Ethnic composition of the population of Russia. How many peoples live on the territory of Russia? Peoples of Russia: list and number How many nationalities live

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES BY NATIONAL BASIS.

1. mononational(i.e. the main ethnic group is over 90%). There are most of them in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal), Asia (Saudi Arabia, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, some small countries), in Latin America (since Indians, mulattoes, mestizos are considered parts of single nations), in Africa (Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar);
2. with a sharp predominance of one nation, but in the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania, China, Mongolia, USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc.);
3. binational(Belgium, Canada);
4. with a more complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous ethnically (mainly in Asia: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos; as well as in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa; they are also in Latin America);
5. multinational countries with a complex and ethnically diverse composition (India, Russia, Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, many countries in Western and Southern Africa).

The most diverse region is South Asia, and the most diverse country is India.

In multinational and binational countries there is a complex problem of interethnic relations. First of all, this applies to developing countries, where there is a progressive process of uniting related tribes into nationalities, and nationalities into nations.

Since the mid-70s. The national question has become more acute and in many economic developed countries, which is primarily related to the actual economic and social inequality nations and nationalities living in them. This primarily applies to the UK, France, Canada, Belgium, Spain, and South Africa.

There are two main nations in Canada - English-Canadians and French-Canadians; The official languages ​​are English and French. French Canadians live compactly in the province of Quebec, which forms “French Canada” in contrast to all the other provinces that make up “English Canada”. But Anglo-Canadians are higher in the social hierarchy, occupy key positions in the economy, and this leads to a constant aggravation of interethnic relations. Some French-Canadians even put forward a demand for a sovereign Quebec, that is, the creation of an independent French-Canadian state.

Since the late 80s. interethnic relations in Russia and in a number of other states formed on the territory of former USSR, in Eastern European countries, especially in the republics of the former Yugoslavia.

Table 15. Largest nations and the most common languages, at the beginning of the 90s

Racial discrimination- infringement of the rights of any group of citizens due to their nationality. Extreme degree of racial discrimination elevated to the rank public policy - apartheid(South Africa until the mid-80s of the twentieth century).

Tasks and tests on the topic "Classification of countries by nationality."

• Countries of the world - Population of the Earth 7th grade

  Lessons: 6 Tasks: 9

• Population and countries of South America - South America 7th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1

• Population and countries of North America - North America 7th grade

  Lessons: 3 Assignments: 9 Tests: 1

• Races, peoples, languages ​​and religions of the world - Population of the Earth 7th grade

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 12 Tests: 1

• Asian states - Eurasia 7th grade

  Lessons: 3 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1

Leading ideas: The population represents the basis of the material life of society, an active element of our planet. People of all races, nations and nationalities are equally capable of participating in material production and in spiritual life.

Basic concepts: demography, growth rates and population growth rates, population reproduction, fertility (birth rate), mortality (mortality rate), natural increase (natural increase rate), traditional, transitional, modern type reproduction, population explosion, demographic crisis, demographic policy, migration (emigration, immigration), demographic situation, gender and age structure of the population, gender and age pyramid, EAN, labor resources, employment structure; resettlement and placement of the population; urbanization, agglomeration, megalopolis, race, ethnicity, discrimination, apartheid, world and national religions.

Skills and abilities: be able to calculate and apply indicators of reproduction, security labor resources(EAN), urbanization, etc. for individual countries and groups of countries, as well as analyze and draw conclusions (compare, generalize, determine trends and consequences of these trends), read, compare and analyze age-sex pyramids various countries and groups of countries; Using atlas maps and other sources, characterize changes in the main indicators across the world, characterize the population of the country (region) according to the plan using atlas maps.

National composition Russia is formed by surveying people during the census process.

The number of inhabitants of Russia is 142,856,536 people.

More than 137 million people have confirmed their nationality.

What is the Russian nation

This name has a written wording. It can be seen in the Glossary of Public Policy Terms. The Russian Federation is referred to there as “a state that has a diverse population and is distinguished by significant regional features.”

The Russian nation is defined as follows: a civil-political nationality united on the basis of historical and ethnic Russian statehood.

Its inhabitants have the same rights, shared values, a sense of belonging to the entire population, obligations and unity.

List of all nationalities in the Russian Federation

Seven nations reside permanently, numbering more than 1,000,000 representatives. These are Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Armenians, Chechens. Most of the population is indigenous Russians. The second largest people are the Tatar people (3.83%) and people from Ukraine (2.03%). The number of Chechens increased by 5.23%, Armenians by 4.59%.

The list of nationalities is presented in the table:

The largest nations of Russia

More than 180 peoples live in Russia. There are special atlases for children, which present the names of nationalities with pictures and descriptions.

The majority of the population of the Russian Federation consists of Russians. Then come the Tatars.

You can also distinguish groups of peoples. The largest group is the Slavs.

In general, the Russian Federation is inhabited by representatives of 9 language families, which differ in language, way of life and culture.

The most numerous nationalities that live in Russia include:

• Russians - more than 110,000,000 people;
• Tatars - 5.4 million;
• Ukrainians – 2,000,000;
• Bashkirs - 1.6 million;
• representatives Chuvash Republic– 1.4 million;
• people from the Chechen Republic – 1.4 million.

Small nations of Russia

These are representatives of the Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Turkic, Sino-Tibetan groups. Still living are the Kereks (several people), the Vod people (64), the Enets (277), the Ults (300), the Chulyms (350), the Aluets (500), the Negidals (500), and the Orochs (60). All these small ethnic groups are puzzled by the problem of survival.

Map of the peoples of Russia - settlement across the territory of the Russian Federation

The population of the state is distributed heterogeneously. The number of nationalities living in the Russian Federation and how they are located throughout the state can be clearly seen on the map shown below.

Map of the peoples of Russia (click to enlarge)

Most live in the capital, St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Novorossiysk and Primorsky regions, and the central part of the country.

Russians, Tatars and Ukrainians live in the southwest of the country. Many representatives from Ukraine are in the Chukotka and Khanty-Mansi regions, in Magadan.

The rest of the Slavs are settled heterogeneously. But a significant number of Poles live only in the Omsk region. There are many Belarusians in the capital, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Karelia, Khanty-Mansiysk. There are also many diasporas living in the Asian part.

Language families and groups

The largest language family living in Russian Federation– Indo-European. It is represented mainly by Slavic languages. They appeared long before our era.

Also in the Russian Federation there are people who speak the Indo-Aryan language, which belongs to the European family. These groups have similarities. Indo-Iranian features are present in Finno-Ugric speech because the latter lived alongside the Indo-Iranians for thousands of years.

The Altai language family is in 2nd place in terms of the number of speakers after the Indo-European. The Proto-Altai language includes Tungus-Manchu, Turkic, Mongolian, Japanese and Korean. In the Russian Federation you can often hear speakers of Bashkir, Tatar, Yakut, Chuvash, and Khakass languages.

The Tungus-Manchu group consists of the Evenki, Even, and Negidle languages. They are rapidly disappearing.

The Uralic languages ​​consist of three large categories: Finnish, Ugric and Samoyedic languages.

Samoyedic represents Proto-Turkic and Proto-Yenisean contacts. The Samoyed languages ​​are disappearing, they practically no longer exist.

Finnish is spoken by Karelians, Izhorians, Vepsians, Komi, Vodians, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, and Sami. People from Hungary predominantly speak Ugric.

The North Caucasian language family united 2 categories: Abkhaz-Adyghe and Nakh-Dagestan. One of them includes the Hutt language, the second the Hurrito-Urartian languages. They contain more than 40 languages. They are spoken in Chechnya, Dagestan, western Asia and northern Africa.

Our country is a multinational state. This information is recorded in the Constitution. Of course, Russians predominate, but besides them, more than 180 nationalities live here, which have equal rights and obligations.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state with more than 100 nationalities and nationalities. The main part are Russians - 79.8% of the country's population - and represent the largest group of Slavic peoples living in Russian territory. They predominate in all regions of Russia, with the exception of the republics of the North Caucasus (Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia, Chechen, Ingushetia, Karachay-Cherkess), Volga region (Tatarstan, Kalmykia, Chuvash and Mari El), the Urals (Udmurt, Bashkortostan), Western Siberia (Altai), Eastern Siberia (Tyva), Far East (Sakha (Yakutia)). The most compact places of residence of Russians are the central, western, and partly northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. In the Oryol, Lipetsk, Kursk, Tambov, and Ryazan regions, more than 90% of the population is Russian, and in Western, Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the number of Russians reaches 80-85% of the population of these regions.
In second place by nationality are Tatars (3.9%), followed by Ukrainians (2%), Chuvash (1.1%). Specific gravity each of the other nationalities does not exceed 1%.
The north and north-west of the European territory of the country are inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples language group: Komi-Permyaks, Karelians, Sami. In the Volga region, the Urals, the Kama region and Siberia, along with the Russians, live a number of peoples and nationalities that received their autonomy after the October Revolution of 1917. These nationalities also include the Udmurts, Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha), belonging to the Finno-Ugric group, Mari and speakers of Turkic languages groups of Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash and Kumyks.
One of the most multinational regions of Russia is the North Caucasus, which is inhabited by the peoples of the Nakh-Dagestan language group: Chechens, Ingush, Avars, Lezgins, Balkars, Laks, Dargins and Abkhaz-Adyghe - Kabardians, Adygeans, Circassians. The small peoples of the North are represented by the Samoyed group. It includes the Nenets, Nganasan and Selkup. In the central part of Western Siberia live the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group - the Khanty and Mansi. Inhabiting the territory of Eastern Siberia and the Far East, the Evenks, Evens, Nanais and Udeges form the Tungus-Manchu group. The Chukchi, Koryaks, Yukagirs, and Nivkhs belong to poly-Asian peoples, and the Eskimos and Aleuts belong to a special family with Americanoid features. The Mongolian group includes the Buryats living in the south of Eastern Siberia. This group also includes the Kalmyks who inhabit the southwestern part of the Volga region.
The specificity of the current stage in the formation of national relations is that the centrifugal tendencies that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union have spread to Russia. The separatism of the formed sovereign republics manifested itself in the desire for political and economic isolation of individual republics and regions, complete disregard for common interests.
The most complex in ethnocultural terms is the North Caucasus, where several dozen peoples live, belonging to different linguistic groups, professing different religions, different traditional ways management and customs. This region is one of the most conflict-prone in the Russian Federation. Political instability and economic crisis led to open ethnic clashes (the conflict between North Ossetia and Ingushetia, the armed conflict between Chechnya and Russia, worsened relations between the Cossacks and the peoples of the North Caucasus). Complicated interethnic relations have deep historical roots. One of the reasons for the crisis in the political situation is the situation that has developed over the years Soviet power national-territorial structure of the region, inherited by the Russian Federation. Until the 1920s, none of the North Caucasian peoples knew clearly defined borders, since they did not have national statehood. Colonization of the Caucasus in the 19th century. was accompanied by the establishment of an administrative structure without taking into account national characteristics.
After the October Revolution, as the initial ideological principle for the formation of the future administrative-territorial structure Soviet state the national principle was established, providing for the right of nations to self-determination. Administrative boundaries in the Caucasus were established arbitrarily and revised many times. The decisions to conduct them were voluntaristic in nature, i.e. without taking into account ethnic boundaries and political reality.
Administrative and territorial changes took place against the backdrop of an extremely acute problem - limited land resources in mountain districts. Previously, these problems were solved by the settlers themselves. With the definition of boundaries, the problems of the disputed territories began to be considered at the level of the newly formed republics.
The aggravation of interethnic relations was facilitated by the state policy towards the Chechens, Ingush, Karachais and Balkars during the Second World War - their deportation to Kazakhstan and other remote regions of the Soviet Union, accompanied by the abolition of the corresponding autonomous republics and national regions. Their territories were divided between neighboring republics and territories. Thus, on the basis of the central part of Checheno-Ingushetia and the Kizlyar district of the Stavropol Territory, the Grozny region of the RSFSR was formed.
After the rehabilitation of the deported peoples of the North Caucasus and the return of the highlanders to their homeland from exile, the borders of national entities were basically restored. Ethnic selectivity of deportation and unresolved issues of territorial rehabilitation complicated relations between the Caucasian peoples. By the time perestroika began, the imperfection of the system of national-administrative division of the territory of the North Caucasus was aggravated by internal contradictions of a socio-economic nature, which took on an ethnic character and contributed to the growth of the conflict between Chechnya and Russia. Similar processes were gaining momentum in the western part of the North Caucasus, in the area inhabited by the Circassian (Adyghe) peoples.
Objective reasons The persistent tensions in the Caucasus are aggravated by the lack of a clearly formulated national policy in the region. The conflict situation in the region is developing between the Cossacks and the nationalities on whose territory they live, which gives rise to the problem of refugees in the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories and Rostov Region and, as a consequence of this, an increase in social tension, unemployment and other negative phenomena.
The problems of the national-state structure of Russia are complicated by the demands of peoples repressed in the past, some of whom (the Germans) insist on restoring their statehood, others (for example, the Ingush) on expanding their borders. Armed conflicts do not stop, resulting in interethnic wars.
The problem of the small peoples of the North, whose number in the European part of Russia reaches 9.7 thousand people, is also complex. Despite the fact that in last years Some progress has been achieved in the development of the peoples of the North; due to the lack of a sufficiently effective mechanism for self-government and economic management, many measures for the socio-economic development of the peoples of the North have not been fully implemented. Disproportions in the gender composition of the population have deepened - the male population predominates. A tense situation has developed in providing employment to the population, which is a consequence of the underdeveloped social infrastructure, an acute housing problem, poor development of crafts and industries for processing reindeer herding products, and for the production of consumer goods. In areas inhabited by small peoples, due to the development of extractive industries, the environmental situation, the state of hunting and fishing have worsened, and the area of ​​reindeer pastures has decreased. Therefore, the transition to market economy put forward among the priorities the creation current mechanism social protection of small peoples of the North.
Existing control system national relations subordinated to the task of regulating them within the framework of federal relations. With its help, the division of powers is carried out between federal bodies and authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. However, such a control system has disadvantages. In fact, it is not able to directly regulate national and interethnic relations: federal bodies do not have a mechanism for influencing interethnic relations within the constituent entities of the Federation themselves. In addition, the situation is complicated by the fact that republics and autonomies, being nation states and national-state formations in their constitutional status, are not mono-, but multinational territories.
Management of national relations is a process of directed influence of power structures on the entire set of social conditions of life of the nation. The effectiveness of management can be ensured only on the basis of knowledge and use of objective patterns and trends in the development of national life. Based on them, it is possible to search for optimal socio-economic solutions that have an impact on interethnic relations and regulate the process of their development.
Of great importance in the process of managing national relations is the use of tools for regulating these relations, which makes it possible to identify the nodes of interethnic contradictions and develop options for resolving them in the interests of optimal development of the nation and interethnic cooperation.

§ 7. Russia as a multinational state

As the Russian population moved beyond its original area, Russia included not only new lands, but also new peoples. In the 16th century Ivan the Terrible addressed the peoples under the rule of the Tatar-Mongol khans with an invitation to accept Russian citizenship. The Bashkirs responded to this proposal of a petition to the Tsar (1552) and in 1557 they became part of Russia. In the first half of the 17th century. the transition of the Kalmyks to Russian citizenship began (in 1655 they took an oath to guard the Russian border in the south from the Crimean Tatars and Turks). During the same period, the Russian state included the peoples who inhabited eastern Siberia(Yakuts, Buryats, Khakassians, etc.), in the second half of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. - peoples of the northeast of Siberia and the Far East. Thus, already from the 16th century. Russia is becoming a multinational state.

The formation of a powerful centralized multinational state was of great importance for the peoples living on the borders of Russia (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Moldovans) and fighting against foreign invaders. In 1655, the Great Rada decided to reunite Left Bank Ukraine with Russia (Right Bank Ukraine, as well as Eastern Galicia, Transcarpathia and Northern Bukovina, would join later). In the 18th century Moldavian ruler Cantemir decided (1711) to come under Russian protectorate. Russia was forced to wage exhausting wars with the Turks and the Lithuanian-Polish state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, defending its interests in the lands of Ukrainians and Belarusians.

As a result of the Northern War (1700–1721), Russia opened a “window to Europe”, gaining access to the Baltic Sea and annexing the territories of Estonia, parts of Latvia and Karelia (with Vyborg). During the Russian-Swedish War (1808–1809), the Grand Duchy of Finland passed from Sweden to Russia, which had a special status within Russia and enjoyed political and legal autonomy. During the three divisions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795) between Austria, Prussia and Russia, the latter included Belarus, Right Bank and Western Ukraine (except Lvov), most of Lithuania and Courland.

In the second half of the 18th century. As a result of the Russian-Turkish wars, Crimea and the northern coasts of the Azov and Black Seas were ceded to Russia. Russia is increasing its influence on Northern Caucasus, where she is opposed by the Crimean khans, Türkiye and Iran. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. A number of mountain peoples accepted Russian citizenship: Kabardians, Karachais, Circassians, Ossetians (the latter, for the most part, later adopted Orthodoxy). In 1809, a number of peoples of Dagestan also accepted Russian citizenship. In the North Caucasus, the Cossacks become the support of the Russian state. The process of annexing the peoples of the North Caucasus did not take place without bloodshed and was associated mainly with military methods. During the Caucasian War (1817–1834), the entire North Caucasus was brought under Russian control. The emperor's viceroy in the Caucasus was in position superior to Russian ministers in his region and had the right to prevent the execution of their decisions in his region.

Transcaucasia was subjected to repeated divisions between Iran, Turkey, Byzantium, the Arab Caliphate and the Mongol-Tatar khans. The peoples of the region, primarily Christian, also sought protection from a strong Russia. As a result of the Russo-Iranian War (1828–1829), Eastern Armenia joined Russia. Based on the signing of the Treaty of Georgievsk (in 1783), Eastern Georgia turned to the Russian Tsar for help in the fight against Turkey and Persia, and later (in 1799) joined Russia. During the same period, ambassadors of the Azerbaijan Khanate were repeatedly sent to St. Petersburg with a request for annexation, which was granted in 1801, and by the end of 1806, most of the lands of the Azerbaijan Khanate became Russian territory.

In the mid-60s. XIX century Russia began active promotion of all Central Asian direction. By this time there were three public education: Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand Khanates. The annexation of Kazakh lands to Russia (in 1846–1854) caused a military clash with the Kokand Khan. In 1865, the offensive of Russian troops ended with the capture of Tashkent, which became the center of the newly formed Turkestan General Government. In 1876, the Kokand Khanate became part of Russia, and Khiva and Bukhara retained their autonomy. Accession Central Asia ended in 1885 with the capture of the southernmost fortress - Kushka.

Thus, over the course of three centuries - from the 16th to the 19th - Russia emerged as a multinational state. In 1721, Peter I was given the title of emperor, and the Russian state became the Russian Empire.

National policy in Russian Empire

National politics– a system of legislative, organizational and ideological measures taken by the state to regulate relationships between the peoples and ethnic groups of the country, aimed at realizing their national interests and resolving national contradictions in the sphere of interethnic relations.

An important task of a multinational state is to optimize interethnic and interfaith relations. In the Russian Empire there was certain type interethnic relations.

Firstly, more than 90% of the peoples and their territories voluntarily became part of the Russian state. Indeed, the entry into the Russian state of the peoples who inhabited the vast territories of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Kabarda, Kazakhstan, Altai, etc. was voluntary. Not a single people, even the smallest people, being part of the Russian Empire, physically disappeared, did not ceased to exist as an ethnic group. The main goal of the Russian Empire was not the religious and cultural assimilation of peoples, but the security of the state.

Secondly The Russian state was a single, territorially integral state. The entry of peoples into the large centralized Russian state as a whole had a progressive significance and created more favorable conditions for the socio-economic and cultural development of these peoples.

Third, essentially there was no economic robbery of the national outskirts. Russian settlers did not take land from the agricultural peoples of the Volga region, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia. The involvement of new territories into the orbit of a single all-Russian market, and through it into the sphere of the world economy, contributed to the economic and social development the most remote outskirts, which, finding themselves in a powerful country, came into contact with peoples who had achieved higher socio-economic and cultural development.

Fourth, despite certain restrictions on ethnic grounds, in Russia there was no legally dominant nation and national oppression in favor of the Russians, there was no imperial nation and colonial peoples, as was the case between the Western metropolises and their colonies. Without denying the negative aspects associated with the actual situation of some national outskirts, one cannot help but see the obvious advantages that the peoples gained while being part of the Russian Empire.

The Russian Federation is a federal state

Federal State- a state-legal association that ensures the unity of all its constituent territorial units, enjoying a certain political and legal independence in the form of national-territorial autonomies.

National-territorial autonomy(NTA) is one of the forms of self-determination, which provides favorable opportunities for the economic, political and cultural development of peoples. The creation of NTA is based on the historically established boundaries of residence of one or two ethnic groups, distinguished by the uniqueness of their economy, culture, way of life, and traditions. Based on this, national-state and national-territorial entities are called by the name of self-identified ethnic groups acquiring the status titular ethnic groups.

After the October Revolution of 1917, the idea of ​​the NTA became the basis of national policy in the Russian Federation. In order to ensure favorable conditions for the socio-economic and cultural development of nationalities, NTAs of various levels were created: autonomous republics, autonomous regions and national (autonomous) districts. According to the nature and scope of the powers of the NTA in the RSFSR, they were exercised in two forms: political And administrative.

After the collapse of the USSR and the proclamation of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, changes occurred in its internal structure. All autonomous republics, autonomous regions and autonomous okrugs acquired the status of equal subjects. Currently, the process of incorporating a number of NTAs into large administrative-territorial units is underway.

Information sources

1. Alekseev N.N. Russian people and state. M., 2003.

2. Gladkiy Yu.N., Chistobaev A.I. Basics regional policy. St. Petersburg, 1998.

3. Kolosov V.A., Mironenko N.S. Geopolitics and political geography. M., 2001.

4. Kolosov V., Petrov N. and others. Subjects of the Federation: what they should be // Polis. 1994. No. 4.

5. National policy in the Russian Federation. M., 1993.

6. Fundamentals of national and federal relations / edited by. ed. R.G. Abdulatipova. M., 2001.

7. Formation of a new Russian statehood: reality and prospects / ed. Yu. Vedeneeva. M., 1996.

Questions and tasks

1. How did Russia become a multinational state? How did its geopolitical position change at different stages of Russian history?

2. What distinguished the national policy of the Russian Empire from the colonial policy of Western countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?

3. What forms of state-territorial structure exist in modern world?

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The 2002 census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational states in the world - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. During the census, the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was ensured in terms of free self-determination of nationality. The census received more than 800 various options responses of the population to the question about nationality.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population exceeding 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number is 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).

For the first time after the 1897 population census, the number of people who identified themselves as Cossacks was obtained (140 thousand people), and also for the first time after the 1926 population census, the number of people who called themselves Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.

Population of Russia by ethnic composition

79.8% (115,868.5 thousand) are Russians;

1% (1457.7 thousand) - nationality not specified;

19.2% (27838.1) – other nationalities. Of them:

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups:

• The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it there are only small groups (Russians, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.
• The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia in significant groups, in some cases in compact settlements (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).
• And finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most of them living outside of Russia (Romanians, Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, Vietnamese, Albanians, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) live mainly in the countries of the “near abroad” or other countries of the world, but are still a significant element of the population of Russia.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages ​​that belong to different language families . The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).

Indo-European family

The most numerous in Russia - Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc. Originally Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions of Russia, but they live everywhere and predominate in most regions (77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, in southern Siberia and the Far East. Among other peoples of this linguistic group, Ukrainians (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million) stand out.

Thus, it can be argued that it is, first of all, a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

Second largest among the Indo-European family German group (Germans).Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of emigration to.

The Iranian group is Ossetians. Their number increased from 400 to 515 thousand, largely as a result of emigration from the territory as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.

In addition to those listed, the Indo-European family is also represented in Russia by other peoples: Armenians ( Armenian group); Moldovans and Romanians (Romanesque group) and etc.

Altai family

The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Shors, Azerbaijanis, etc. Representatives of this group, the Tatars, are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.

The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.

Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakassians, Tuvans) all the way to the Far East (Yakuts).

The third area of ​​settlement of Turkic peoples is (, Karachais, Balkars).

The Altai family also includes: group (Buryats, Kalmyks);Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Nanais, Ulchi, Udege, Orochi),

Ural family

The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Finns, Hungarians, and Sami. In addition, this family includesSamoyed group(, Selkups, Nganasans),Yukaghir group(). The main area of ​​residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.

North Caucasian family

North Caucasian family represented mainly by peoplesNakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) andAbkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Abazas). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.

Representatives also live in Russia Chukotka-Kamchatka family(, Itelmen); Eskimo-Aleut family(, Aleuts); Kartvelian family() and peoples of other language families and nations (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).

The languages ​​of all peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

Russia, being a multinational republic in its own way state structure, is a federation built on a national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation includes 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous okrugs, autonomous region). The total area of ​​national entities is 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russian. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed across various regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, some of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gives the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. Thus, of the 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only in eight the main peoples make up the majority (Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks , Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. Khakassia (11%) has the lowest share of “titular” peoples (10%).

A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous okrugs. They are very sparsely populated and for many decades they attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest deposits, build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the main peoples in the majority autonomous okrugs(and in the only autonomous region) constitute only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug do titular peoples make up the majority (62%).

The dispersion of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially Russians, contribute to their assimilation.

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