Stepping towards the dream - we build a house ourselves! The first step is preparation and foundation. Preparing for the construction of a house Preparing a site for the construction of a private house
The construction of country houses in recent years has been very popular. After all, such a house gives you the opportunity to spend weekends, and often also vacations in the bosom of nature. Country houses harmoniously combine the coziness and comfort of a city house with beautiful landscapes of quiet nature. The construction of such a house as well, and the construction of any house begins with a project.
Project selection is one of the most basic tasks. If you are at least familiar with the laws of design, then drawing a sketch of a house plan will not be difficult for you. But it can save costs for the future. So, the first step that the future owner should take is to draw up a functional diagram, which should indicate which functions should be present in the house. For example, what rooms are needed, what amenities should be, or what is the height of the ceilings. The second step is to evaluate what parameters of the house are the main ones for you, to evaluate its energy efficiency. In order to avoid unforeseen situations, such as groundwater or water lenses, it is necessary to order a survey of the topography and geodesy of the site from specialized companies. This will help you correctly determine the type of foundation, so that in the future it does not give sediment and cracks.
House designs have been selected, and having decided on the type of foundation, you can begin to determine the technology and conduct construction work. You need to choose the material for the walls. There are several types of work: stone (the walls of which consist of brick, monolith, foam block); wooden (log, timber); and frame Canadian technology of wood-frame walls.
The final stage of preparation for construction is obtaining a building permit, as well as the development of technical documentation and linking it to the building site.
A building permit is an important step, and it is important to understand what steps you have to go through in order to obtain all the necessary documents. This procedure is quite laborious and must be taken seriously. This is especially true for large-scale house projects, where it can take a long time to agree on all the details.
You can do this process yourself, or you can contact companies that specialize in preparing such documents, or seek advice from the relevant persons.
Once approved, you can start making your dream home a reality.
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Like many couples who started a family, we thought about buying our own home. The idea of an apartment was somehow immediately discarded, because, having lived in such a 'box' from birth, first with their parents, and then on removable meters, they realized its disadvantages, of which there were quite a lot.
Besides, times are different now. If our parents got apartments for free, now we need to have a lot! a good salary that a young specialist does not shine at the beginning of his career, or trying to get a soft loan. And there are so many conditions that it's easier not to mess with him at all. By the way, we live in Belarus.
And then our common dream surfaced - to have our own house. Finding out what documents are needed to obtain a land plot is not difficult.
Everything went well, and pretty quickly put on 18 acres was ours! The fact that everything can be done gradually also spoke in favor of the house. There is money - we are building, no - we are waiting. Agree, when building an apartment, decent contributions are needed and no one will wait until you save up. And so, we are our own masters, builders, contractors, etc. Moreover, the state allocates 8 years for the construction of the box (I hope we can do it sooner).
The next step is to get a building permit and make a house project. Since I work in a design organization, there were no problems with this. If you don't work there, don't worry, the project is not that expensive. Well, again, everything is relative and depends on your requests and the level of organization that you entrust the project to. I approached this point with love, imagining what our house would look like. And I'll tell you that the first project is now gathering dust on the shelf. Why? Because it was a dream! Reality turned out to be different. The dream had two floors, a garage with a terrace, spacious rooms, a fireplace in the living room and large windows.
We thought about it when we decided to make the foundation. It seems that the corners are straight, but not 4 lines. They were zigzags! And as the volume of concrete and costs were calculated, they precipitated. And another question - who will wash and clean all this? I imagined myself cleaning this hulk and drooped. Still, you have to be rational. Someone, of course, can afford to hire a housekeeper, etc. Maybe in the future we will be able to (think positively), but not now for sure, so the project at the moment is simpler and much more comfortable. One floor, three bedrooms, two small bathrooms, a furnace and a combined kitchen-living room, where there is also a fireplace. As a result, the total cleaning area has halved, but the building area has increased, but the foundation has nevertheless become smaller in volume.
Here is our first mistake that we have corrected. Approach the project responsibly and thoughtfully! Dreams are dreams, but think about whether you can handle everything. Let's continue.
We decided to enclose the site at least formally with the ‘post-post-crossbar’ system. We bought 4-meter-long pine whips in the forestry, debarked, sawed a part with a larger diameter in half on poles, which they simply dug in. Made with my husband.
This work has another advantage. We looked at and analyzed the soils along the perimeter of the site to a depth of 1m. Didn't please. The plots of manor buildings were located on the site of former farmland. And there, in the ground, there were many stones, and not small ones, from 15 cm to cobblestones 1 m in diameter. While the fence was being erected, they assembled a fire pit on the lining. Where without barbecue! By the way, here, on the site, I found a wonderful article on this topic. I took note. I'll be back to her when we get to the landscaping. Especially large stones will become part of the landscape in the future.
Our site has a slope and is elongated from north to south, a diagonal drop of 3 m (indicated by a red arrow from the highest point).
Of course, they decided to build the house in the highest place, especially since it is there that the local passage will pass according to the general plan. The soils under the development patch are represented by a ‘layered cake’ of red clay deposits, yellow sand and stones. We were so ‘lucky’, the neighbor, whose plot is slightly higher (to our left), had solid yellow sand (fine sand) under the house. But we did not lose heart, but sweated, of course, pretty much.
They decided to make a small shed out of the remains of pine tree branches. They blinded the frame, bought a trailer of illiquid boards and sheathed our supporting structure with them.
In short, they did an unnecessary job. But they had fun, and sports, no matter how. Now my hands can't take it apart. All the tools are eventually kept anyway by my father in the garage. Those. when we go to the site, on the way we stop at the garage, take everything we need and drive on. Without a car, of course, it is unrealistic to build one yourself. If you have the opportunity to purchase a metal garage and install it on the site, then that will be great. It is just the place to store tools and materials. True, it is worth thinking in advance where to put it later.
The next step was the removal of plant soil. They ordered a tractor, which did everything and laid down the vegetable soil at the other end of the site (there is still a temporary toilet in the distance in the photo, not yet completed at that time).
Many people neglect this stage, and this is wrong, because the plant soil will rot, and it’s a pity for organic matter, because the soil can then be leveled over the site, which will even it out a little.
Next, we decided to still level the area for the house, because the difference was about 70 cm along the diagonal of the building itself. This was probably our mistake. Sand was brought in by 5 trucks of 20 tons, leveled, but there is nothing to compact. So they dug into it later. Fortunately, until the removal of the axles, everything lay in bed for about a year, while there were financial problems, and the sand compacted under its own weight and precipitation. But in the heat it was still loose.
The axles were taken out by specialists for a fee. We got it done quickly, in half an hour. For marking, we provided pre-purchased fittings and a thin rope.
Everything, the preparatory stage is over, you can start building the foundation. Here we have prepared thoroughly. We reviewed a bunch of videos, studied a lot of information, talked with those who already have experience in independent construction. There were many types of foundation, we chose a column-grillage one. This option for a one-story house is optimal, less expensive than a tape one, and is also suitable for our soils.
The pillars must be installed in the corners, we chose a step of 1.5 m (it was possible after 2 m, but we were safe).
The pillar was poured to a depth of 1.5 m, the diameter was about 25-30 cm. Moreover, they tried to have about 10 cm of the pillar sticking out of the ground. At first they suffered with a hand drill, which they borrowed from friends. Why did they suffer? Because the layers of clay stuck, it was difficult to break through, and if they hit a stone, then it’s quite a disaster. As a result, they spat and rented a manual motor drill. All the holes were drilled in one day. My husband and father worked. Then a twisted roofing felt was inserted into the hole and a solution was poured, which they prepared themselves using a small concrete mixer.
The fine gravel machine was bought in advance. I don’t remember the ratio of components used, but it’s not difficult to make the solution yourself, there is a lot of information on the Internet. Sand, however, was not added, only gravel, cement and water. As soon as the column was filled, three bars of reinforcement 2 m long were immediately inserted. By the way, the mortar in the columns was slightly “vibrated” with the reinforcement. As a result, the reinforcement stuck out 50-60 cm above the column. In the future, the reinforcement cage of the grillage will be welded to it.
Bay all the wells began to install the grillage formwork. For formwork, we were lent familiar ready-made wooden panels, which helped save money. The installation method is classic, something like this:
The grillage as a result should be buried in the ground by about 10-15 cm or stand directly on the ground. As you remember, we had a significant drop in the ground around the house, so somewhere the grillage stood on the ground, and somewhere it was almost all in it. In the future, we will plan the area around the house, solving the issue with the help of retaining walls.
After installing the formwork, we poured a layer of gravel (15 cm) to the bottom, compacted it and started knitting the reinforcing belts. They made two. One at the bottom, stepping back 5 cm from the bottom edge of the grillage, and the second at the top, calculating the height so that there is at least another 5 cm of concrete above the belt. They fastened with knitting wire to the protruding armature of the pillars, and also made additional jumpers.
Then we ordered concrete according to the ad, which was delivered to us by specialized mixer machines and poured our grillage, in the process evenly helping the concrete to pour with shovels. And do not forget to thoroughly “vibrate” the concrete with them so that air voids do not form, which will adversely affect the strength of the structure.
After a couple of weeks, the concrete hardened and we removed the shields. By the way, so that the shields could still serve someone, and it was easier to tear them off, we lined them with a film from the inside. In the end, this is what we got:
The foundation stood for the winter, and not a crack appeared anywhere. At the moment, he has wintered another winter with the walls almost completed, and no changes have occurred to him either. Let's hope it continues to serve us for many, many years. Well, we will talk about laying walls, preparing the foundation for them and other works in the following articles.
Site entry deviceWe thank Nadya Kruglik (Mr.) for the provided materials and an interesting story about the personal experience of construction. We look forward to continuing!
Let's start site preparation for construction Houses
with problems of access to the future construction site. Most likely, for this you will need an access road or driveway. The arrangement of an access road to a small plot for building a house in a holiday village will not be difficult, since the access roads have already been formed and landscaped. But if you are planning build a house
on undeveloped territory, then you will need to deliver building materials to the construction site, so you will need a real full-fledged road in the full sense of the word. A good access road to the construction site should be passable in all weather and not need major repairs. The entrance must ensure the movement of any vehicle, from cars to trucks with a trailer carrying bulky goods.
When designing your road, take into account the features of the vehicles that will be used during its operation, and design it, also counting on the capabilities of the least maneuverable vehicles. If you are unable or unwilling to build an access road to the construction site, assuming the use of heavy-duty tractors with trailers, prepare accordingly for the fact that you will have to transfer building materials to manipulators and then unload manually, which will require additional financial costs.
In addition, you should not forget about the width and length of the vehicles used. The length of the tractor with a trailer can be up to 13 meters in length and a width of 2.5 to 2.9 meters. The weight of the MAN truck is 8.5 tons, the weight with a load is from 26 tons.
The turning radius of large vehicles is up to 10 meters and imposes a maneuverability restriction on them, so keep this in mind when linking a house project.
Embankment device:
1. Sand.
2. Reinforced concrete pipe for surface water drainage.
3. Sand.
4. Rubble stone.
At the stage construction
Your his Houses
it should be taken into account that as a result of the operation of the embankment and natural phenomena: rain, melting snow - the embankment shrinks 10-15 cm in 2 years. That is, it is undesirable to make a hard surface (asphalt, paving stones) during the period of construction work.
Clearing the construction site If you have a topographic plan site (see article , you can mark trees that should be removed from the construction site. Almost all developers want to save as much vegetation on their site as possible, including those trees that can grow close to the future home. Trying to save a tree that is less than the width of its crown from the foundation of the house, is likely to be futile Felling a tall tree that is left in the immediate vicinity of your house, five or six years after the house was built, will require the use of a forklift or crane, as well as qualified They will drive heavy vehicles across your manicured lawn and driveways, and drive close enough to your house to cause damage to your foundation, leaving huge ruts, sawdust, bark and (if you really like to spend money) lots of firewood that should be removed immediately so that it is away from your house before as they become a place of concentration of insects that feed on wood. Before the beginning of the vertical planning, trees, shrubs are cut down, stumps are uprooted and stones are removed. Be sure to leave "room for the bulldozer" by removing enough trees so that a loader or bulldozer can backfill the ground around the house with previously excavated rock without having to cut through the thicket of trees. For this, at least 4.5 - 7.5 meters is enough. It is best to address these issues before the house is built.
After you have cleared your area site , it is necessary to remove the vegetative layer of soil, which should not be mixed with infertile layers. In addition, the plant layer contains organic residues (grass, roots, etc.), which are undesirable to leave on the site. Decaying, they can cause the development of fungi that destroy wood. The vegetative layer of soil must be removed in the area where it is supposed home construction . Sod is removed with a spade, shovel. It can be laid on squabbles or other areas that are not overgrown with grass. It is best to cut the turf into squares of 20x30 cm, which can be 5-10 cm thick. For long-term storage, the turf can be stacked up to 1 m high (preferably in the shade), periodically watering it with water. If there is no need to use sod, then it can be composted.
At preparation for construction Houses possible work to change the relief site . provides for a complex of works to change its relief. The range of works on the arrangement of vertical planning includes cutting slopes to give their surfaces a given profile and arranging terraces, removing excess soil on hills and filling lowlands with layer-by-layer tamping of the soil. At the same time, the layout of the site on the slopes can be both terraced and non-terraced. With transverse slopes up to 20% with a small width, the site can be considered as a non-terraced one. The use of non-terraced schemes is characterized by the conjugation of the main planning planes without abrupt changes in slopes and elevations. With this scheme, there are two main directions of planning planes - in one direction and in different directions. When the site is located on slopes of more than 20%, a terraced layout should be used, providing access to the terraces to one of the adjacent streets. The communication between the terraces is carried out with the help of stairs and connecting paths, the terraces are connected by slopes. To hold the slopes of the terraces and the construction of connecting paths, retaining walls are used or trees are planted, the roots of which create a reinforced environment that prevents the formation of soil movement. The smallest width of the terraces is determined by the width of the buildings and the site itself. The surface of the terraced slopes is trimmed, sown with grasses, planted with shrubs and trees. The terracing of slopes and the construction of retaining walls on them should be carried out in conjunction with the organization of surface runoff along the slopes. the main goal vertical layout of the site - protect the foundations of buildings from water.
Drainage
The accumulation of melt or rain water on the site, as well as the level of groundwater, is not only the need to jump over puddles. Water will nullify all efforts to strengthen soils and foundations, gradually destroy any underground structure, and penetrate into the basement. A properly installed drainage system can solve all these problems. Even flat plots lands are potential sources of drainage related problems. Therefore, it is so important to find out the level of groundwater, where the water passes when it enters the ground, even before the start of building a house. It is also worth following the water after the construction goes on as usual. In this case, it is necessary to consider both the water itself and the runoff to the soil.
Drilling a well under water
We recommend that you start drilling a water well as soon as you have good access to the construction site. It is best to start drilling a well for water before building a house, since after the arrival of the drilling rig on the site, it may be necessary to restore the lawn or fence, and perhaps even some buildings will have to be sacrificed. Well drilling can be carried out no closer than 3m from any building and in the absence of an overhead power line within a radius of 5m. We want to warn you right away: if you plan to locate a water well in the basement, even if the house itself has not yet been built, maintenance and repair (pump replacement, maintenance, etc.) requires the drilling rig to drive up and place it above the well, which has access to the basement of the house will be impossible. The procedure for drilling a well for different regions of the country varies significantly. In many areas, it is required that the flow rate of the well be checked as soon as the well is ready. It is better to take from 4 to 10 days for this entire operation. Own water well is, first of all, convenient and profitable. With the development of cottage construction, water extracted directly from underground horizons is becoming increasingly popular. It requires almost no treatment, and in addition, the consumer of well water is less dependent on the service of pipelines. But the most important advantage of well water is its independence from the level of man-made pollution. Be extremely careful when choosing an organization for drilling a well. Do not order well drilling in dubious, out-of-town and little-known organizations.
Septic sewer system devices Creating a septic sewer system may also require clearing the area, and installing a septic tank in its place requires laying some kind of driveway. If possible, try to install a septic sewer system while other work is being done on the site. A septic sewer system usually requires a backhoe ditcher. It is likely that it will be possible to invite the same contractor who worked for you when digging the foundation pit. By doing all this work at the same time, you will eliminate the need to repeatedly bring heavy equipment to the construction site and take it away again. Not only will you save money (in the form of a “haul distance” or “ground drop” fee), you will save yourself the hassle and delays of having other workers on the site stop working for a while, to move their cars and transport equipment.
At Psite preparation for construction Houses
additional points to be taken into account:
1. Place of storage of materials.
2. Accommodation for builders.
3. Temporary communications (electricity, water, outdoor toilet).
4. Place of storage of construction and household waste.
Preparation for construction is carried out before the start of construction and installation works. Preparation for the construction of large facilities includes three stages:
- 1st - organizational preparatory measures;
- 2nd - off-site work;
- 3rd - on-site preparatory work.
At the first stage of preparation for construction, before the start of work on the construction site, a number of organizational measures must be carried out.
Organizational preparatory measures are carried out by developer organizations, and only if necessary, design organizations and contract construction organizations are involved in the work.
During the construction of large enterprises, developers create a directorate of the enterprise under construction.
The organizational preparatory measures carried out before the start of work at the construction site include:
- * providing construction with design and estimate documentation. Such provision is the responsibility of the customer (developer). It is allowed to start construction of new enterprises, buildings, structures only if there is project documentation, and first of all, an approved technical (techno-working) project;
- * selection of a construction site and obtaining a land plot for the construction of an object. The choice of a site for construction is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Land Code of the Russian Federation and taking into account the scheme for the development and location of enterprises in the region's industry. The site for construction is also determined taking into account project documentation, the development of relevant communications and networks, railways and roads, energy systems;
- * placing orders for building materials, the necessary structures provided for in the project;
- * placement of orders for priority supplies of equipment for the enterprise under construction;
- * addressing the issue of the procedure for using local building materials (sand, gravel, crushed stone, etc.);
- * definition of a construction organization and the conclusion of a contract with it;
- * registration in the bank of construction financing.
Today, message boards are teeming with construction companies ready to build your dream home at a "very low cost." A lot of people actually choose this option, as it is fast and convenient.
How to start building with your own hands?
At the same time, many people prefer build a house with your own hands. This option is also good and involves a lot of advantages: you yourself choose and you can personally evaluate its quality, choose for yourself, besides, the cost of self-construction is an order of magnitude lower, this construction option eliminates the possibility of fraud.
This section will answer the main questions regarding the preparation for the construction of a private house, and will reveal in detail its main types. You will find out when is the best time to start construction, as well as get acquainted with the stages of this process. You want to build your dream home and we will help you with this.
Building standards
On the plots allotted for individual housing construction, there are certain ones that are regulated by SNiP. These include, for example, the rules indent from neighboring houses, fences, red line etc.
Initially, you need to get - this is an official document that allows you to conduct legal construction of residential buildings capital construction. To obtain a building permit, you must write an application from the developer addressed to the head of administration. Then provide an extract from the USRN or title documents for the land plot.
Site development planning
It is also required to present a town-planning land plan, issued no earlier than 3 years before the date of submission of the application for a building permit. The following is a scheme of the planning organization of the land plot.
Then you need to draw up a project for your future home. There are three ways to get a private house project: buy finished project, to order architect's project come up with your own.
Architectural design contains information about the number and location of rooms, doors, windows. When developing an architectural project, it is necessary to determine the number of floors, rooms, their location, size and purpose, the number and location of bathrooms, the presence of a basement and a garage.
How to prepare the land?
When building a house, you must perform multiple conditions. First, access to the construction site should be provided. Secondly, it is necessary to carry out the territory of the construction site. Thirdly, the plot is required. It provides for artificial leveling of the relief. Fourth, it should drain to protect your home from water and moisture. And finally, drill and take care of the septic sewer system.
Can I get compensation?
It should be noted that you can get a property when building a home. In this case, you are entitled to receive a deduction as cost of building a house, so on loan interest issued for construction. you can return up to 13% from the total amount of expenses for the construction and decoration of housing.
Also, building a house is one of the options for channeling funds to improve housing conditions.
Every citizen of the Russian Federation can receive at the expense of the state budget. The forest is provided to an individual developer in the form of a plot intended for cutting. It is cut down independently by the developer or a construction organization at the expense of the developer. The cut wood is delivered to the construction site of the dwelling. After cutting down trees, the site should be put in order.
The question is: when is the best time to start construction? The best time is in summer. The main benefit of this season is that the work is carried out rather quickly under favorable weather conditions. The optimal construction season is from April to November.
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