2 oil industry. Geography of oil reserves. world oil reserves
KURSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
Department: Economics and Management
Discipline: Macroeconomics
Course work
On the topic: Placement and development of the oil industry
Faculty student
economics and management
2 courses, 2 groups
Vedenyova V.O.
Leader
Grade __________________
Date_____________________
Kursk-2002
Introduction .. 2
Oil and its main characteristics .. 6
Oil composition and properties. 6
The problem of the origin of oil .. 8
Oil industry .. 10
Its definition and composition. ten
Problems of the oil industry. 12
Development of oil production. fifteen
The reasons for the decline of the oil industry. 17
Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main areas of accommodation. nineteen
Oil transportation. Trunk oil pipelines. 21
Oil export. 24
Consequences of intensive mining. 26
Russia-Opek: The Problem Of A Price War .. 31
Reaction of the Russian Federation to OPEC proposals .. 35
Russian supply on the world market. 36
Conclusion. 39
List of used literature ... 43
XX century full of many events that excited and shook the earthly civilization. There was a struggle for the redivision of the world, for spheres of economic and political influence, for sources of mineral raw materials. Among this, seething with passions, human society, one dominant stands out: the desire to possess the resources of "black gold" , so necessary for the progressive development of industry.
Truly, all the industrial powers of the world craved it. A person fell into a cruel dependence on this mineral raw material. This was felt especially acutely during the "fuel crisis" that erupted in the early 1970s, when the prices of raw materials jumped upwards, causing a rise in the cost of living around the world.
If in middle Ages, when people were attracted by the glitter of gold and diamonds, individual people were drawn into adventures in the extraction of these minerals, and only as an exception some states, then in our days practically all industrialized countries of the world are involved in the pursuit of "black gold".
Oil has been known for a long time. Archaeologists have established that it was mined and used as early as 5-6 thousand years BC. The most ancient trades are known on the banks of the Euphrates, in Kerch, in the Chinese province of Sichuan. It is believed that the modern term "oil" originated from the word "nafata", which in the language of the peoples of Asia Minor means to seep. Oil is mentioned in many ancient manuscripts and books. In particular, the Bible already speaks of resin keys in the vicinity of the Dead Sea.
No problem, perhaps, worries mankind today as much as fuel. Fuel - the basis of energy, industry, agriculture, transport ... Human life is unthinkable without fuel.
Developing, mankind begins to use all new types of resources (nuclear and geothermal energy, solar, hydropower of ebb and flow, wind and other unconventional sources). but the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy fuel resources play today. This clearly reflects the "income" of the fuel and energy balance.
The fuel and energy complex is closely related to the entire industry of the country ... More than 20% of the funds are spent on its development. The fuel and energy complex accounts for 30% of fixed assets and 30% of the value of industrial products in Russia. It uses 10% of the production of the machine-building complex, 12% of the production of metallurgy, consumes 2/3 of the pipes in the country, provides more than half of the Russian Federation's exports and a significant amount of raw materials for the chemical industry. Its share in transportation is 1/3 of all cargo by rail, half of sea transportation and all transportation by pipelines.
The fuel and energy complex has a large district formation function. The well-being of all citizens of Russia is directly related to it, such problems as unemployment and inflation.
Most significant in the country's fuel industry have three industries : oil, gas and coal.
Oil bases were the mainstay of the Soviet leadership. Cheap oil provided a delay in restructuring the energy-intensive industry of the USSR. This oil tied the countries of the eastern block. Foreign exchange earnings from its exports made it possible to provide the consumer market with imported goods.
Much has changed since then. The internal structure of the state is being radically rebuilt. The process of reorganization of the Russian administrative space is unfolding. New regional formations appear. But the oil is still - the most important source of currency for the country.
Indeed, the fuel and energy sectors provide at least 60% of foreign exchange earnings to Russia, allow them to have a positive foreign trade balance, to maintain the ruble exchange rate. Revenues to the country's budget from excise taxes on oil and oil products are high.
Great the role of oil in politics. The regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in a dialogue with new states.
Thus, oil is Russia's wealth. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy and is of great importance for the Russian economy. The demand for oil always outstrips supply, therefore practically all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil-extracting industry.
Russia has not yet acted as an active independent subject in world energy policy, although the slightest socio-economic and political aggravations in Moscow or Tyumen are immediately reflected in the cost of oil on the New York or London stock exchanges.
Until now oil policy was determined by two cartels - western and eastern. The first brings together the 6 largest oil companies, which account for 40% of oil production in non-OPEC countries. The combined sales of these companies in 1991 amounted to nearly $ 400 billion. The Eastern Cartel (OPEC) includes 13 countries, accounting for 38 percent of all world production and 61 percent of world oil exports. Russia's production accounts for 10% of the world, so it is safe to say that the country has a strong position in the international oil market. For example, OPEC experts said that the member states of this organization will not be able to fill the oil shortage if the world market leaves the Russian Federation. ...
In addition, there is nothing to replace oil with in the foreseeable future. Global demand will grow by 1.5 percent per year, and supply will not increase significantly. Prior to the 1973 energy crisis, for 70 years, world production nearly doubled every ten years. However, now of the OPEC member countries with 66% of the world's reserves, only four countries can significantly increase the volume of oil production (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Gabon). All the more important is the role of Russia, otherwise a number of experts do not exclude the possibility of the imminent emergence of another energy crisis.
So, oil and the Russian oil industry are of the utmost importance for our country and the world as a whole.
Having started the exploitation of oil and gas fields, the man, without suspecting it, released the genie from the bottle. At first, it seemed that oil brings only benefits to people, but gradually it became clear that its use has a downside. What is more beneficial or harmful to oil? What are the consequences of its application? Will they not prove fatal to humanity?
No doubt: oil and gas are the most efficient and most convenient fuels today. Unfortunately, over 90% of the oil and gas produced is burned in industrial furnaces and in car engines. In this regard, in the coming decades, hydrocarbons will make up the lion's share in the fuel balance of mankind. Is it wise to use oil and gas only as a source of energy? D.I. Mendeleev that burning oil and gas is the same as heating a stove with banknotes. Experts are returning to this idea now. American scientist Ralph Lapp writes in one of his articles: “I consider it barbaric to burn the unique heritage of the Earth - hydrocarbons - in the form of oil and natural gas. Burning these molecular structures just to generate heat should be considered a crime. ”It couldn't be more eloquent.
Oil composition and properties.
Oil is rock ... It belongs to the group of sedimentary rocks together with sands, clays, limestones, rock salt, etc. We are accustomed to thinking that the rock is a solid substance that makes up the earth's crust and deeper bowels of the Earth. It turns out that there are liquid rocks, and even gaseous ones. One of important properties of oil - the ability to burn. A number of other sedimentary rocks have the same quality: peat, lignite and hard coal, anthracite. All together, combustible rocks form a special family called caustobiolites (from the Greek words "caustos" - combustible, "bios" - life, "cast" - a stone, that is, a combustible organic stone). Among them are the caustobiolites of the coal series and petroleum series, the latter are called bitumen, and oil belongs to them.
All caustobiolites contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but in different proportions. Chemically oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and carbonaceous compounds, it consists of the following basic elements: carbon (84-87%), hydrogen (12-14%), oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (1-2%), the sulfur content sometimes increases to 3-5%. In oil, hydrocarbon, asphalt-resinous parts, porphyrites, sulfur and ash part are isolated.
The main part of oil make up three HC groups : methane, naphthenic and aromatic.
Methane hydrocarbons (alkane or alkanes) are chemically the most stable, they belong to the limiting HC and have the formula CnH2n + 2. If the number of carbon atoms in a molecule ranges from 1 to 4 (CH4-CH4H10), then HC is a gas, from 5 to 16 (C5H16-C16H34) then these are liquid HC, and if it is higher than 16 (C17H36, etc.) - solid (for example, paraffin).
Naphthenic (alicyclic ) HC (CnH2n) have a ring-like structure; therefore, they are sometimes called carbocyclic compounds. All bonds of carbon with hydrogen are also saturated here, so naphthenic oils have stable properties.
Aromatic HC, or arenas (СnНn), the poorest in hydrogen. The molecule looks like a ring with unsaturated carbon bonds. They are called that - unsaturated, or unsaturated HC. Hence their chemical instability.
Asphalt-resinous part of oil is a dark colored substance. It dissolves partially in gasoline. The dissolved part is called asphaltene, the undissolved part is called resin. The composition of resins contains oxygen up to 93% of its total amount in oil.
Porphyrins - special nitrogenous compounds of organic origin. They are believed to be formed from plant chlorophyll and animal hemoglobin. At a temperature of 200-250 ° C, porphyrins are destroyed.
Sulfur it is widespread in oil and hydrocarbon gas and is contained either in a free state or in the form of compounds (hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans). Its amount ranges from 0.1% to 5%.
Ash part - the residue resulting from the combustion of oil. These are various mineral compounds, most often iron, nickel, vanadium, sometimes sodium salts.
To physical properties oil includes density, viscosity, pour point, boiling point and evaporation point, calorific value, solubility, electrical and optical properties, luminescence, etc.
The problem of the origin of oil
The history of science knows many cases when heated debates flare up around some problem. Such disputes are going on about the origin of oil. They began at the end of the last century and continue to this day, sometimes dying down, then flaring up again.
One of the first to express a scientifically based concept of the origin of oil was M.V. Lomonosov ... In the middle of the eighteenth century in his path "On the layers of the earth" the great Russian scientist wrote: “It is expelled by the underground heat from the prepared coal, it is a brown and black oily matter. And this is the birth of various types of liquid, combustible and dry solidified matters, what are the essence of stone oil, Jewish resin, oil, jet, and the like, which, although they differ in purity, nevertheless come from the same beginning. "Thus, more than 200 years ago, it was expressed thought about the organic origin of oil from coal The original substance was one: organic material, first converted into coal, and then into oil.
M.V. Lomonosov was not the only one who spoke out on the issue of interest to us in the 18th century. True, other hypotheses of that time were curious. One Warsaw canon argued that the Earth in the Paradise period was so fertile that it contained fatty impurities to a great depth. After the fall, this fat partly evaporated and partly sank into the ground, mixing with various substances. The Flood helped turn it into oil.
Other hypotheses about the origin of oil are also known. German petroleum geologist G. Gefer talks about an American oil industrialist at the end of the last century, who believed that oil originated from the urine of whales at the bottom of the polar seas. It entered Pennsylvania through underground channels.
In the XIX century. Ideas close to the ideas of M.V. Lomonosov. The debate was mainly about the source material: animals or plants? German scientists G. Gefer and K. Engler in 1888, experiments were carried out that proved the possibility of obtaining oil from animal organisms. The herring fat was distilled at a temperature of 400 ° C and a pressure of 1 MPa. Oil, flammable gases, water, fats and various acids were obtained from 492 kg of fat. Most of all, oils (299 kg, or 61%) were distilled off with a density of 0.8105 g / cm3, nine tenths of which are brown hydrocarbons. Subsequent distillation from the oil obtained limiting hydrocarbons (from pentane to nonane), paraffin, lubricating oils, which included olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons. Later, in 1919. academician N. D. Zelinsky a similar experiment was carried out, but the source material was organogenic silt of predominantly plant origin (sapropel) from Lake Balkhash. When distilling it, the following were obtained: crude resin - 63.2%; coke - 16.0%; gases (methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide) - 20.8%. During the subsequent processing of the resin, gasoline, kerosene and heavy oils were extracted from it.
Thus, already at the end of the last century, two polar views on the problem of the origin of oil were clearly distinguished: organic and inorganic hypotheses. The space hypothesis deserves a mention V.D. Sokolov, expressed by him in 1892. According to this scientist, hydrocarbons were in the composition of the primary gas-dust cloud, from which the Earth and other planets of the solar system were formed. As the Earth formed, they found themselves in its deep substance, which makes up the second shell of the planet - the mantle. Subsequently, as the mantle cooled, hydrocarbons began to separate from it and penetrate through cracks into loose crustal rocks. As you can see, the hypothesis of V.D. Sokolova is one of the varieties of ideas about the mineral synthesis of oil.
While there are differing opinions, most petroleum specialists share an organic theory of the origin of oil. In the modern interpretation, it was developed in the works of many domestic scientists : A.A. Bakirova, I.O. Broda, N.B. Vassoevich, V.V. Weber, N.A. Eremenko, M.K. Kalinko, A.E. Kontorovich, I.I. Nesterova, S.G. Nerucheva, A.A. Trofimuk, V.A. Uspensky and foreign researchers: G. Kreichi-Graf, P. Smith, A. Trask, J. Hunt, B. Tissot, W. Colombo, A. Levorsen and others [ 13. p. 28-31]
Its definition and composition.
The oil industry is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electricity and heat), distribution and transportation of energy and fuel.
Oil industry - the branch of heavy industry, including exploration of oil and oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, production of oil and associated gas, pipeline transportation of oil.
Purpose of oil exploration - identification, geological and economic assessment and preparation for operation of industrial deposits. Oil exploration is carried out using geological, geophysical, geochemical and drilling operations. The exploration process is divided into two stages: prospecting and exploration. The first includes three stages: regional geological and geophysical work, preparation of areas for deep exploration drilling and prospecting for deposits. The second is being completed by the preparation of the 1st field for development.
According to the degree of exploration, the deposits are divided into four groups :
1) Explored deposits in detail.
2) Pre-explored deposits.
3) Poorly explored deposits.
4) The boundaries of the deposits are not defined.
Today the main problem of prospectors - insufficient funding, so now the exploration of new deposits is partially suspended. Potentially, according to experts' forecasts, exploration can give the Russian Federation an increase in reserves from 700 million to 1 billion tons per year, which covers their consumption due to production (in 1993, 342 million tons were produced).
However, the reality is different. We have already recovered 41 percent of the deposits we are developing. In Western Siberia, 26.6 percent were recovered. Moreover, the oil is extracted from the best deposits requiring minimal production costs. The average well production rate is continuously decreasing: 1986 - 14.1 / day. 1987 - 13.2, 1988 - 12.3, 1989 - 11.3, 1990 - 10.2. The rate of production of oil reserves in Russia is 3-5 times higher than the corresponding figure for Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Kuwait. These production rates led to a sharp decline in proven reserves (see Appendix 6). And the problem here is not so much in the slow exploration of new deposits, as in the irrational exploitation of existing ones. Large losses in production and transportation, aging technologies have caused a whole range of problems in the oil industry.
Problems of the oil industry.
One of the main problems in the oil industry is high production rate of easily accessible deposits (about 45%) The solution to this problem is to use modern technologies, which will increase the level of oil recovery. Increased oil recovery (at a constant level of production) will lead to an increase in the life of fields.
In the future, it is planned to transport all oil through pipelines, meaning the creation of regional systems of main oil product pipelines and a distribution network to oil depots and petrol stations. But these plans relate to a rather distant future. Now, in terms of cargo turnover, pipeline transport is in first place. The length of the oil pipelines is 66,000 km (for comparison in the USA - 325,000 km). Due to the fact that oil production is concentrated far from the places of processing and consumption, it would seem that much attention should be paid to the state of oil pipelines, but not even a month passes so that we do not hear about the next accident and the subsequent environmental disaster (although so far local scale). But after seeing the numbers, it's easy to understand why accidents happen.
Duration of operation of the Russian oil pipeline system
Reasons for refusals on Russian main oil pipelines
And, of course, the problem that arose in 1997-1998. It is well known that a significant part of the Russian budget is formed through the sale of oil abroad. A smooth decline in oil prices began in the spring of 1997 - by December 1997 on the European market they fell from $ 168 per ton to $ 131. December 1, 1997 was the beginning of the crisis - then OPEC (Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela) decided to increase production by 10%. The total production volume reached its maximum over the 18-year history of the organization - about 3.8 million tons per day. OPEC's decision accelerated the decline in prices on world markets. In Europe, by the end of December, they dropped to $ 124 per ton, and a month later they amounted to $ 102. For many Russian companies, this is the minimum acceptable level (zero profitability level). By the end of the first decade of March, prices on the London International Petroleum Exchange fell to their lowest level in the last 9 years - $ 93.8 per ton. A ton of Russian oil in Mediterranean ports cost $ 83.3. The cost of producing 1 ton of Russian oil averages $ 35 (in the Gulf countries - $ 15). At the same time, Russian companies spend about $ 60 per ton on paying taxes. The Russian oil industry is now on the brink of collapse. This is due to the fact that when you export you can get real money. They tried to take advantage of this when drawing up the draft emergency budget for the 4th quarter of 1998. This project provides for a “temporary” export duty of 10 ECU per ton of oil, as well as a fourfold increase in land tax. Oil exporters are trying to do everything to get these proposals rejected. How this situation will be resolved is not yet clear.
Caspian oil problem .
Recently, the oil potential of the Caspian basin has been widely discussed. According to various estimates, the forecasted reserves of the Caspian are 15-40 billion tons. But they are classified as forward-looking. Each of the Caspian countries has its own position in relation to the division of the Caspian Sea.
Azerbaijan: The Caspian should be divided according to the principle of an international lake into national sectors, including the water column and the water surface.
Kazakhstan: agree to share only the bottom and not to share water (basis: UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).
Turkmenistan: adopted a law on a 12-mile border of territorial waters, is formally ready to adhere to the previous status of the Caspian, but in fact proceeds from the presence of its own sector in the Caspian.
Iran : undesirable section in any form, adheres to previously accepted agreements.
Russia: Like Iran, it believes that the sovereignty of the Caspian states ends at the coastal edge and does not extend either to the bottom or to the water surface.
Until a new agreement is adopted, each Caspian state has the right to carry out exploration and development of hydrocarbon deposits anywhere in the Caspian, located outside the 10-mile zone.
But the problem of Caspian oil consists primarily in the fact that in the medium term (according to various estimates from 10 to 15 years) there is no need to talk about any large-scale development of oil and gas fields in the region, since development requires huge investments, which in the near future hardly anyone -something can and will want (!) to provide.
In the 21st century, the oil industry must turn to the problem of unconventional hydrocarbons, in particular to heavy oil and oil from tar sands and shale, the geological reserves of which are estimated at 1 trillion tons, 0.5 of which are concentrated in the United States, Brazil and Canada, and the rest in the CIS and China.
Development of oil production.
Oil production has been carried out by mankind since ancient times ... At first, primitive methods were used: collecting oil from the surface of water bodies, processing sandstone or limestone soaked in oil using wells ... The first way was used in the 1st century in Media and Syria, the second - in the 15th century in Italy. But the beginning of the development of the oil industry is considered to be the time the emergence of mechanical drilling for oil in 1859 in the United States, and now almost all the oil produced in the world is recovered through boreholes. For more than a hundred years of development, some fields have been depleted, others have been discovered, the efficiency of oil production has increased, oil recovery has increased, i.e. completeness of oil recovery from the reservoir. But the structure of fuel production has changed. For a long time, the oil industry, which was in the first place, was overtaken by the promising gas industry. (Now coal accounts for only 15% of tons of equivalent fuel, gas - 45%, oil - 40%). The oil industry, which was losing its leadership position, was in trouble.
In Russia, the first wells were drilled in the Kuban in 1864 and in 1866 one of them gave an oil gusher with a flow rate of more than 190 tons per day. At that time, oil production was carried out mainly by monopolies that depended on foreign capital. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia ranked first in oil production. In 1901 - 1913 the country produced approximately 11 million tons of oil. A strong decline occurred during the Civil War. By 1928, oil production was again brought to 11.6 million tons. In the first years of Soviet power, the main regions of oil production were Baku and the North Caucasus (Grozny, Maikop). Production was also carried out in Western Ukraine in Golitsia. Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus provided about 87% of oil in the Soviet Union in 1940. However, soon the depleting reserves of the oldest regions ceased to satisfy the demands of the developing industry. There is a need to search for oil in other territories of the country. The deposits of the Perm and Kuibyshev regions, Bashkiria were discovered and put into operation, which led to the creation of the largest Volga-Ural base. New fields were discovered in Central Asia, Kazakhstan, oil production reached 31.1 million tons. War 1941-1945 caused severe damage to the regions of the North Caucasus, which significantly reduced the volume of oil produced. However, in the post-war period, with the parallel restoration of the oil-producing complexes of Grozny and Maikop, the largest fields of the Volga-Ural oil base were brought into development. And in 1960 it already provided about 71% of the country's oil. Technical innovations were also applied (maintenance of reservoir pressure), which made it possible to significantly increase production. In the 50s, 38 million tons were mined, in the 60s the figure increased by an order of magnitude - 148 million tons. The end of the 60s was marked by the equipping of the industry with the latest technical inventions and the improvement of technologies. Over the period from 1961 to 1972, more than 3.3 billion rubles were produced. tons of oil. Such a rapid increase in the change in the ratio between potential reserves (the size of promising oil and gas areas exceeds 11 million km and explored, which especially decreased in old regions. At the same time, the growth was provided by new developed fields in Western Siberia (Sredne-Obskiy region and Shati regions), Belarus , Western Kazakhstan, the Orenburg region and Udmurtia, on the continental shelf of the Caspian Sea As early as 1970, the Volga-Uralsk region produced about 61% of oil, but already in 1974, new promising fields were discovered in the early 70s in Komi and the Arkhangelsk region (Timan-Pechora oil and gas province), the Eastern regions have become the main ones for oil production. These are Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Central Asia and the Far East (Sakhalin). The unique West Siberian oil and gas basin began to emerge.
The reasons for the decline of the oil industry.
During the development, the technical methods of extraction have been improved. However, this process was significantly slowed down due to the extensive path followed by the Soviet oil industry, when the increase in production volumes was achieved mainly not by automation of production and the introduction of modern effective methods, but by the development of new fields. This development has led to the aging of technology, which has become one of the reasons for this decline. Since the end of the 1980s, we have seen a decline (between 1988 and 1991 the volume of production decreased by more than 20%), the main reasons for which are as follows:
Large and highly productive fields of the exploited fund, which form the basis of the resource base, are largely depleted;
The newly growing stocks have also sharply deteriorated in terms of their condition. Not a single large highly productive deposit has been discovered recently;
Funding for geological exploration has been cut. For example, in Western Siberia, where the degree of development of predicted resources is about 35 percent, financing of geological works since 1989 has decreased by 30 percent. The volume of exploration drilling decreased by the same amount;
There is an acute shortage of high-performance machinery and equipment for mining and drilling. The main part of technical means is more than 50 percent worn out, only 14 percent of machinery and equipment meets world standards, 70 percent of the drilling rig fleet is obsolete and requires replacement. With the collapse of the USSR, the situation with the supply of oilfield equipment from the CIS countries worsened.
Low domestic oil prices do not provide self-financing for oil companies (this situation continues today after a series of increases in oil prices). As a result, there was a serious deterioration in the material, technical and financial support of the industry;
Lack of efficient and environmentally friendly equipment creates a problem of environmental pollution in the industry (the accident in Komi). To solve this problem, significant material and financial resources are diverted, which are not directly involved in increasing oil production;
The uniform owner of oil and gas fields has not been defined, with whom domestic and foreign organizations, as well as individuals, should deal;
Indebtedness of the republics for the supplied oil and the growing crisis of non-payments
So the decline in the oil industry is due to a complex of interrelated causes. The way out of the present situation is complicated by the global nature of the problems, so if the economic crisis in the country continues and the process of political fragmentation in the former Soviet Union intensifies, then oil production is likely to continue to decline.
Features of the location of the oil refining industry. Main areas of accommodation.
The location of oil refining enterprises depends on the size of the consumption of oil products in different regions, the technology of oil refining and transportation, and the territorial relationship between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.
Oil extracted from the bowels of the earth contains a large amount of sand, salt and water. Oil needs to be refined, so it first goes to refineries, which are usually built in areas where it is produced. Then the refined oil goes to refineries that are being built in the regions where oil products are consumed.
The oil refining industry produces petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils) that are directly used by consumers. Technological progress in the transportation of oil has led to the separation of the oil refining industry from the oil production. Oil refining is more often concentrated in areas of mass consumption of oil products.
Meanwhile, the approach of the oil refining industry to the places of consumption of oil products has a number of advantages associated with its transportation and storage:
· Transportation of oil is always more economical than transportation of its numerous derivatives;
· For the transportation of oil, pipelines can be widely used which, in addition to crude oil, carry out pumping of light products;
· Storage of crude oil is cheaper than oil products; the consumer gets the opportunity to simultaneously use crude oil from different regions.
The location of oil refining is becoming widespread. At the same time, the economic factor becomes limiting.
Refining in different regions of the country depends not only on the quality of the original crude oil, but also on which fuels are most efficient under local conditions.
Oil refineries are located on the routes of oil pipelines (Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Polotsk, Orsk, Omsk, Angarsk), on waterways (Volgograd, Saratov, Syzran, Samara, Yaroslavl, Khabarovsk) and in seaports (Tuapse), where pipelines are now laid. Therefore, the specific weight of regions of oil production in its processing is sharply reduced. A significant part of the oil refineries (Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay, Grozny) is concentrated in them, and they are intensively reconstructed and often expanded. New factories are no longer being built in oil production areas. They are being built on the routes of oil pipelines going east (Achinsk).
This trend of territorial rupture of the oil-extracting and oil-refining industries has intensified even more in connection with the transformation of Western Siberia into the country's main oil production base. Currently, there is only one oil processing center in Omsk, which receives a small part of the liquid fuel produced in the region.
Distribution of oil refining by economic regions of Russia in%
| Economic regions |
Oil refining t. |
| Northwest |
|
| Volgo-Vyatsky |
|
| Central Black Earth Region |
|
| Volga region |
|
| North Caucasus |
|
| Western Siberia |
|
| Eastern Siberia |
|
| Far East |
|
| Kaliningrad region |
|
|
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opek), an organization created in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela to coordinate their relations with foreign oil companies. Later, OPEC was joined by Algeria, Ecuador (left OPEC in 1992), Gabon (left in 1996), Indonesia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. Major oil exporters such as Brunei, Britain, Mexico, Norway, Oman and the former Soviet Union have never been OPEC members. OPEC is headquartered in Vienna. In 1994, the share of OPEC countries in world oil production was 41%. OPEC was established after "Seven Sisters" - a cartel that united the companies British Petroleum, Chevron, Exxon, Gulf, Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell and Texaco and controlled the refining of crude oil and the sale of petroleum products all over the world - in a one-way the order reduced the purchase prices for oil, on the basis of which they paid taxes and interest for the right to develop natural resources of oil-producing countries. In the 1960s, there was an oversupply of oil on the world markets, and the purpose of the creation of OPEC was to prevent further price falls. However, in the 1970s, the sharp rise in world demand for oil allowed producing countries to significantly increase their revenues from its sale, especially due to the increase in world oil prices fourfold in 1973-1974 and twice more in 1979. OPEC looked strong in the 1970s, when oil demand remained strong and skyrocketing prices brought colossal profits to giant oil companies and dramatically increased the value of their oil reserves. However, OPEC's weakness was fully manifested in the early 1980s, when, as a result of the full-scale development of new oil fields outside the OPEC countries, the widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies and economic stagnation, the demand for imported oil in industrialized countries fell sharply, and prices fell by almost half. ... OPEC's main flaw lies in the fact that it unites countries whose interests are often opposite. Saudi Arabia and other countries of the Arabian Peninsula are sparsely populated, but they have huge oil reserves, large investments from abroad and maintain very close relations with the Seven Sisters. Other OPEC countries, such as Nigeria, have high populations and poverty, costly economic development programs, and are heavily indebted. These countries are forced to extract and sell as much oil as possible, especially after crude oil prices have declined. In addition, in the 1980s, Iraq and Iran increased their oil production to the maximum level to pay for military expenses. In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and instigated the Gulf War (1990-1991). In the aftermath of Iraq's defeat, international trade sanctions were imposed on it, which sharply limited Iraq's ability to export oil and led to even greater volatility in the prices of raw materials exported from OPEC countries. Despite persistent overproduction of oil in most OPEC countries and increased competition from other oil producing countries, oil prices throughout the 1990s remained relatively stable compared to the fluctuations they experienced in the 1980s. Moreover, the oil market revived in the spring of 1999; oil prices went up for the first time in a long time ... The main reason for the change in trend were OPEC initiatives to reduce oil production, supported by a number of other oil-producing countries. At the same time, the OPEC states are unlikely to be able to comply with the established oil production quotas for a long time and develop a clear common policy. Russia-Opek: the problem of the price warIn the fall of 2001, Russia unexpectedly found itself in the forefront of world oil life. For several months, the world community has closely watched how our country reacted to the OPEC initiatives to strengthen oil prices, which began their steady decline in the fall of 2000 (a fatal coincidence - the price of Urals oil reached its peak at $ 35.5 per barrel). 11 September 2001). Short-term interests of Russia the market determines the forecasting horizon within the current budget cycle and reflects the logic of the “temporary in power”, which is not to meet OPEC, whose position is to keep or increase prices by temporarily reducing its presence in the market. At the same time, Russia can keep exports at the achieved level or even expand them, occupying the market niche that is being freed up by OPEC in order to increase income in the short term (assuming that the effect of expanding supplies will compensate for the effect of lower prices). True, as a result, a "price war" and a collapse in prices are provoked. But the effect of their decline will manifest itself with a lag, perhaps already in the next, and not in the current budget cycle. Moreover, such a logic of behavior does not correspond to the realities of today's structure of the world oil market. Fundamental prerequisites for market behavior In the last months of 2001, the government pursued its policy as if it were dealing with a market from the 1970s. However, today the patterns of functioning of the oil market are fundamentally different. Fourth the transition from a monopoly market to a competitive one is as objective as the transition to exchange pricing. The driving mechanism of exchange pricing is the expectations of the subjects of market relations, that is, the futures market (the market of expectations). At the same time, prices are becoming dominant not for "physical" oil, but for "paper" oil (the transition from oil trading to trading in oil contracts). The leverage of these expectations is constantly increasing as the market develops and has grown almost 30 times over the past 10-odd years - from 3 months to 7 years when trading individual items on the New York Mercantile Exchange (see Figure 3). This means that stock market expectations not only acquire a global character, but also the fact that the constructive (or destructive) effect of the behavior of one or another player on the market can have an impact (through the formation of certain expectations that materialize in the corresponding futures quotes and open urgent positions) for an increasingly long term. Today the world works system of three international exchanges - in New York, Singapore and London - operating in real time 24 hours a day and transforming local signals into a global price change, that is, into a change in the world price. Reaction of the Russian Federation to OPEC proposals
Until the beginning of November 2001, OPEC undertook unilateral cuts in oil supplies to the world market trying to keep prices at a higher level. By this time, during 2001, it had already reduced its supplies by 3.5 million barrels per day (mbp) at the maximum level of world oil demand in 2000 of about 76 mbp. However, a further decrease in exports to the shrinking (as a result of the economic downturn / recession in the main importing countries) market from January 1, 2002 by another 1.5 mbp, OPEC caused a decrease in exports in countries that are not members of this organization (first of all, Mexico, Norway, Russia) at 0.5 mbps. Moreover, Russia was expected to decrease by about 0.2 mbps. Russian supply on the world marketUntil LUKOIL brought Timan-Pechora oil through Varandey or Caspian oil through Ceyhan to the American market, and Yukos built a pipeline to China from Eastern Siberia, the world market for Russia is shrinking to the limits of Western Europe. In this market, we have the opportunity to combine the interests of the main players: both manufacturers and exporters, OPEC and our own - in order to develop a position that reflects the overall balance of interests of all the main conjuncture-forming entities operating in this market. The EU - since it is the state that receives the main benefits from high prices and loses from low ones (in Europe, the share of taxes in the price of gasoline accounts for 63% in Greece to 82% in the United Kingdom against 28% in the United States); OPEC - because it is the state (national) oil companies that produce and export oil in these countries; Russia - since it is the state that has a regulatory role in exports (setting export duties, regulating access to the pipe). In this "triple dialogue" Russia could claim to be at least a full partner, if not a moderator. The effect of coherent policies can be more powerful and produce faster results. After all, the exchange primarily reacts to the expectations of market entities and at the same time shapes them. Therefore, the policy of not confrontation, but of constructive cooperation will undoubtedly have a stabilizing effect on stock quotes. Currently, humanity is going through the hydrocarbon era. The oil industry is central to the global economy. In our country, this dependence is especially high. Unfortunately, the Russian oil industry is now in a deep crisis. Many of her problems were listed. What are the prospects for the development of the industry? If the predatory exploitation of the fields continues, coupled with heavy transportation losses and unsustainable refining, the future of the oil industry looks very bleak. Already today, the decline in production rates is on average 12-15% per year, which is fraught with a complete collapse of the strategically important industry for the country. Further extensive development of the oil industry is no longer possible. For example, large volumes of oil in Eastern Siberia are difficult to access due to the complex geological structure and require huge investments in production. Therefore, they will grow weakly. The effect of geological exploration is higher in Western Siberia, but in this region highly productive fields are already significantly depleted. For these and others reasons Russia needs to reform the oil industry. To do this, first of all you need: 1) Revise the taxation system, significantly lowering taxes on oil producers, but impose high penalties for the irrational use of natural resources and environmental damage. 2) It is less strict to regulate prices within the country, keeping them somewhat below the world level. Export of oil abroad should be carried out only at world prices. 3) Partially restore the centralized management of the industry, arising from the very structure of the oil industry and having many positive aspects (rational system of oil pipelines). This, however, does not mean a complete return to the old management model. 4) The preservation of a single economic space is a condition for the survival of the fuel and energy complex. 5) Find a clear and well-thought-out oil industry investment program. 6) To organize a single Russian Bank of Oil and Gas, a state-owned foreign trade firm, including representatives of enterprises that extract, process and transport oil and gas. This will allow to suspend chaotic barter transactions that undermine the interests of the state. 7) To create the necessary system of normative acts that provides a solid legislative basis for working with foreign companies to jointly develop the most difficult fields. 8) Stabilize the volume of geological exploration in order to replenish oil and gas reserves. The implementation of the proposed measures in combination with others would mean the suspension of inflation and the strengthening of the ruble (for example, the cost of agricultural products is 40% determined by the price of fuel and lubricants). There would be an interest in purchasing oil refining equipment. The stimulus for development would receive not only the oil industry, but also machine-building enterprises, petrochemical, chemical, metallurgical and other industries. Thus, the situation in the oil industry is quite difficult, but there is a way out - reforming the industry. After which, of course, it will not become a "locomotive" that will pull the entire economy, but it will be able to make a very significant contribution to the revival of Russia. ; In pursuit of oil, man mercilessly oppresses nature: he cuts down forests, seizes pastures and arable lands, and pollutes the environment. “Before, nature threatened man,” writes J.-I. Cousteau, “but now man threatens nature." These words of the famous French natural scientist determine the current balance of forces in the organic world. By his unreasonable activity, man can put nature on the brink of biological catastrophe, which will respond, first of all, to himself. The words of the French poet FR de Chateaubriand are justified: "Forests precede man, deserts follow him." Already now, in the words of J. Marsh, “The earth is close to becoming unsuitable for its best inhabitants.” By “best inhabitants,” the American scientist meant people. Quite often, environmental pollution is carried out involuntarily, without a definite intent. Great harm to nature is caused, for example, from the loss of oil products during their transportation. Until recently, it was considered acceptable that up to 5% of the produced oil is naturally lost during its storage and transportation. This means that on average, up to 150 million tons of oil gets into the environment a year, not counting various accidents with tankers or oil pipelines. All this could not but have a negative effect on nature. Man's craving for nature is growing. Every year in our country about 30 million people rest in the bosom of nature, and by 2000, according to scientists, 100 million people will strive to spend their holidays in the picturesque expanses of our Motherland. However, our love for nature should not be of a consumer nature. The word "love" should be identified with the word "protect". Our home - planet Earth - is just a small blue ship flying in a harsh and unfriendly space. Yu.A. Gagarin wrote in his diary: “Having flown around the Earth in a satellite ship, I saw how beautiful our planet is - People, we will preserve and increase this beauty, not destroy it!” The fate of living and inanimate nature depends on each of us. The problem of environmental protection should become a state problem in every country Rational use of resources of the biosphere, mineral resources of the Earth, respect for nature is the only possible way to save the living environment and humanity itself. 1. Kozlov I.V. Reader on the economic geography of the USSR: A guide for teachers / Comp. I. V. Kozlov. - Moscow: Education, 1979 .-- 208 p., Ill. 2. Suslov N.I. Macroeconomic problems of the fuel and energy complex // ECO. 1994. No. 3. |
Fuel resources provide energy not only to the entire industry of any country in the world, but also to practically all spheres of human life. The most important part of Russia is the oil and gas sector.
The oil and gas industry is a generalized name for a complex of industrial enterprises for the extraction, transportation, processing and distribution of the final products of oil and gas processing. This is one of the most powerful industries in the Russian Federation, largely shaping the budget and balance of payments of the country, providing foreign exchange earnings and maintaining the national currency.
History of development
The beginning of the formation of the oil field into the industrial sector is considered to be 1859, when mechanical drilling was first used in the United States. Now almost all oil is produced through wells with only a difference in production efficiency. In Russia, the extraction of oil from drilled wells began in 1864 in the Kuban. The production debit at that time was 190 tons per day. In order to increase profits, much attention was paid to mechanization of extraction, and already at the beginning of the 20th century, Russia took a leading position in oil production.
The first major areas for oil extraction in Soviet Russia were the North Caucasus (Maikop, Grozny) and Baku (Azerbaijan). These aging, depleting deposits did not meet the needs of the growing industry, and significant efforts were made to discover new deposits. As a result, several fields were put into operation in Central Asia, Bashkiria, Perm and Kuibyshev regions, the so-called Volga-Ural base was created.
The volume of oil produced reached 31 million tons. In the 60s, the amount of mined black gold increased to 148 million tons, of which 71% was in the Volga-Ural region. In the 70s, deposits of the West Siberian basin were discovered and put into operation. With oil exploration, a large number of gas deposits have been discovered.
The importance of the oil and gas industry for the Russian economy
The oil and gas industry has a significant impact on the Russian economy. Currently, it is the basis for budgeting and ensuring the functioning of many other sectors of the economy. The value of the national currency largely depends on world oil prices. The carbon energy resources produced in the Russian Federation make it possible to fully satisfy the domestic demand for fuel, ensure the country's energy security, and also make a significant contribution to the world energy resource economy.
The Russian Federation has a huge hydrocarbon potential. The oil and gas industry of Russia is one of the leading in the world, fully satisfies the domestic current and future needs for oil and products of their processing. A significant amount of hydrocarbon resources and their products are exported, providing replenishment of the foreign exchange reserve. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of liquid hydrocarbon reserves with a share of about 10%. Oil reserves have been explored and developed in the depths of 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Oil and gas industry: structure
There are several structural basic processes that make up the oil and gas industry: oil and gas production, transportation and processing industries.
- Extraction of hydrocarbons is a complex process that includes exploration of fields, drilling of wells, direct production and primary treatment of water, sulfur and other impurities. The production and pumping of oil and gas to the commercial metering unit is carried out by enterprises or structural divisions, whose infrastructure includes booster and cluster pumping stations, water discharge units and oil pipelines.
- Transportation of oil and gas from production sites to metering stations, to refineries and to the end consumer is carried out using pipeline, water, road and rail transport. and trunk lines) are the most economical way of transporting hydrocarbons, despite the very expensive construction and maintenance. Oil and gas are transported by pipeline transport over long distances, including different continents. Transportation by waterways using tankers and barges with a displacement of up to 320 thousand tons is carried out in intercity and international communications. Rail and trucks can also be used to transport crude oil over long distances, but are most cost effective on relatively short routes.
- The processing of raw hydrocarbon energy carriers is carried out in order to obtain various types of petroleum products. First of all, these are different types of fuel and raw materials for subsequent chemical processing. The process is carried out at the refineries of the refinery. The final products of processing, depending on the chemical composition, are subdivided into different brands. The final stage of production is mixing the various components obtained in order to obtain the required composition corresponding to a certain
Deposits of the RF
The oil and gas industry in Russia includes 2,352 developed oil fields. The largest oil and gas region in Russia is Western Siberia, it accounts for 60% of all extracted black gold. A significant part of oil and gas is produced in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Production volume in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Volga-Ural base - 22%.
- Eastern Siberia - 12%.
- Northern fields - 5%.
- Caucasus - 1%.
The share of Western Siberia in natural gas production reaches almost 90%. The largest deposits (about 10 trillion cubic meters) are in the Urengoyskoye field in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Gas production in other regions of the Russian Federation:
- Far East - 4.3%.
- Volgo-Ural deposits - 3.5%.
- Yakutia and Eastern Siberia - 2.8%.
- Caucasus - 2.1%.
and gas
The challenge of refining is to turn crude oil and gas into marketable products. Refined petroleum products include heating oil, vehicle gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel. The refining process includes distillation, vacuum distillation, catalytic reforming, cracking, alkylation, isomerization, and hydrotreating.
Natural gas processing includes compression, amine purification, glycol dehydration. The fractionation process involves the separation of the liquefied natural gas stream into its constituent parts: ethane, propane, butane, isobutane and gasoline.
The largest companies in Russia
Initially, all the largest oil and gas fields were developed exclusively by the state. Today these objects are available for use by private companies. In total, the oil and gas industry in Russia has more than 15 large production enterprises, including the well-known Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, Surgutneftegaz.
The oil and gas industry in the world allows solving important economic, political and social problems. With a favorable situation on the world energy markets, many oil and gas suppliers are making significant investments in the national economy using their export earnings and are demonstrating exceptional growth dynamics. The most vivid examples can be considered the countries of South-West Asia, as well as Norway, which, with low industrial development, thanks to its hydrocarbon reserves, has become one of the most prosperous countries in Europe.
Development prospects
The oil and gas industry of the Russian Federation largely depends on the market behavior of the main competitors in production: Saudi Arabia and the United States. By itself, the total amount of hydrocarbons produced does not determine world prices. The dominant indicator is the percentage of production in a given oil power. The cost of production in different leading countries in production varies significantly: the lowest in the Middle East, the highest in the United States. With an imbalance in the volume of oil production, prices can change both in one direction and in the other direction.
WORK PLAN
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… .2
Definition of the industry, its structure and importance in the fuel and energy complex of Russia …………………………………… ..3-6
Development and placement of the oil industry ... ..7-10
Development and placement of the oil refining industry
Development and placement of the oil industry. Historical overview …………………………………………………… ..7-20
nosti …………………………………………………………… .10-14.
Transportation of oil and oil products …………… 14-20
The current economic state of the oil industry
news …………………………………………………………… ..21-28
The economic regions of the country where the oil
industry. Problems and Prospects ………………… ... 29-32
Conclusion …………………………………………………………… .33
References …………………………………………………… 34
Appendices ……………………………………………………… .35-39
INTRODUCTION
The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. Russia possesses vast oil resources. The main oil regions are Western Siberia and the Volga economic regions. What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country? These are raw materials for the petrochemical production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, various types of plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics; it is a source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw materials for obtaining a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate its growth.
Oil is our national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.
This work consists of 4 chapters, which address the main issues of this topic.
The first chapter defines the industry and its significance in the Russian fuel and energy complex.
The next chapter describes the development and location of the main branches of the oil industry (oil production, refining, transportation).
The third chapter examines the current state of the oil complex: problems, situations with oil companies, etc.
The last chapter describes the economic regions with the most developed oil industry.
In addition, this work presents tabular data on different areas of industry development (there are 8 tables in total in the coursework).
CHAPTER 1 INDUSTRY DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE AND LOCATION
FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX OF RUSSIA
The oil industry is an industry that includes prospecting for oil and gas fields, drilling wells, extracting oil and petroleum (associated) gas, processing it and transporting oil 1.
Oil is the most important energy fuel in modern industry.
The development of the oil and oil refining industries is determined by the expediency of using oil mainly for the production of motor fuels and chemical raw materials.
In Russia, the first wells were drilled in the Kuban in 1864 and in 1866, one of them produced an oil gusher of more than 190 tons per day. At that time, oil production was carried out mainly by monopolies dependent on foreign capital. The mechanization of mining was weak, therefore, in order to obtain maximum profit, the most economically promising lands were developed. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia ranked first in oil production. A strong decline occurred during the civil war. But after the nationalization of the oil industry, emergency measures were taken to rebuild the destroyed enterprises due to the strategic importance of the industry. By 1928, oil production was brought to 11.6 million tons.
In the first years of Soviet power, the North Caucasus (Grozny, Maikop) was the main oil production region. Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus in 1940 provided about 87% of the oil in the Soviet Union. However, soon the depleting reserves of the oldest regions ceased to satisfy the demands of the developing industry. There is a need to search for oil in other territories of the country. Fields were discovered and put into operation in the Perm and Samara regions, Bashkiria, which led to the creation of the largest Volga-Ural base. The war of 1941-1945 caused severe damage to the regions of the North Caucasus, which significantly reduced the volume of oil produced. However, in the post-war period, with the parallel restoration of the oil-producing complexes of Grozny and Maikop, the largest bases were put into development. And in the 60s, it already produced 71% of the country's oil. Technical innovations were also applied (maintaining the planned pressure), which made it possible to significantly increase production. In the 50s, 38 million tons were mined, in the 60s the figure increased by an order of magnitude - 148 million tons. The end of the 60s was marked by the equipping of the industry with the latest technical inventions and technological improvements. In 1972, labor productivity in the industry doubled. Since 1988, the increase in production actually amounted to more than 100 million tons every 5 years, which allowed the country to take the 7th place in the world. 2
Over the period from 1961-1972, over 3.3 billion tons of oil were produced.
At the same time, the growth was provided by new developed fields in Western Siberia, the Orenburg region. Back in 1970, the Volga-Ural region produced 61% of oil, but already in 1974 the West Siberian oil and gas basin began to take the lead, overtaking Tataria in terms of oil production, which was a major supplier in the 60s.
Industrial mining in the region developed at a rapid pace. In the 70s - 31 million tons, and in the 80s - 312 million tons (over half of the oil production in the country), which made Western Siberia the leading oil-producing region of the country. The eastern regions have become the main ones for oil production - these are Western Siberia and the Far East (Sakhalin). New promising fields were discovered in the early 70s in Komi and the Arkhangelsk region. During the development, the technical methods of extraction have been improved. However, this process was significantly slowed down due to the extensive path followed by the Soviet oil industry, when the increase in production volumes was achieved mainly not by automation of production and the introduction of modern effective methods, the development of new fields. This development has led to the aging of technology, which has become one of the reasons for this decline.
With the “aging” of a number of oil regions, the creation of new oil bases acquired a huge role. Among them, the West Siberian Lowland stood out sharply, where the main base of the country arose. The production of West Siberian oil grew at a rapid pace. In the future, the share of this oil base will remain at the achieved level. The new bases also formed the Timano-Pecherskaya (the largest Usinskoye field). There have been changes in the structure of oil production by the way of exploitation of fields. In 1965, almost 2/3 of all oil was produced using the cheapest flow method. Now its share has significantly decreased, on the contrary, the importance of the pumping method has sharply increased. Before the collapse of the USSR, Russia remained the largest oil producer in the world - about 600 million tons per year. The sharp drop in oil production is due to factors of a long-term nature, first of all, a decrease in investments with a noticeable increase in production costs. As a result, geological exploration work, production drilling, etc. have been reduced by several times.
To replace retired, highly productive large deposits, less efficient small deposits are involved in development. Over the past 15 years, the average production rate of new oil wells has decreased several times.
“The oil industry is part of the fuel and energy complex. Russia is the only one among the large industrialized countries of the world, which is not only fully provided with fuel and energy resources, but also exports fuel and electricity to a large extent. Its share in the world balance of fuel and energy resources is large, for example, in explored oil reserves - about 10%, natural gas - more than 40%, coal - over 50%. " 3 Russia ranks third in oil production (after the United States and Saudi Arabia). The fuel and energy complex is the most important link in the chain of transformations caused by Russia's transition to a market economy. The fuel and energy complex acts as a “currency shop” of the country. Its export potential is very significant. Recently, Russia annually supplied to the world market 300-320 million tons of various energy resources, primarily oil and natural gas.
In connection with the intensification of the transition and the market economy, in 1993 the concept of energy policy was adopted, which takes into account the new situation and the whole range of emerging problems, including those related to the restructuring of industry and the country's environmental security. The energy strategy of Russia, adopted in 1994, becomes a logical continuation and development of the main provisions of this concept. One of the main goals of the energy strategy can be called the formation of conditions for the most efficient use of resources and the production potential of the fuel and energy complex. The formation of new centers for oil production, in particular in Eastern Siberia, was also named among the priority federal programs.
Russia's energy strategy envisages an optimal combination of extraction and production of all energy carriers with a primary focus on the gas industry. Oil and condensate production after a steady decline in volumes at the end of the calculation period will approach the 1992 level 4 (Table 1 of the Appendix, page 35).
CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT AND LOCATION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY. ITS STRUCTURE.
The structure of the oil complex includes: oil production, oil refining industry and transportation of oil and oil products.
2.1. DEVELOPMENT AND LOCATION OF THE OIL PRODUCTION INDUSTRY.
The oil industry has a colossal natural resource potential. Russia is exceptionally rich in oil. About ¾ of Russian oil reserves are located in Western Siberia, in the Tyumen region. Quite large reserves were also discovered in the north of the European part of Russia. The reserves of the Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechersk oil and gas provinces are large (see table 2 of Appendix 1c.35) 5
Oil was found in other regions of Russia: in the North Caucasus, in the Caspian lowland, on Sakhalin Island, in the shelf zones of the seas (Fig. 1 Appendix p. 40) 6.
The continental shelf of Russia is a large reserve for the development of the oil industry. Its area is 6 million square kilometers. According to forecasts, approximately 70% of the shelf area is promising for oil and gas exploration. The resources of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province have been studied and developed most of all. There are large deposits here: Romashkinskoye - in Tataria, Shkapovskoye and Tuimazinskoye - in Bashkiria, Mukhanovskoye - in the Samara region, Yarinskoye - in the Perm region, etc.
In 1999, oil production in Russia amounted to about 300 million tons, in 2003 it reached almost 400 million tons. Most of Russian oil is produced in the Urals Federal District and primarily in the Tyumen Region - 2/3 of the total production. In the Volga Federal District, almost ¼ is mined, mainly in Tatarstan, as well as in Bashkortostan, Orenburg, Perm and Samara. 4% of oil is produced in the Northwestern Federal District, the Komi Republic is the regional oil center 7.
More than half of all Russia's proven oil resources are concentrated in Western Siberia: the Shiam, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk oil regions are outlined, where such large fields as Somotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Yuganskoye, Kholmogorskoye, Varyegonskoye, etc. are located.
The discovery of numerous new sources of liquid fuel, the redistribution of reserves between old and new regions led to significant shifts in the territorial organization of the oil industry. Before the war, the main oil base of Russia was the fields of the North Caucasus. Then these functions were gradually transferred to the Volga-Uralskiy region. Now Western Siberia has come to the fore.
Most of the old oil regions have entered late stages of development, when oil production has stabilized or even decreased. "Aging" is also observed in the Volgo-Vyatka region. Its technical and economic indicators have become lower compared to the previous time, and oil production (for example, in Bashkiria) even decreased.
Oil production is concentrated in three major oil and gas provinces: West Siberian, Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechersk. Together they provide over 9/10 of all Russian oil.
In a relatively short period of time (starting in 1960, when the industrial development of oil resources in Western Siberia was launched), there has been a decisive shift in oil production towards the eastern regions. Now they provide 70% of all oil, with 69.5% coming from Western Siberia (the rest to the Far East). In the European part of the country, the main oil production regions are the Urals (about 14%) and the Volga region (over 10%). The share of the North is still relatively small (3%) 8.
Since 1992, due to a decrease in the volume of geological exploration, the increase in reserves did not compensate for oil production. The average annual increase in reserves in 1992-2000 amounted to 245 against 1105 million tons in 1985-1991 (decrease by 4.5 times) 9. As a result, the explored oil reserves by 2001 decreased in the country as a whole by 13%, and in the main oil-producing region - Western Siberia - by 17.5%. Their main increase is expected primarily in Western Siberia, as well as in the less studied areas of Eastern Siberia, the Far East, the continental shelf of the Barintsev, Okhotsk and Caspian seas. In these regions, there are geological prospects for the discovery of large deposits, which can become the basis for the creation of new production centers. Ensuring stable production can be achieved by increasing the oil recovery factor at the fields in operation. In the European part of the country, a reduction in the reproduction of oil reserves is predicted due to a decrease in the resource potential in the Ural-Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in the southern part of the Timan-Pechersk province (Komi Republic). Already today, the preparation of reserves in these territories is associated with small deposits. The share of oil and gas condensate in the production of primary energy resources in the 90s of the 20th century decreased from almost 40% to less than 34% in 2002. Lack of necessary investments, as in the fuel and energy complex as a whole, did not allow compensating for the natural retirement of production capacities in the oil industry in the 90s, which led to a 2-fold reduction in production drilling and a decrease in oil production by more than 200 million tons per year.
In addition, the reasons for the decline in oil production were: the lack of high-performance oil production equipment, the inability of enterprises to finance facilities in drilling and oilfield construction, limited own investments, outdated production technologies and wear and tear of existing equipment.
Despite all these problems, it is expected that the production of liquid hydrocarbons will increase (Table 3 of Appendix page 36) 10.
As of 2002, oil reserves in Russia amounted to 60 billion barrels. 7.41 million barrels were mined every day. oil, of which 2.42 million barrels were consumed every day 11.
After 2000, the development of the continental shelf is envisaged, the share of which within Russia in terms of reserves is more than 50% of the resources of the shelf of the World Ocean. Recoverable oil reserves are concentrated mainly in the Far East region on the sea shelf around Sakhalin (15%), on the shelf of the Caspian Sea (up to 15%). To develop offshore oil production, it is necessary to create a new branch of shipbuilding based on the use of fundamentally new technological advances. Oil production began in the Arctic, on the shelf off Kolguev Island (Peschanoozerskoye field). The "advance" of oil and natural gas resources in the northern direction is characteristic. Some of the oil fields prepared for development are located in high latitudes, including on the Yamal Peninsula. Among them, the largest one is the Russkoye oil and gas field with recoverable reserves of 410 million tons.
DEVELOPMENT AND ACCOMMODATION
OIL REFINING INDUSTRY
About 54% of the oil and gas condensate produced goes for processing within the country (tab. No. 4 appendix 2 page 36) 12. The location of oil refining enterprises depends on the size of the consumption of oil products in different regions, the technology of oil refining and transportation, territorial relationships between resources and places of consumption of liquid fuel.
Currently, there are 28 oil refineries with a total capacity of 300 million tons per year and 6 specialized oil and oil refineries. Historically, oil refining in Russia has acquired a mazut direction, as it was believed that mazut would become the main fuel for the power industry. As a result, the share of heating oil amounted to almost 2/5 of all oil products. Meanwhile, in the USA this level is 5 times lower. Domestic industry extracts only 3/5 of light ends from crude oil, while US refining - 9/10.
Oil, as a feedstock for chemistry and petrochemistry, is processed at refineries (refineries) and petrochemical plants (NHK), or at petrochemical plants (NOS), where a large number of various types of petroleum products are produced in the form of light motor fuel - gasoline and kerosene, and hydrocarbons for organic synthesis and polymer chemistry.
Oil extracted from the bowels of the earth contains a large amount of sand, salt and water. Oil needs to be refined, so it first goes to refineries, which are usually built in areas where it is produced. Then the refined oil goes to refineries, which are built in areas where oil products are consumed. The main factors affecting the location of the oil refining industry are: raw oil (oil production area) and consumer (food consumption areas). Under the influence of the raw material factor, oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in oil production areas: 13
Povolzhsky - Samara, Volgograd, Saratov, Syzran
Uralsk - Ishimbay, Salavat, Ufa, Orsk, Perm, Krasnokamsk
North Caucasian - Grozny, Neftegorsk
West Siberian - Ukhta.
The consumer factor determines the location of refineries on the route of transportation of crude oil, in regions and centers receiving oil products through main oil pipelines, the length of which within the borders of the former USSR is currently about 100 thousand km.
Oil refineries operate in the following areas:
Central - Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl
Northwest - Kirishi
East Siberian - Achinsk, Angarsk (along the route of oil along the Omsk-Achinsk-Angarsk pipeline)
Far East - Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk
In the regions of the western zone of Russia, more than 75% of oil is processed, in the eastern zone - about 25%.
In turn, oil refineries differ in capacity, technological schemes and other characteristics. Technologically, they are represented by enterprises operating according to "fuel", "oil" or complex (motor fuel, lubricating oils, organic synthesis products) schemes. The largest refineries (Omsk, Yaroslavl, Ryazan) have a processing capacity of 18 million tons of oil per year.
It is believed that for the stable supply of the country with motor fuel in the future, oil refining volumes at the level of at least 190-220 million tons per year are required with an increase in the depth of oil refining to 73-75% by 2000 and to 82-84% by 2010 14.
In the process of development, the oil refining industry approached the regions of consumption of oil products. Its enterprises arose on the route of crude oil along the Volga (Volgograd, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl), along highways and at the ends of oil pipelines (Tuapse, Orsk, Ryazan, Moscow, Kirishi, Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) , as well as in points with an advantageous transport and geographical position (Khabarovsk).
The oil refining industry produces petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, lubricating oils) that are directly used by consumers.
The technical process in the transportation of oil has led to the separation of the oil refining industry from the oil production. Oil refining is more often concentrated in areas of mass consumption of oil products.
Meanwhile, the approach of the oil refining industry to places of consumption of oil products has a number of advantages associated with its transportation and storage: transportation of oil is always more economical than transportation of its numerous derivatives; for the transportation of oil, pipelines can be widely used, which, in addition to crude oil, pump light products; storing crude oil is cheaper than storing petroleum products; the consumer gets the opportunity to simultaneously use crude oil from different regions. fifteen
The location of oil refining is becoming widespread. At the same time, the economic factor becomes limiting. Refining in different regions of the country depends not only on the quality of the original crude oil, but also on which fuels are most efficient under local conditions.
The share of oil production areas in its processing is sharply reduced. A significant part of the oil refineries (Ufa, Salavat, Grozny) is still concentrated in them, they are intensively reconstructed and often expanded. No new factories are being built in oil production areas. They are being built on the routes of oil pipelines going to the east. This trend of territorial rupture of the oil-extracting and oil-refining industries has intensified even more in connection with the transformation of Western Siberia into the country's main oil production base. Currently, there is only one center for oil processing in Omsk, which receives a small part of the liquid fuel produced in the region.
The strategy of the territorial organization of oil refining is aimed at self-sufficiency of the regions with motor fuel and, if possible, other oil products. In particular, it is recognized that it is expedient to disperse capacities in the European part by building factories along the main pipelines with a capacity of up to 1 million tons (excluding chemical production) and up to 3 million tons (with chemical production). The capacities of the oil refining industry are not fully utilized due to the level of domestic demand for oil products. The main directions of development of the oil refining industry over the past decades are the strengthening and combination of capacities for primary oil refining, the introduction of equipment for large-scale complexes for the planned deepening of oil refining processes, which will reduce the volume of fuel oil production and significantly increase the production of light motor fuel, petrochemical products for organic synthesis, etc. polymer chemistry. sixteen
TRANSPORTATION OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS.
Currently, the geography of the oil refining industry does not always coincide with the regions of its production. Therefore, the tasks of transporting oil have led to the creation of a large network of oil pipelines. In the past, it was transported from places of production to places of consumption by rail in tanks. On the railway, the main flow of oil is formed in Western Siberia and the Volga region. From Western Siberia, oil is transported by rail to the Far East, the South Urals and the countries of Central Asia. In 2003, Yukos delivered 1.5 million tons of crude oil to China by rail, an agreement was reached to increase supplies to 18 million tons in 2005 and over 25 million tons in 2010 17.
From the Urals, oil is transported by rail to the West, the North Caucasus and Novorossiysk.
Transportation of oil by water is cheaper and more economical than other types of transportation, however, due to the geographical features of our country, they are used little, mainly for the transportation of oil for export, as well as along the inland basins of the country (Lensky, Amursky) and the northern sea route.
In 2002, 55% of Russian oil was exported by sea, 40% through the Druzhba pipeline and approximately 5% by rail (Table 5 of Appendix page 37) 18.
The port of Novorossiysk on the Black Sea is the largest export terminal in Russia. In 2002, 45 million tons of crude oil passed through the port. In the near future, its capacity may be increased. Although Novorossiysk is a non-freezing port, the main problem here is the frequent severe storms. In addition, storms are frequent in the Bosphorus Strait, which delays the transportation of oil from Novorossiysk to Mediterranean ports.
The ports on the Baltic Sea are also important for the export of oil from Russia. The main oil terminal here has traditionally been the Latvian port of Ventspils. But its dominant position is shaken due to the rapid development of the Tallinn port, although oil needs to be transported to it by rail, while a pipeline approaches Ventspils. In addition, in connection with the privatization of the terminal in Vetspils, serious frictions arose between the Latvian government, Transneft and Russian companies - leading exporters, wishing to receive a 43% stake in the port. Primorsk is the largest Baltic terminal located on Russian territory. In 2002, 135 tankers were served in Primorsk and approximately 12 million tons of crude oil were shipped. 19 After the completion of the second stage of the pipeline construction in 2003, its throughput capacity increased to 18 million tons. According to some experts, the capacity of the Primorsky terminal by the end of this decade will increase to 50-70 million tons, according to some forecasts - up to 90 million tons.
We must not forget about the St. Petersburg oil terminal. Approximately 9 million tons of oil products passed through this port in 2002, its capacity will increase if the port also handles crude oil.
The construction of an oil terminal in Batareinaya Bay, located west of St. Petersburg, was completed at the end of 2004. The planned throughput is about 15 million tons per year. Oil is transported to the terminal by rail. In November 2000, LUKoil opened an oil terminal in Kaliningrad. In 2001, the company built another terminal in Kaliningrad with an announced capacity of 2.5 million tons. These terminals are estimated to be capable of handling up to 3-5 million tons of oil annually.
There are 4 oil ports in the north of Russia - Varandey, Arkhangelsk, Vitino and Murmansk. The Varandey terminal with an initial throughput of 1.5 million tons was built by LUKoil and went into operation in August 2000. The company will load its own tankers here and ship them to Murmansk, where crude oil will be loaded onto heavy ships that will be used to export oil to northwestern Europe and the United States. Vitino port is located on the southwestern coast of the Kaliningrad Bay on the White Sea. The port's throughput capacity is 4 million tons of condensate and fuel oil per year, excluding light oil products. Crude oil arrives at Vitino by rail, from where it is sent by small tankers to Murmansk, where it is loaded onto large tankers and then exported to Europe or the United States. In 2002, the volume of transportation increased from 0.1 million tons to 2.8 million tons. 20 Murmansk port will have several advantages. The first is the huge potential throughput of 60-120 million tons. Second, the sea is free of ice all year round, in contrast to the ports located in the east of the Baltic Sea. Third, the protected harbor and the unique depths of the Kola Bay allow loading tankers with a displacement of 300 thousand tons, which is approximately three times the maximum size of a tanker served in Russian ports on the Baltic Sea. The fourth is the most economical transport route.
The advancement of oil production to the eastern regions and to the north of the European part attaches particular importance to the problem of expanding the network and increasing the capacity of pipeline transport.
Pipelines are the most efficient means of transporting oil. Currently, most of the oil is pumped through pipelines and their share of transportation continues to grow. Oil pipelines include pipelines, pumping stations and oil storage facilities. Oil speed is 10-12 km / h, standard diameter is 1220 mm. Annual productivity 80-90 million tons of oil. In terms of efficiency, only sea transportation by tankers can compete with oil pipelines. In addition, they are less hazardous in terms of fire and drastically reduce losses during transportation.
To date, a developed network of oil trunk pipelines has been formed, which ensure the supply of more than 95% of all produced oil with an average pumping distance of 2,300 km. In general, the entire network of oil pipelines is represented by two directions in terms of importance and conditions for managing groups of objects: intraregional, interregional and a system of long-distance transit oil pipelines. The former provide individual connections between fields and factories, the latter integrate oil flows, depersonalizing its specific owner. Connecting a very large number of oil producing enterprises simultaneously with numerous factories and export terminals, oil pipelines of this group form a technologically connected network - a single object of economic and regime management, which is called the system of long-distance transit oil pipelines and which includes such pipelines as Nizhnevartovsk-Kurgan-Samara; Ust - Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk; Surgut - Polotsk; Kholmogory - Wedge; Samara - Tikhoretskaya; Druzhba oil pipeline system and other pipelines, including exits to export terminals. At one time, the creation of a tank farm between the Volga and the Urals greatly improved the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country. Occupying an advantageous transport and geographical position, the Volgo - Uralsk region has caused the emergence of a whole system of oil trunk pipelines running in the following directions: to the east - Tuimazy - Omsk - Angarsk; Ufa - Novosibirsk, Ufa - Kurgan - Petropavlovsk; to the west - the Druzhba oil pipeline from Almetyevsk through Samara - Bryansk and further through Belarus to Europe, as well as with a branch: Samara - Penza - Bryansk; Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow; to the south - Perm - Almetyevsk, Almetyevsk - Saratov.
The formation of the country's main oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. Volgo - Uralskiy region is now "turned" entirely to the west. 21
The most important functions of further development of the network of trunk oil pipelines were transferred to Western Siberia. From here the oil pipelines go:
To the west - Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Almetyevsk; Nizhnevartovsk - Samara; Samara - Lisigansk - Kremenchug - Kherson - Odessa (Ukraine); Surgut - Novopolotsk (Belarus);
To the south - Shaim - Tyumen; Ust-Balyk - Omsk; Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent (Kazakhstan);
To the east - Aleksandrovskoe - Anzhero - Sudzhensk.
From other main directions, which arose under the influence of oil production in different regions, stand out: Grozny - Armavir - Donbass (oil products); Samara - Novorossiysk; Guryev - Orsk; Mangyshlak - Samara; Ukhta - Yaroslavl; Okha-Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
A pipeline will be laid across Russia (the Volga region and the North Caucasus) to transport oil from the Tengiz field to Novorossiysk.
Also, oil is exported abroad using oil pipelines. The main export route for Russian oil to the west is the Druzhba pipeline with a nominal capacity of 60 million tons. The pipeline crosses Belarus, splitting into northern and southern branches. The northern one goes through Belarus and Poland to Germany; the southern one crosses northern Ukraine and passes through Hungary and Slovakia, ending in the Czech Republic.
In addition to the western routes, Russia is striving to develop the pipeline network to the East. Exxon-Mobil, the operator of the Sakhalin-1 project, is in favor of building a 250-kilometer subsea pipeline across the Tatar Strait to the port of De Christi on the Russian mainland, where the capacity of the tanker terminal can be increased, which will increase oil exports to Asian countries.
Today, export abroad is mostly profitable, however, there are problems with payment for the supply of oil to neighboring countries. There are also pipeline systems in the country, for example, the Baltic Pipeline System (BPS), which includes: a 450-kilometer pipeline from Kharyaga (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Arkhangelsk Oblast) to Usa (Komi Republic), the Usa-Ukhta, Ukhta-Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl pipelines - Kirishi, as well as the Kirishi-Primorsk pipeline.
The throughput capacity increased from 12 million to 18 million tons. The latter is expected to grow to 42 million tons in 2005, to 50-70 million tons by the end of this decade. 22
In addition, it is envisaged to create regional systems of oil trunk pipelines with a distribution network to oil depots, but now pipeline transport is going through difficult times due to the general recession in the oil industry.
CHAPTER 3. CURRENT ECONOMIC STATE OF THE OIL INDUSTRY.
Until recently, the Russian oil industry was in a deep crisis, which led to a sharp drop in oil production. The maximum oil production in Russia was in 1988 - 569 million tons, in 1992 production decreased to 396 million tons, and in 1993 to 342 million tons. The government of the Russian Federation associates the exit from the current crisis situation in the oil industry not with additional state investments, but with the consistent development of market relations. The enterprises of the industry must independently earn the funds necessary for their industry, and the government must create the necessary conditions for them. Major measures have been taken in this direction. Targets for the supply of oil for state needs have been reduced to 20% of its production, the remaining 80% of the enterprise have the right to sell independently. By limiting only its export from Russia, so as not to leave the Russian market without oil products in the face of a discrepancy between domestic and world oil prices. 23
Corporatization and privatization are of great importance for improving the efficiency of the Russian oil complex. In the process of corporatization, changes occur in organizational forms. State enterprises for production and transport, its processing and petroleum product supply were transformed into open joint-stock companies with different shares of the state. For the commercial management of state-owned blocks of shares, a special state-owned enterprise, Rosneft, was established, to which blocks of state shares are offered. Rosneft also includes various associations, banks, stock exchanges and other organizations.
To manage joint stock companies for the transport of oil and oil products, joint stock companies Transneft and Transnefteproduct were created, which received 51% of the shares of the JSC. Due to the peculiarities of the operation of oil and oil products transportation enterprises, their privatization is currently prohibited.
The prospects for the development of the Russian oil industry to a decisive extent depend on the state of its resource base. The largest Russian oil companies - TNK, LUKoil, YUKOS, Rosneft and Surgutneftegaz - have oil reserves of almost 13 billion tons (see Table 6 Appendix page 38) 24.
Oil holdings include upstream and downstream companies and sales companies. In territorial terms, they are not consolidated. On the contrary, these include production (oil production and refining) and sales structures located in different regions of the country. For example, LUKoil, Russia's largest oil holding, encompasses a number of companies producing oil in Western Siberia, the Volga region, and the Kaliningrad region, and oil refining in the Volga region and the Urals.
More than 100 companies produce oil in Russia, but the vast majority of production is actually in the hands of 10 vertically integrated companies, their production volume is approximately 350 million tons - 90% of oil production in Russia. The two largest companies, LUKoil and YUKOS, produce about 40% of oil (Table 7 of Appendix 5c.39) 25.
Several foreign oil companies have also started operations in the Russian market. In 2000, the total production volume of foreign companies reached 6-7% of the Russian one. It should be noted that many foreign firms are in fact Russian companies registered abroad in order to benefit from the special privileges granted to joint ventures with foreign partners. Direct foreign investments in the fuel and energy sector of the Russian economy accounted for 10% of their total.
Crude oil and petroleum products account for about 40% of Russia's total exports, and oil is a significant source of budget revenues. Since 2000, the export of oil and oil products has started to grow, and since 1996 it has actually doubled. In 2003, it reached 200 million tons. In 1998-2004, the export of crude oil increased 20.2 times (tab. 8 Appendix 5 p. 39) 26. According to the forecasts of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, the export of crude oil will increase to almost 300 million tons in 2010. Growth in crude oil exports is constrained by transport bottlenecks, so Russian oil corporations look forward to more refined product exports in the future. Unlike crude oil, petroleum products can be delivered to ports by rail with lower transportation costs, which partly removes the transportation problem. But at present, the main issue in the export of Russian oil products is their low quality.
Thus, large investments are needed in oil logistics, that is, in the construction of new pipelines. The state company "Transneft" - a monopoly in the field of pipeline transportation of the country - does not have sufficient financial resources for this. It is advisable to eliminate the state monopoly by allowing private oil companies to build and operate pipelines. Otherwise, the set goal - export of up to 300 million tons of oil in 2010 will not be achieved.
Foreign capital investment is necessary for the domestic oil and gas sector. If ten years ago, 70% of easily recoverable and 30% of hard-to-recover ones were concentrated in the country. 27 Only for the development of fields in Eastern Siberia 50-70 billion dollars of investment will be required, and the same amount for development on the Arctic shelf. At the same time, the capitalization of Russian oil and gas companies is still incommensurably lower than that of foreign corporations. The total capitalization of the five leading Russian companies is more than three times lower than the capitalization of the American oil corporation Exxon Mobil alone.
Attraction of foreign investment in the domestic oil industry fits into the general trend characteristic of the entire Russian industry over the past few years - most of the foreign capital comes in the form of “other” investments, that is, on a returnable basis. The main “other” investors are Cyprus (20%) and Switzerland (24%), which makes it possible to judge the investments as, in fact, Russian, repatriated from the West by the oil companies themselves. In the first years of reforms, the main creditors of the Russian oil and gas industry were the IBRD and the World Bank, the EBRD, the US Eximbank, as well as the US Trade and Development Agency and the International Development Agency. The bulk of investments in the Russian oil industry are concentrated in oil production - profitability in this sector is at least 2 times higher than in oil refining, where it is only 10%. Therefore, the share of oil refineries accounts for less than 10% of investments in the industry. Over the past 3-4 years, more than $ 2 billion has been invested in oil production, and only $ 116 million in oil refining. 28 In 2002, 34% of direct investments in Russian industry went to oil production, while the oil refining sector received a small amount of investments, while the oil refining sector needs serious modernization. With the introduction in 2004 of new international environmental standards, the problem of modernizing oil refineries has become especially acute, otherwise the products of the Russian oil industry will not be allowed into Western Europe. Out of about 30 Russian refineries, only 1/3 can export their products. And if large companies are engaged in modernization, then the state should take care of the attraction of investments in factories that do not have free funds.
Oil pipeline transport is also in need of significant investments. The service life of 73% of all Russian trunk pipelines exceeds 20 years. Including 41% of pipelines have been in operation for more than 30 years with a standard service life of 33 years. The official level of oil loss during transportation - 3-7% - seems to be very underestimated. At the same time, world standards provide for permissible losses during transportation for export no more than 0.1% of the volume of oil produced. This is why major Russian oil companies have already started investing in pipeline upgrades.
At the current rate of growth in oil production (8-9% per year) by 2012, it will presumably amount to 575 million tons per year, the throughput of the pipeline system is 549 million tons per year. 29 But these figures do not take into account the commissioning of new oil fields, they are calculated only on the basis of the development of the current ones.
Large-scale reconstruction and construction of new oil pipelines will require billions of dollars in investment. But as long as Russia retains the state monopoly on oil transportation, which is under the jurisdiction of the state-owned Transneft company, it is very difficult to make this sector investment-attractive. Therefore, here it is worth relying primarily not on investments, but on foreign loans. But the most efficient way is to use internal resources - it is necessary to allow Russian oil companies to jointly build a route with Transneft, these investments will guarantee the companies stable oil transportation rates. It should be emphasized that a sharp increase in the throughput of the transport infrastructure - approximately 1.3-1.4 times compared with existing capacities, will contribute to the formation of a flexible system for the commissioning of new fields. After all, the emergence of an opportunity to easily increase production like Saudi Arabia gives Russia the right to really influence world oil prices.
Speaking about the quality structure of investments in the domestic oil complex, one must also say about the problem of small oil-producing companies. In the oil production sector, investments are directed mainly to large companies that are able to provide higher profitability with minimal risks. Meanwhile, today in Russia there are more than 150 small oil companies, producing about 6% of the total amount of oil and experiencing significant investment needs. Vertically integrated corporations develop large and unique deposits. Depleted fields, which are already unprofitable for large companies, are a raw material base for small oil producers.
Enterprises that are members of the AssoNeft Association of Small and Medium Oil and Gas Production Enterprises developed more than 400 fields in 2003, produced 16 million tons of oil (3.8% of total production), created about 20 thousand jobs, implemented 25 billion rubles in tax deductions to budgets of different levels. In 2004 the association united 45 enterprises. thirty
In Russia, it was small oil companies that were able to attract serious investors, both domestic and foreign. In particular, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources, large investments were made in companies such as JV Perm LTTE Neft, Russian Fuel Company (Perm Region), Severnaya Neft, Baytek Silur (Republic of Komi), JV Geolbent Ltd (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District), Toms-Petroleum-und-Gas (Tomsk Region), Petrosakh (Sakhalin Region). In total, independent companies attracted about 1 billion dollars of investments.
Due to their size and position, independent producers are more responsive to innovation processes, introducing everything new, since a small business has nowhere to expand and has to refine an existing field by using new mining methods. Globally, small businesses account for about half of all technical innovation in the oil industry. However, the state does not provide appropriate support to Russian small oil companies.
Now in Russia there are 8 large oil companies, competing with each other, constantly growing, including through the absorption of small enterprises. An incentive for such a policy is the international rating of the company, which directly depends on the size of its reserves. The takeover of a small enterprise is a fairly cheap way of increasing reserves, without investing funds either in competition or in exploration. And if the state does not control this process, then the disappearance of small enterprises will lead to the loss of a careful, qualified attitude to the fields being developed.
The cancellation of a number of incentives for independent oil producing companies led to a sharp increase in taxes and excise taxes. And after the introduction of the mineral extraction tax, small oil companies found themselves in a much more difficult position than large ones. As a result, every year millions of tons of oil remain undeveloped and are even irretrievably lost. The situation is aggravated by the constantly deteriorating structure of proven oil reserves: 80% of wells are unproductive, 75% of all reserves are concentrated in already exploited fields. The increase in reserves over the past years was obtained mainly due to additional exploration of previously discovered deposits, as well as the transfer of reserves from preliminary estimated to explored. 31
State support for independent oil companies would allow these companies to increase their oil production from the current 30 million to 100 million tons per year, which would make up 40% of all production in the country. This would help improve the energy supply to Russia, expand its export opportunities and more rational use of natural resources. 32
CHAPTER 4. ECONOMIC AREAS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE
THE MOST DEVELOPED OIL INDUSTRY
One of the main economic regions where the oil industry is developed can be called the Volga region. The Volga region has significant resources of mineral raw materials. The most important mineral resources of the region are oil and gas. Oil of the Volga region contains 7-11% paraffin, 12-20% resins, a significant percentage of light hydrocarbons. At the same time, it differs in increased sulfur content - 3-3.5%. Therefore, the role of Volga oil as a chemical raw material is important. Large deposits are located in Tatarstan: Romashkinskoe, Almetyevskoe, Yelabuzhskoe, Bavlinskoe, Pervomayskoe and others. There are oil resources in the Samara region (Mukhanovskoye field), as well as in the Saratov and Volgograd regions.
In terms of the level of development of industries, the Povolzhsky economic region is not much inferior to highly industrial regions, sometimes even surpasses them. It is one of the leading regions for oil production, refining and petrochemical industries. These industries are the main industries of the Volga region. The Volga economic region is fully provided with its own fuel resources - oil and gas. Numerous hydroelectric power stations located in cities where oil refining is developed are operating on local raw materials (fuel oil, gas). 33
The creation of an oil base in the Volga region has greatly improved the supply of oil to the central and eastern regions of the country. The favorable transport and geographical position of the region has led to the emergence of a whole system of oil trunk pipelines running both in the western and eastern directions, many of which are of international importance. The formation of a new oil base in Western Siberia changed the orientation of the main oil flows. Now the pipelines of the Volga region are completely "turned" to the west.
A large petrochemical complex was formed in the region. Oil refineries are located in the Samara, Saratov, Volgograd regions. Refineries (Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Volgograd and others) process not only their own oil, but also the oil of Western Siberia. The region's oil and gas are transported via pipelines to the regions of the Center and the east of the country, the near and far abroad. The Druzhba oil pipeline system is of international importance (from Almetyevsk through Samara to Poland, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia with a branch to Lithuania and Latvia.
Another of the main regions of the oil complex is Western Siberia. Western Siberia, located at the crossroads of railways and great Siberian rivers in close proximity to the industrial Urals, has very favorable conditions for its economic development. Western Siberia belongs to the regions with a high endowment of natural resources. The share of the region in the Russian economy is very high. Western Siberia provides the main production of oil and natural gas. This region is distinguished by various reserves of minerals and, above all, fuel and energy resources. Oil and gas are of the greatest economic importance. The total area of \u200b\u200bpromising oil and gas territories is estimated at more than 1.7 million square kilometers. The main oil fields are located in the Middle Ob region (Samotlorskoye, Megionskoye and others in the Nizhnevartovsk region; Ust-Balykskoye, Fedorovskoye and others in the Surgut region). 34
Several intersectoral and sectoral complexes have been formed on the territory of the district. The first of them is oil and gas. It includes the production of oil, gas, the production of synthetic products and oil refining, a system of pipelines of transit and technological significance. It also includes the production of mobile power plants and the production of chemical and oil refining equipment.
The main centers of oil production are Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Nefteyugansk, Urai in the Tyumen region and Strezhevoy in the Tomsk region.
Large centers of the petrochemical industry arose in Tomsk and Tobolsk. In connection with the great development of the oil industry in Western Siberia, pipeline transport was especially developed.
The Northern Economic Region can also be ranked among the main regions with a developed oil industry.
The development of the economic complex of the Northern Region is based on the use of its natural resource potential, an advantageous economic and geographical position in relation to the industrially developed regions of the country, regions of the new development of the Asian North and foreign trade partners.
The region's fuel and energy resources are represented by the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, and peat.
Within the Timan-Pechersk province, 70 oil, gas, oil and gas fields are known. The total prospective oil and gas areas are 600 thousand square kilometers. Oil and gas resources are concentrated in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk region.
Commercial oil production in the region is carried out at the fields of the Timan-Pechersk oil and gas province, with the Usinskoye and Vozeyskoye fields providing up to 80% of all oil production in the region. 35
The development of the most productive fields and the transition to the development and operation of small fields in difficult mining and geological conditions will lead to a decrease in oil production in the Komi Republic. The decrease in oil production should be compensated by its growth in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and on the shelf of the Barents Sea. Oil is transported from the Northern Economic Region through pipelines, railways and sea routes, through the Murmansk port. In addition, the oil industry is developed in the Ural and Far Eastern economic regions.
CONCLUSION
From all of the above, the following conclusions can be drawn.
1. The raw material base of the Russian oil industry is quantitatively sufficient to solve current and forecast tasks for oil production. However, qualitative changes in the structure of developed and projected oil reserves will negatively affect the efficiency of oil recovery processes. The development of such reserves will require the use of more complex and expensive technical means and technological processes, as well as the use of new, more effective methods of enhancing oil recovery of productive formations.
2. In connection with the development of pipeline transport, the territorial gap between the oil producing and oil refining industries has increased. New refineries are being built mainly along trunk pipelines.
3. The economy of the oil industry at the present stage is a developing structure that includes large, medium and small oil companies with a share of the state in them.
4. Oil and oil products make up a significant part of Russia's total exports, oil exports are a significant source of budget revenues.
5. The development of the economy of the oil complex requires significant investments, both internal and external.
6. The greatest development of the oil industry (oil production and oil refining) was obtained in economic regions with large oil reserves.
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7. Rodionova I.A., Bunakova T.M. Economic geography.-M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2000.-672s.
8. Likhuto K. Russian oil: production and export // Economic Issues.-2003.-No.9.-s136-146
9. Kokurin D., Melkumov G. General characteristics of the oil market // Economic Issues.-2003.-No. 9.-p125-127
10. Krivoshchekova E., Okuneva E. The system of regulation of the oil complex of Russia // Economic Issues.-2004.-p70-85
11. Yasin E. Oil, rates and inflation. Monetization // Issues of Economics. -2005.-№9.-s10-16
ANNEXES
Table No. 1
Projected scale of oil production and production in Russia 36
Table No. 2
Location of oil reserves in Russia (million tons) 37
ANNEXES
Table No. 3
Oil and gas condensate production, million tons 38
Table No. 4
Crude oil production for refining 39
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Refining volume, million tons |
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Average annual capacity utilization,% |
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Refining depth,% |
The oil industry is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It has a very strong effect on the entire world economy, and on world politics. The oil industry is very capital intensive; suffice it to say that the total number of oil production wells currently in operation in the world is approaching a million!
Commercial oil production began in the middle of the 19th century. almost simultaneously in three countries - Russia, Romania and the USA. At the beginning of the twentieth century. it was mined already in 20 countries of the world, but most of all - in the USA, Venezuela and Russia. By 1940, the number of oil-producing countries had increased to 40, while the leading role of the USA, USSR, Venezuela, and also Iran remained. In 1970, there were already 60 oil-producing countries, in 1990 - 80, and at the end of the 1990s. - 95. Back in the 1960s. more than half of the world's oil production came from the countries of the Western Hemisphere, but then the primacy passed to the countries of the Eastern Hemisphere.
Accordingly, the world oil production also increased. (fig. 66).Until the early 1980s, in the era of cheap oil, this growth was progressive. But then the impact of the energy (oil) crisis began to affect, which, as already noted, led to a strong rise in oil prices on the world market. This circumstance also influenced the geography of oil production, as it made it unprofitable in many hard-to-reach regions with extreme natural conditions. In the early 1990s. the level of world production has relatively stabilized. This was by no means related to the limited proven resources, but to the policy of a number of oil-producing countries, primarily OPEC members, the main regulator of prices in the world oil market. Such a policy - in the context of the continuing decline in oil prices - provided for the introduction of strictly rationed quotas on the size of its production in order to prevent prices from falling even lower. Some non-OPEC countries pursued a similar policy. And only in the late 1990s. a new rise has been outlined - to 3.9 billion tons in 2006.
Figure: 66.Dynamics of world oil production, million tons
In the late 1990s. the situation on the world oil market has changed several times. In 1996, with a relatively stable balance between demand and consumption of oil, the average oil price was maintained at $ 145 per ton. In 1997, it dropped to $ 135, and in 1998 it fell catastrophically to $ 80. per 1 ton. Naturally, such a decrease sharply reduced the income of oil-exporting countries, their oil rent. To increase these revenues again, the OPEC member countries, which were joined by Norway, Mexico, Oman, Russia, began to reduce oil production. As a result, its price began to rise again, so much so that by the end of 1999 it reached $ 160-170 per ton, and later exceeded $ 200 or even $ 300. This hit the economies of the main oil-importing countries, primarily the United States. , Great Britain, Germany, causing, one might say, a mini-crisis of oil consumption and forcing these countries to use part of their untouchable commercial reserves. Only by the end of 2000 did the situation in the oil market become more stable.
The distribution of world production among three groups of countries in the second half of the XX century. also changed. At first, in general, it would be more correct to talk not about three, but about two groups of countries - capitalist and socialist, since almost all oil production in the countries of the West and in the countries of the developing world was actually under the control of the one that was formed back in the 1920s and 1930s. XX century The International Petroleum Cartel (IOC), which included the seven largest oil companies ("Seven Sisters"), led by the American "Standard Oil". In the first time after the formation of OPEC, these "Seven Sisters" continued to control at least 2/3 of oil production by developing countries that joined this organization. But after the crisis of the mid-1970s, the nationalization of their oil resources by the developing countries and the creation of their own state-owned oil companies, the role of MNCs faded away, and the OPEC countries began to call the tune. This is not surprising, since it is the 12 OPEC countries that now control over 40% of oil production. If we talk about all developing countries, then in 2005 their share in world oil production was 66%, while the share of Western countries was 19%. As for countries with economies in transition, during the crisis 1990s. due to a decrease in production, their share began to decline. But at the beginning of the XXI century. (thanks primarily to Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) it began to grow again, reaching 15%.
The distribution of oil production among major regions of the world is shown in table 83.
Analysis of Table 83, the data of which characterize the dynamics of oil production by region throughout the second half of the XX century, makes it possible to draw interesting conclusions.
In the former USSR, the main increase in oil production occurred in the 1970s-1980s. in connection with the discovery and development of oil basins in Western Siberia. At the same time, the peak of production was reached in 1988 - 624 million tons. But already in 1990 it dropped to 570 million tons, and in 1991 - to 515 million tons. There are many reasons for this decline. This is a lack of capital investments, and a decrease in the volume of prospecting and exploratory drilling, and a shortage of pipes, and deterioration of equipment, and the use of outdated technologies, leading to a rapid flooding of fields. One cannot but take into account the fact that by the beginning of the 1990s. many of the largest fields have already passed the stage of maximum production. And only at the beginning of the XXI century. oil production in Russia and other CIS countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) began to grow again.
Table 448
DISTRIBUTION OF OIL PRODUCTION BETWEEN LARGE REGIONS OF THE WORLD
In foreign Europe, a jump in oil production also occurred in the 1970-1980s, which is explained by the commissioning of the North Sea basin. In foreign Asia, at least until the early 1990s, there was a steady increase in production associated with the development of the richest deposits in the Persian Gulf zone, as well as Indonesia (since the 1960s) and China (since the 1970s). ... At the beginning of the XXI century. production rose again. In Africa, the turning point came in the 1960s, when the oil resources of Libya and Nigeria began to be exploited and production in Algeria and Egypt increased. In North America, production grew until the early 1970s, then its level stabilized, and in the 1990s. began to decline. In Latin America, production growth was more even, with Mexico joining the list of major oil-producing countries, along with Venezuela. Oil production remains more or less stable.
The share of large regions in the world oil production changed accordingly. Back in 1950, more than half of it accounted for North America, followed by foreign Europe, Latin America, and the USSR by a large margin. In 1970, foreign Asia was already in first place, North America was in second, the USSR was in third, Africa was in fourth, and Latin America was in fifth. The rating of large regions as of 2005 can be calculated in Table 83. Analysis of the table shows that foreign Asia still holds the lead among them, primarily due to the countries of the Persian Gulf.
Of the 14 countries listed in Table 84, 7 are OPEC members, 4 are developed Western countries, 1 (Mexico) are key developing countries, and 2 (Russia and China) are transition economies. It can be added that during the 1990s. There were no major changes in the composition of the main oil-producing countries, but the order of the countries in the leading three became somewhat different (in 1990, the Soviet Union occupied the first place in oil production, the United States was second, and Saudi Arabia was third).
Table 84
MAJOR OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN 2006
Together with the oil industry, one usually considers its relatively independent sub-industry - the oil refining industry.
At the beginning of the XXI century. in the world, there were about 600 oil refineries (refineries) with a total primary processing capacity of 4 billion tons. Enterprises of this industry are distributed throughout the globe much more evenly than resources and oil production, since each more or less large state seeks to have its own refineries operating for domestic consumption, and in most cases for export. In this light, the significant preponderance of economically developed countries in the total capacity of all refineries in the world was quite understandable: in North America, 930 million tons were concentrated, in Western Europe - 700 million tons, in Japan - 250 million tons of such capacities, in Eastern Europe and the CIS - another 650 million tons, and only the rest is in developing countries.
This ratio has developed over many decades, as it was believed that it was more economically profitable to import crude oil and process it at the point of consumption. However, in the 1980s and 1990s. the opposite tendency became more and more clearly manifested - to carry out primary processing of crude oil in the regions of its production, and to export already oil products. This trend is based on both the industrialization of developing countries, primarily oil-producing countries, and the policy of Western countries aimed at transferring "dirty" industries to developing countries. As a result, recently, oil refining capacities in developing countries are growing much faster and have already reached impressive sizes: in Latin America - 300 million tons, in the Near and Middle East - almost 300 million tons, in Africa - 150 million tons. The global refinery capacity is already more than 2/5, and this figure continues to grow.
First of all, this refers to the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf - Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, which already have significant oil refining capacities, mainly oriented towards export. This also applies to some other oil-producing countries (Venezuela, Mexico, Indonesia), as well as to Brazil, India, Argentina, Thailand, where refineries operate mainly or entirely for the domestic market. Some key points of the world sea routes (Singapore), islands of the Caribbean Sea (Virginia, Netherlands Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago) have also become major oil refining centers, and the refineries located here are distinguished by a particularly large processing capacity (20-30 million tons / year).
In Russia during the 1990s. the oil industry was going through a serious crisis, which led to a decrease in the level of oil production by half, and its processing by almost half. This decline was due to factors of a long-term nature, primarily a reduction in investment in this industry. Against the background of a constant increase in the cost of production associated with its further advancement to the northern and eastern regions, with a significant depletion of the richest fields where oil is produced in a cheap fountain method, a decrease in investment could not but lead to many negative consequences. One of them was the backlog of exploration drilling for oil, as a result of which the proven reserves no longer adequately compensate for the required increase in production. To all this can be added the complex organizational design of the industry and competition between the main subjects of the Russian oil business - the largest natural monopolies LUKOIL, YUKOS, SIDANCO, Rosneft, Sibneft, etc., as well as complex pricing problems for domestic market and fluctuations in world oil prices. But in recent years, this industry has managed to overcome the crisis, and oil production began to grow rather quickly. Moreover, due to the sharp rise in the world market of oil prices, it has become the main supplier of foreign exchange funds (oil revenues) to the country's budget.
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- Introduction
- 1. World oil reserves
- 1.1 Problems of oil-producing regions
- 1.2 Field facilities
- 1.3 Field exploitation
- 1.4 Elimination of depleted oil fields
- 1.5 Transportation of crude oil
- 1.6 Refining crude oil
- 1.7 Transportation of petroleum products
- 1.8 Sales and consumption of petroleum products
- 2. Features of pricing for petroleum products
- Conclusion
- List of used literature
Introduction
The oil industry today is a large national economic complex that lives and develops according to its own laws. Crude oil is the world's best-selling raw material. What does oil mean today for the national economy of the country?
These are: raw materials for petrochemicals in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics; a source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw material for a number of protein preparations. petroleum product transportation refining pricing
Oil occupies a leading place in the world fuel and energy balance: its share in the total consumption of energy resources is 48%. Due to the rapid development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in the world, the need for oil is increasing every year.
Not a single problem, perhaps, worries mankind today as much as fuel: despite the fact that in its evolutionary development, mankind begins to use all new types of resources (atomic and geothermal energy, solar, hydropower of the tides, wind and other unconventional sources ), nevertheless, the main role in providing energy to all sectors of the economy today is played by fuel resources - oil.
The role of oil in politics is also great. The regulation of oil supplies to neighboring countries is, in fact, an important argument in a dialogue with new states.
Oil is Russia's wealth. The oil industry of the Russian Federation is closely connected with all sectors of the national economy, is of great importance for the Russian economy, and is also an integral part of the fuel and energy complex - a diversified system that includes the extraction and production of fuel, energy production (electrical and thermal), distribution and transport of energy and fuel.
The demand for oil always outstrips supply, therefore practically all developed countries of the world are interested in the successful development of our oil-extracting industry.
The purpose of our work is to consider the oil industry as well as its role in the world economy. We were tasked with studying:
world oil reserves;
problems of oil-producing regions;
features of pricing. ...
The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that there is nothing to replace oil with in the near future. Global demand will grow by 1.5 percent per year, and supply will not change significantly. A number of experts do not exclude the possibility of the imminent emergence of another energy crisis.
1. World oil reserves
A prerequisite for large-scale long-term investments in the oil industry, provided that the prospects for oil demand in the world market are favorable, is the availability of appropriate geological oil reserves, both in a particular region and in the world as a whole.
Estimation of geological oil reserves in the earth's interior is always approximate. Its accuracy depends on many reasons, and above all on the degree of geological exploration of the territory, the scale of prospecting and exploration work already carried out, the criteria and methods used in processing the results of field research, as well as often from general economic, political and even social factors that sometimes force individual firms and even countries to publish deliberately overestimated or, on the contrary, underestimates of their reserves of natural raw materials.
The required scale of geological prospecting and exploration work is determined, first of all, by the steadily growing demand for oil, the long-term dynamics of world oil prices, as well as, naturally, by the presence of corresponding fields, and in recent decades - by the extremely rapid development of new, more efficient technologies for their exploration and subsequent oil production.
The term "proven reserves" used in international sources for all countries, except the CIS, defines the identified geological reserves that can be extracted from the subsoil at the corresponding world oil prices and the level of technology used, that is, provided that their production is economically justified. The reserves in the CIS countries are estimated differently, where, as a rule, data on "proven reserves" are given without taking into account any economic component.
The provision of a country with geological reserves of certain minerals, including oil, is most often estimated by the number of years during which these reserves can be depleted given the level of production already achieved. However, it should be noted that this, in principle, a very important indicator is not static in nature, fatally determining the period of complete depletion of natural resources in a particular country or in the world as a whole, but dynamic, characterizing the ratio of the degree of real geological exploration of the corresponding territory and deposits, on the one hand, the rates and volumes of mining from year to year in the future - on the other.
The above factors predetermine sometimes significant discrepancies in the assessment of statistical indicators on actual geological oil reserves published in various international and national publications. An analysis of these sources allows us to state that the most reliable and complete statistical data on probable oil reserves in 105 countries of the world are provided by the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), the International Energy Agency, Minerals yearbook, and the All-Russian Geological Society.
It is extremely important that the total world reliable geological oil reserves, even if there are significant deviations in estimates for individual countries, as a whole, over the past three decades, have a steady upward trend. Thus, according to the latest data from OGJ, the proven world oil reserves amount to about 140 billion tons. The largest part of world reserves - about 64% - is in the Near and Middle East. The second place is occupied by America, which accounts for about 15%
The richest countries in oil are Saudi Arabia (25% of the world's proven reserves), Iraq (10.8%), the UAE (9.3%), Kuwait (9.2%), Iran (8.6%) and Venezuela ( 7.3%) - all of them are members of OPEC, which accounts for about 78% of world reserves. The proven reserves of the CIS countries, including Russia, are about 6% of the world, the USA - about 3%, Norway - about 1%. Taking into account the available estimates, at the current level of oil production, its world geological reserves will be enough for at least 42 years, including in Saudi Arabia - for 83 years, Iran - 69 years, Venezuela - 58, Libya - 56, Mexico - 43, Russia - 22, China - 21, Algeria - 19, USA - 10, Norway - 9, Indonesia - 9 and in the UK - 5 years
However, it should be remembered that the figures given relate only to proven oil reserves, and do not include forecast and inferred data on their value. In addition, with the development of technologies for oil exploration and oil production, geological exploration work makes it possible to give an ever more accurate assessment of even the most inaccessible oil deposits, the amount of reserves is constantly being adjusted.
There are different points of view regarding the long-term prospects for the development of the world oil-extracting industry in connection with its provision with natural reserves. There are also radical assumptions that it will significantly lose its position already in the first third of the 21st century and, in general, the current century will be a century of gas and coal. Indeed, the world's proven geological reserves and predicted gas resources significantly exceed the oil resource potential. However, the specific features of the use, in particular of coal, from the standpoint of environmental problems, as you know, significantly narrow the scope of its application. The prevailing opinion today is that for many decades to come, oil will continue to play the leading role as the most convenient and highly efficient energy carrier. The duration of the oil age can be estimated not only on the basis of an analysis of the current state of already reliably explored geological reserves, but also, to a large extent, taking into account projected but not yet identified resources, of course, taking into account the rapidly developing progress in new methods of prospecting, exploration and the degree of extraction of oil from the earth's interior.
At the same time, oil, as you know, is a non-renewable resource, the reserves of which, even in the very distant future, will sooner or later be exhausted. The key question in this regard is how to determine that specific moment in time when an absolute reduction in natural oil reserves will actually affect its supply, on the world market and the corresponding satisfaction of demand.
According to some theories, the volume of world oil production may grow to a maximum in the next decade, although there are claims that the peak of world oil production has already passed or this may occur in the very near future.
1.1 Problems of oil-producing regions
Problems in the regions that are engaged in oil production and refining arise at all stages of project implementation: from the search for oil fields to the sale and consumption of oil products. These problems are mainly of a social and environmental nature. Let's consider the most important ones.
Exploration drilling.
In modern Russian conditions, exploratory drilling, as a rule, almost inevitably leads to littering of the site where it is carried out and its surroundings. Disposal of drilling fluids is a common problem. It becomes especially acute when working on the sea shelf, when the simplest and cheapest option is to discharge them directly into the water. But the most serious problems arise in the event of accidents, the risk of which is especially high, in the absence of information about the reservoir parameters. In 1991, an oil gusher hit with tremendous pressure in the Fergana Valley. It took more than a month to regain control over the well. The amount of oil spilled on the surface of the earth was several hundred thousand tons. Another dangerous feature of modern Russian conditions is the desire of small exploration companies, if oil is discovered during its exploration, to immediately start production in an attempt to make money. Since everything is carried out according to temporary, rather unreliable schemes, the risk of accidents and spills is very high.
1.2 Field facilities
If a field is discovered and its exploitation is economically efficient, a decision can be made to develop it. This means a radical change in the nature of the territories included in the implementation zone of such a project. The construction of roads, sites for oil production wells, pipelines for pumping oil is being developed. All variants of anthropogenic impact are amplified many times over.
Due to the very high cost of work, companies strive to reduce costs as much as possible when choosing layouts for the objects being created. This regularly conflicts with restrictions imposed by the need to protect nature or preserve social and cultural values. A heated debate arises about the environmental safety of the chosen solutions. In the absence of an effective system of responsibility for environmental violations and disasters (for example, spills, in which huge amounts of oil can get into the water), companies again seek to reduce costs and prefer the cheapest, albeit environmentally more dangerous options.
In any case, during the construction and adjustment of new equipment, the risk of accidents and associated environmental consequences will be higher. The most serious are oil spills. The massive arrival of visiting workers is fundamentally changing the social situation. The traditional way of life of local residents is strongly influenced by them, and, as a rule, begins to deteriorate.
1.3 Field exploitation
During the phase of field exploitation, the problem of "aging of equipment" arises, and the likelihood of oil leaks increases, especially on in-field and interfield pipelines. The mining companies that own them are not interested in disclosing such facts and have every opportunity to conceal them. Such accidents are publicized mainly in cases of particularly severe pollution, as a rule, associated with the ingress of oil into surface waters, when it becomes impossible to ignore the problem.
One of the glaring examples of this kind is the spill of tens of thousands of tons of oil near Usinsk (Komi Republic). The local population was worried about the severe pollution of Pechora, but neither the official authorities nor the companies reacted to this fact. The scandal began after the publication in the American press, which, when this spill was discovered, referred to space survey data. Interestingly, before that, the loss of tens of thousands of tons of oil, worth several million dollars, persistently pumped into the rusted pipeline and flowing out just as steadily, did not cause any particular concern to anyone.
1.4 Elimination of depleted oil fields
Among the problems that are characteristic of this stage is the elimination of depleted wells (if they are simply abandoned, then the residual release of oil can lead to contamination of both the earth's surface and soils and groundwater). There are no large-scale programs for cleaning up garbage and abandoned equipment, eliminating oil spills, land reclamation, and bringing ecosystems to a state close to their original state due to economic disadvantages. In more developed countries, the accumulation of funds necessary to maximize the restoration of the natural environment after the end of oil production is carried out from the very beginning of the development of new fields.
1.5 Transportation of crude oil
After oil is produced, it must be delivered to consumers. For this, first of all, a pipeline system is used that can most efficiently transport such huge volumes.
During the construction of new trunk pipelines, problems may arise related to the choice of their route. Again, the economic interests of making it as convenient and short as possible come into conflict with the inadmissibility of laying a pipe in areas of particular natural, historical or cultural value. A serious, albeit technically quite solvable problem is the environmental safety of the route used. The case again comes up against additional costs.
After the pipeline was built, the environmental problem associated with its operation is oil leaks, the size of which, according to official figures, can reach several hundred tons. They generally attract significant public attention when the result is serious pollution of surface waters. This happens almost every year. A significant part of Russian pipelines were built more than 20 years ago and are approaching the end of their design life, after which the risk of accidents will sharply increase. At the same time, modern diagnostics and repairs, at least for a certain period of time, can solve this problem. The most serious recent accidents include the breakthrough of the Tuimazy-Omsk-Novosibirsk oil pipeline (1996), during which about 1,000 tons of oil spilled into the Belaya River.
A significant component of the Russian oil transportation system is its water transportation by tankers. A common problem for the tanker fleet is the consequences of tanker accidents with large-scale spills directly into the water. Accidents can occur at the oil terminals themselves. The most important strategic direction for reducing this kind of accidents is choosing the location of the terminal. On the one hand, it should reduce the risk of accidents, and on the other hand, it should minimize the severity of possible consequences. Unfortunately, both of the largest projects of this kind currently being implemented in Russia do not meet these requirements.
1.6 Refining crude oil
A significant part of the oil produced in Russia goes to refineries (refineries). The most obvious environmental results of their activities are planned pollution (emissions into the atmosphere and water). From time to time, refineries provide local residents and the media with colorful pictures of accidents (huge flames, explosions, smoke, etc.).
However, a much more severe, albeit less well-known problem is the waste stored in storage ponds and soil contamination from leaks. The result is obvious - poisonous groundwater seeping into rivers, poisonous fumes into the air.
1.7 Transportation of petroleum products
For all its similarity to the transportation of oil, the transportation of oil products has its own characteristics associated with the fact that they are directly suitable for consumption, as well as highly flammable.
If the theft of oil from pipelines is mainly a specific feature of the North Caucasus, where folk methods of its processing have reached a high technical level and significant volumes, then they steal oil products from pipelines, or try to steal everywhere. In fact, liquid money flows through the pipes, which must only be extracted from there. What is being done. Tapping into high-pressure product lines naturally leads to numerous leaks. Unlike oil, oil products evaporate rather easily and the associated pollution of the same waters gradually turns into atmospheric pollution by itself. However, the easy volatility of petroleum products creates a new threat - not so much environmental as human safety.
1.8 Sales and consumption of petroleum products
Leaks into the ground can occur not only around refineries, but also around any storage facilities for oil and petroleum products. In Russia, the most famous cases of the formation of large (up to several thousand tons) fuel lenses around the fuel storage facilities of military units.
2. Features of pricing for petroleum products
The world oil trade in its scale, economic and political significance is one of the most important elements of modern world economic relations. The volume of world oil trade in 2002 exceeded $ 415 billion, which amounted to about 3.8% of the total world trade turnover.
All countries of the world, without exception, participate in export-import operations with oil. At the beginning of the 21st century, about half of the oil produced in the world passes through the channels of international trade. It accounts for more than 20% of the total export value of all developing countries. At the same time, for a number of the world's largest oil suppliers, its share in exports has always been very significant and amounted, for example, in Nigeria - 95-96%, Angola - 91%, Iran and Oman - 88-90%, UAE - 78%, Saudi Arabia 73%, Libya 77%, Venezuela 65%, Mexico 33%, Indonesia 24%. Characteristically, for the above developing countries, the share of oil in total exports has a steady upward trend.
Even for such an economically powerful industrial power as Great Britain, the export of oil in the last decade has been very important, bringing in more than 4% of export earnings, and to another large European exporter, Norway, even more - about 34%.
Oil prices (exchange and over-the-counter) are determined by two key factors - current and expected supply-demand ratios and cost dynamics. Since there is no exact data on the current global balance of oil supply and demand, oil traders mainly rely on information on changes in oil stocks - strategic and industrial. Corresponding estimates appear in the weekly and monthly bulletins of some agencies. The best known are reviews by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the US Department of Energy Information Agency (EIA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA).
The growth of reserves is indirect evidence in favor of the fact that the supply of oil exceeds demand and, as a rule, is accompanied by a fall in prices. The imbalance in the oil market arises mainly from supply shocks, primarily from OPEC, while the average demand for oil is much higher. In particular, as numerous studies show, oil consumption is extremely inelastic with respect to price at time intervals of less than one year. However, shocks affecting the consumption of goods can also cause significant price fluctuations. Strong short-term (daily, weekly, and monthly average) fluctuations lead to the fact that when considering longer intervals - quarterly and yearly - the relationship between the oil price and the balance of supply and demand is blurred. On monthly and quarterly time intervals, oil prices have a pronounced seasonal component, which is associated with fluctuations in demand. The largest oil consumers from the OECD countries (the USA and Western Europe) are located in the northern hemisphere and actively use heating oil for heating. In the summer months, on the contrary, gasoline consumption increases. The difference between the maximum (December, February) and minimum (May) consumption of petroleum products by the OECD countries is about 4 million barrels. / day
In the long term, prices for crude oil, in addition to the balance of supply and demand, are determined by the dynamics of the world average production cost. The prime cost, on the one hand, is influenced by the rate of inflation and the depletion of the resource base (leads to an increase in costs), and on the other hand, various technological improvements (reduce costs). As a result of the simultaneous action of many factors, the level of oil prices depends on its trajectory, and the “correct” level of oil prices is determined only in the medium term and can change both under the influence of shocks and long-term trends.
Determining future prices is also very problematic due to the lack of real information for economic agents for long-term planning. "How can prices be determined when the main players do not have adequate data on world oil reserves? All serious information on oil has been removed from the information space. There are no clear real figures for either oil reserves or production. For example, even the Russian government does not own real information on the volume of oil reserves and operates only with estimates of experts. And the point is not only that the required volume of exploration work is not carried out. The figures are owned by private companies, but their real value is a commercial secret. The situation is similar in other producing countries. There is no data on Venezuela reserves. The information about oil reserves of China, which is becoming one of the main consumers of hydrocarbons, is completely secret. Data for this country is based on rough estimates.
According to experts, the only thing that can be said for sure is that oil prices will rise. World oil consumption will grow rapidly, and there will not be enough raw materials for everyone, "they say. China, India and the Muslim countries of Southeast Asia are going to provide their populations with a consumption level comparable to Western standards. Accordingly, oil consumption by these countries will grow rapidly It is not clear who and how will provide these requests. Now the OPEC countries, which account for about a third of world production, are ready to increase production by only 2 million barrels per day. There are many consumers of oil - there are few oil itself, and there is still nothing to replace it with. In such a situation, events can develop only according to a tough military scenario. The goals of the war for resources are to eliminate "unnecessary" consumers and control oil production areas and oil transportation routes. However, just look at the map of international conflicts. The war for these regions is already underway.
Conclusion
The oil complex currently provides a significant contribution to the formation of a positive trade balance and tax revenues to the budgets of all levels. This contribution is significantly higher than the share of the complex in industrial production.
Oil companies are making huge investments. In terms of growth rates, investments in oil production are more than 4 times higher than the industry average. But the fixed assets of the industry are largely worn out, the degree of their depreciation is especially high in oil refining. Refinery overhaul is almost equal to the investment. Insufficient investment in technical re-equipment increases the likelihood of man-made disasters. To increase the volume of oil production, as well as to modernize the oil refining, the complex needs large investments. There is reason to believe that in order to maintain and develop production, oil companies make significantly larger capital investments than is reflected in statistical reports.
According to the statements of the heads of the oil business, as well as based on our economic calculations, the real volume of investments is about 30% higher than the volume recorded in the financial statements. The reasons for underestimating the volume of investments in fixed assets lie in the overly burdensome Russian tax system and the general political and legal uncertainty of the activities of oil companies.
To modernize the oil complex in the next 5 years, it is necessary to invest in it, according to various estimates, 25-40 billion dollars. The most priority areas of investment in the oil complex in the near future are:
investments in oil transportation in export directions, including the Far East;
investments in industrial infrastructure for oil production, including pipe systems for oil companies;
While oil prices remain high, Russian oil companies have the necessary resources to finance fixed capital investments. The uniqueness of the situation is that a large-scale attraction of direct Western investment in the complex is currently not required. However, any tightening in the world oil market may result in either the need to borrow from abroad, or failures in investment in the development of the industry.
List of used literature
1. Mazus M.M. Environmental problems of the oil industry. Moscow State University Bulletin. Ser. 6. 1999 No. 5
2. Abrosimov A.A. Ecology of processing of hydrocarbon systems. M .: Chemistry. 2002.
3. Prices and pricing in a market economy. Part 2. Prices and market conditions. / ed. Esipova V.E. - SPb .: SPbGUEF publishing house, 1998.
4. Journal "Economy of Russia: XXI century" № 18
5. A. Konoplyanik. Where have reference prices gone? // Oil of Russia. 2000, no. 7
6. A. Konoplyanik. From direct account to reverse // Oil of Russia. 2000, no.8
7.http: //www.cfin.ru
8.www.ruseconomy.ru
9.www.finansy.ru
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