian rail route to the end is cheap, and most importantly, soon and firmly"; "Build and well and firmly, in order to subjected to supplement, and not rebuild"; "... so that the Siberian Railway is a great national business, was carried out by Russian people and from Russian materials."

And most importantly - to build at the expense of the treasury. After long oscillations were allowed "Attracting the road of refrigerated roads, refrigerants and the arrests of various categories to the construction of various categories, with providing them for participating in the work of a reduction in sentence."

The high cost of construction forced to go on the lightweight technical standards of laying the path. The width of the earth canvase decreased, the thickness of the ballast layer was almost halved, and in direct areas of the road between the sleeves and were often accounted for without ballast, the rails were easier (18-pound instead of 21 pounds per meter), more steep, in comparison with regulatory, lifts were allowed And descents, wooden bridges were hung through the small rivers, the station buildings were also placed lightly, most often without foundations.

All this was calculated on a small throughput of the road. However, as soon as the loads have increased, and in the war years it has repeatedly, it was necessary to urgently lay the second paths and unwanted to eliminate all "reliefs", not guaranteeing traffic safety.

On July 7, 1892, a solemn ceremony of the oncoming movement from Chelyabinsk took place. The first crutch on the Western tip of the Siberian path was trusted to score student-trainee of the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications Alexander Liverovsky.

He, A.V. Liveurovsky, twenty-three years later, in the position of the head of the work of the East-Amur road, scored the last, "silver" crutch of the Great Siberian Path. He was the leader of the work at one of the most difficult areas - the Krug-Baikal road.

Here, for the first time in the practice of railway construction, he used electricity on the drilling work, for the first time he, at his own risk and risk, introduced differentiated norms of explosives aimed, individual purpose - to emissions, loosening, etc. He kept laying the second paths from Chelyabinsk to Irkutsk. And he also ended the construction of a unique, 2600 meters, Amur bridge, the most recent facilities in the Siberian road, commissioned only in 1916.

The Great Siberian Route moved east of Chelyabinsk. Two years later, the first train arrived in Omsk, a year later - to the Krivosekovo station before Orympor (future Novosibirsk). Almost simultaneously, due to the fact that from Ob to Krasnoyarsk work was carried out immediately on four sites, they met the first train in Krasnoyarsk, and in 1898, two years older than originally designated period - in Irkutsk. The medium-grained railway from Ob to Irkutsk with a length of 1839 km was constructed under the direction N. P. Mezheninova.

In 1896, the West Siberian Railway from Chelyabinsk to Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk) of 1422 km was commissioned. The head of the expedition and construction at the approaches to the river Ob and the bridge transition through it was an engineer and writer N.G.Garin-Mikhailovsky. The railway bridge across Ob processed the outstanding Russian engineer-designer and builder of bridges, subsequently a major scientist in the field of construction mechanics and bridge buildings N. A. Belelyubsky.

At the end of the 1898, the rails revealed to Baikal. However, in front of the Bagobaikal road there was a stop for as many as six years.

The volume of work performed and the enormous cost of human labor is evidenced by the data on 1903: more than 100 million cubic meters. Mal earthenware, more than 12 million was harvested and laid, about 1 million tons of rails and bondings, built bridges and tunnels with a total length of up to 100 km. Only during the construction of a circuit breaker of the Bag-bay railway with a length of a few more than 230 km, 50 galleries were built to protect the path from mountain colors, 39 tunnels and about 14 km of retaining walls mainly on cement and hydraulic solution. The cost of all tunnels with pillars and galleries amounted to over 10 million rubles, and the construction costs of the entire highway exceeded 1 billion rubles. Gold rubles.

Further east of the station, the Movie path was led back in 1895 with a solid intention in 1898 (this year after a successful start was adopted for the finishing for all the roads of the first stage) to finish laying and in the Trans-Baikal highway and connect the railway pathway to Amur. But the construction of the next - Amur - the road was long stopped.

The first blow caused eternal Merzlota. The flood of 1896 blocked almost universally elevated mound. In 1897, Selenga, Calca, Ingoda and Shilka were demolished, was completely washed from the face of the land of Doroninsk, on the four hundred versts from the railway embankment there was no trace, the building materials were drunk under the sludge and garbage. In a year, an unprecedented drought fell out, the epidemic of plague and Siberian ulcers broke out. Only two years after these events, in the 1900th, it was possible to open a movement on the Trans-Baikal road, but it was half the ones "on the Lish".

From the opposite side - from Vladivostok - the South Ussuri road to the Grafskaya station (Art. Muravyev-Amur) was commissioned back in 1896, and North-Ussuriyskaya to Khabarovsk was completed in 1899.

It remained untouched by the last place the Amur road, and remained inaccessible round-bayal. At the Amur, came across the impassable places and fear to get stuck there for a long time, in 1896 preferred the southern version through Manchuria (CR), and through Baikal was in a hurried order, the teams of two ferry glacials were brought from England, which for five years The railway formulations were to receive.

But the light road did not happen even in Western Siberia. Of course, Ishimskaya and Barabinsk steppes were lined up on the western side of a smooth carpet, so the railway from Chelyabinsk to Obi, as in the ruler, smoothly along the 55th parallels of northern latitude, exceeding the shortest mathematical distance in 1290 versts only 37 miles. Here, earthworks were carried out with the help of American excavation graders.

However, there was no forest in the steppe terrain, he was taken from the Tobolsk province or from the eastern regions. Gravel, stones for the bridge across the Irtysh and the station in Omsk were carried by the railway for 740 versts from Chelyabinsk and for 900 versts on the barges on the Irtysh of the quarries. Bridge across Ob built 4 years.

The project of the bridge through the Yenisei, which Krasnoyarsk has already scored a kilometer width, made a professor Lavr Proskuryakov. According to his drawings, the most grandiose bridge over the European-Asian continent was brought later in Khabarovsk a length of more than two and a half kilometers.

Metal structures for the bridge across Cupid were made in Warsaw and delivered by rail to Odessa, and then transported by sea in Vladivostok, and from there by rail to Khabarovsk. In the fall of 1914, the German cruiser sank in the Indian Ocean of the Belgian steamer, which was driving steel parts for the last two farms of the bridge, which delayed the completion of work for a year.

The Krasnoyarsk Bridge demanded, based on the nature of the Yenisei in the course of ice-growing, significant, exceeding the rules taken, increase the length of the spans. The distance between the supports reached 140 meters, the height of the metal farms was raised to the upper parabolas by 20 meters. At the Paris World Exhibition 1900, the model of this bridge of 27 Arshin received a gold medal.

On June 3, 1907, the Council of Ministers considered and endorsed the proposals of the Ministry of Railways about the construction of the second rut of the Siberian Railway and the reorganization of the mountains of the path. Under the leadership of A. V. Liveurovsky, work on mitigating blockages in mountain sites from Achinsk to Irkutsk and holding a second path from Chelyabinsk to Irkutsk was launched.

In 1909, the Siberian Highway for 3274 km became two-way. In 1913, the second rut was continued along Baikal and for Baikal to Karymskaya station. Implementation of important activities to increase the capacity of the Trans-Siberian highway was accompanied by the construction of new sections or branches from it.

Transsib moved an extensive front, leaving behind not only one own ways and repair household, but also colleges, schools, hospitals, temples. Stations, as a rule, were put in advance, before the arrival of the first train, and were beautiful and festive architecture - and stone in large cities, and wooden in small. Station in Slyudyanka, on Baikal, lined with local marble, can not be perceived anything else as a wonderful monument to the builders of the Bagobaician site.

The road brought with you beautiful shapes of bridges, and elegant form of stations, transduting villages, booth, even workshops and depot. And this, in turn, demanded a decent type of buildings around the stationary areas, landscaping, refining.

By 1900, 65 churches and 64 schools were built on the Transsib, another 95 churches were built and 29 schools at the expense of the Emperor Alexander III Emperor Foundation to help Novoslas-migrants. Moreover, Transsib forced to intervene in the chaotic building of old cities, to enjoy their improvement and decoration.

The main thing - on the huge Siberian spaces, Transsib drew more and more new millions of immigrants. Transsib built all Russia. All ministries whose participation in construction was necessarily, all provisions gave work hands. So it was called: the work of the first hand, the most experienced, qualified, working second hands, the third. In some years, when the sections of the first stage launched work (1895-1896), up to 90 thousand people came to the track at the same time.

The initial amount of costs of 350 million rubles were surpassed three times, and the Ministry of Finance went to these allocations of the Transsib. But the result: 500-600-700 kilometers of adding annually - such rates of construction of railways did not have anything in America or in Canada.

Laying the path on the Amur Road, on the latest run of the Russian Transsib, was completed in 1915. Head of the construction of the easiest, final plot of the Amur road, A.V. Liverovsky scored the last, silver crutch.

On this, the history of the construction of Transsib has ended, the history of its operation began.