Euro money which country. Currency sign. Currency symbols of different countries of the world. Launch

The European Union, which appeared not so long ago. The article will tell about the history of its appearance, and also pay special attention to a coin of 1 euro.

Euro History

For starters, a little history: the very name of the currency - the euro - was put into circulation in 1995 in Madrid; and on the first day of 1999 the single currency of the European Economic and Monetary Union appeared, which has since been an independent monetary unit and one of the main reserve (world) currencies. Euro banknotes and coins were issued in 2002. They are in use in 18 countries: Germany, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, France, Ireland, Holland, Belgium, etc.

General points in coin design

In 1996, the Council of the European Monetary Institute announced a competition to develop the best design for the common European currency, in which representatives of 44 countries participated. The winner was the Austrian artist Robert Kalina. In honor of the outstanding compatriot, the Austrians today call the euro “viburnum”. For the euro, a single symbol was developed, the basis of which is the Greek letter epsilon, and the lines that cross it out indicate the stability of the currency. As for the reverse (reverse side of the coin) - it is the same for all coins and indicates the face value.

Individual features of one euro coin

On all coins of the denomination in question there is a drawing containing 12 stars, which means the number of countries in the eurozone, as well as the year of issue. However, on the obverse, each of the participating countries could place any image. So, the Italians project, based on the work of Leonardo da Vinci, turned out to be the most elegant. Ireland placed the image of the Celtic harp on the coins, among the Austrians this Coin with the image of the great composer can be a wonderful souvenir brought from this country. The coins, which depict Europe without borders, have a certain thickness and are 100 cents. The diameter of the coin is 23.25 mm, the thickness is 2.125 mm, and its weight is 7.50 g.

Euro coins are a common and legal means of payment in any. It took 5 years to mint a new currency, and its amount amounted to 50 billion new coins. If you put them in a column, then its height will exceed the tallest building in London Canary Wharf in half a million times, and the total weight issued, for example, by France, will triple the weight of the Eiffel Tower. With the introduction of the currency, funny incidents arose.

In Italy, a new purse model - “port-euro”, especially suitable for coins, is produced and enjoys great popularity, which entailed an increase in the production and sales of leather goods factories. It is noteworthy that 1 euro was the only coin among Italians who did not participate in the vote for the best design, because the Minister of Economics single-handedly decided that Leonardo da Vinci would be depicted on it. The Belgians were the most conservative, depicting the king’s profile on coins. Of particular interest are coins of 1 euro are for numismatists, since they are minted in small quantities. Their market value in the auction sense exceeds the price of the kit by more than 100 times. For example, the Vatican's coins, which depict John Paul II, are estimated at 670 million euros. In addition, almost everyone can find in their wallets a smooth yellow-white coin with a face value of 1 euro. It is believed that its owner with the help of such a talisman will always be with the money. And one more interesting fact (in case of force majeure circumstances outside the homeland). According to travelers who recently returned from a trip to Europe, some devices there accept a two-ruble coin for 1 euro (forgive us the Eurozone countries) ...

The designation of world currencies is used to simplify the type of economic information. Each currency has its own three-digit code, where the first two letters mean the country, and the last third letter is the name of the currency itself (dollar - D, franc - F, pound - P).

Such a three-digit currency designation procedure is regulated by the special standard ISO 4217. In 1978, the International Organization for Standardization recommended that all countries use three-letter and three-digit currency codes.

Symbol of any currency:

The main purpose of this use of currency notation was aimed at international documentation in international agreements, in which it was more efficient to use the abbreviated names of currency codes to identify their names, since the names of some currencies are quite similar (US dollar, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar, etc.).

Of course, each country has adapted the ISO 4217 standard to suit its needs. For example, Russia has its own All-Russian classifier of currencies. Only the European Union uses the ISO 4217 standard directly.

The currency designation, according to the ISO 4217 standard, has been improved several times: digital codes have been entered, data on fractional monetary units have been entered.

In order to facilitate the use of the ISO 4217 standard, the currency designation was displayed in special tables - lists in which the currency name, currency exchange location, three-letter alphabetical code, three-digit alphabetical code, and decimal digits for currency units are indicated.

It is clear that some currencies are withdrawn from circulation, so they are marked in additions to the ISO 4217 standard with an explanation of the reasons for such changes, and dates of input and output of information.

All changes in currency designations are officially published on their website by a special agency - SIX Interbank Clearing in English and French.

The most interesting thing is that during the use of the world currency symbol since 1978, practically all available currency signs were used, therefore, for new currencies, they came up with the introduction of the letter N, from the English word - a new one.

Currency codes were needed to automate and unify currency designations, so each country develops them independently, taking into account the ISO 4217 standard.

Literal designation of world currencies

Surely you noticed when you filled out a payment order in your bank that you have graphs of currency codes: for the dollar - 840, the euro - 978, the Russian ruble - 643, the Ukrainian hryvnia - 980.

World Currency Symbols

In addition to currency signs and currency codes, the currency symbols $, £, ¥, € are also distinguished, which you often see in everyday life.

The history of the dollar symbol $ has a number of versions.

The first version says that in 1492, King Ferdinand II of Aragon from Spain approved with his monetary unit a symbol that looked like pillars of Hercules entwined with a ribbon.

The second version tells the appearance of the dollar symbol between 1573 - 1825. in Potosi, which at that time was the largest industrial center in the world, and located on the territory of modern Bolivia. The fact is that the coins that circulated in Potosi at that time are very similar to the modern dollar symbol.

The third version tells about the similarity of the modern dollar symbol with the monetary unit of the sisterhood from Ancient Rome. Sisteria was designated as IIS.

And according to the fourth version, it is assumed that the symbol $ was the result of the reduction of the Spanish peso. That is, in a single expression peso was abbreviated as ps. Later, ps was simplified to one letter S, which was simply crossed out by the missing letter p, and the symbol $ came out.

With other currencies, everything is easier. The designation pound £ came from the Latin word libra, which means scales. At that time, the value of a pound was equated to a pound of silver.

The designation of the euro currency - € arose as a result of a sociological survey of the population. That is, people themselves chose what their national symbol should look like. The euro itself is a very young European currency, which was born in 1999. The Euro symbol, according to the European Commission, indicates two elements: the importance of Europe in the Greek letter Epsilon, and the stability of the currency in two parallel lines.

The symbol of the Japanese yen currency symbol - ¥ arose as a result of drawing two parallel lines on the Latin letter Y. The Japanese describe their currency with the hieroglyph 円.

When designating currencies, most countries of the world do not bother with special fiction, but simply take the abbreviations of the first letters in the name of the country. So, in Poland zloty is denoted as zł, and the former German Deutsche mark is simply reduced as DM.

Some countries designate their currencies with a symbol that is associated with the dollar. For example, Nicaraguan cordoba looks like C $.

The shekel currency designation in Israel in Hebrew stands for the first letters of the currency name - -.

The history of the designation of the Russian ruble indicates that the name of the ruble was first encountered in the XIII century and meant a pound of silver, which had a weight of one hryvnia and was cut into pieces. Over time, the ruble symbol changed. In the XVII - XIX centuries, the ruble was depicted by combining the two letters P and U. The modern symbol of the Russian ruble was approved only at the end of 2013 and means the letter P with a horizontal line ending the letter P - ₽ (but this symbol is not yet correctly displayed by everyone, since such a symbol appeared recently in Unicode tables).

Thus, we dealt with the designations of world currencies, examined the signs, codes and symbols of the main world currencies.

The euro has appeared in history as a means of payment for the countries of the eurozone. These are 19 participating countries, nine states where the euro is recognized as the national currency, seven of them are located directly in Europe. The last nine countries cannot influence the monetary policy of the ECB. In total, the euro is used by a population of 320 million people and outstrips even the US dollar in the total amount of cash in circulation. Counting everything, Euro history has set it as the most important currency in the world. According to the autumn of 2013, the euro in cash amounted to € 951 billion.

From the first day of 1999, the euro started its history of occurrence (about the history of the occurrence of money in general,), however it was only a non-cash form. Exactly three years later, in 2002, it was launched in cash. It became a direct replacement for the previous European currency, ECU, which was in use until 1998. The exchange rate between them was 1: 1.

From the beginning of history, the Council of Central Banks of Europe, more precisely the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), has been called upon to monitor the issue of banknotes and coins, conduct all operations that support the euro as the single currency of the EU, and decide all the main points regarding the exchange rate, issue and distribution of the currency. The full head of the system is the Central Bank of Europe, independent of any structures. It is he who has full privileges to accept and implement all issues of the euro and its history. The center of the entire banking system is located in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, where the ECB’s main office is located and all major decisions are made.

Actually, all members of the European Union can enter the eurozone, subject to full compliance with special criteria. They determine the convergence criteria and macroeconomic indicators, on the basis of which only the ECB makes the final decision on the inclusion of a state in the eurozone. In fact, any country must go a long way to be included in the eurozone, to enter itself into the history of the creation of the euro and a single economic space. In addition, spend two years under strict supervision, during which the national currency is regulated. Nevertheless, the final stage is full integration into the European Union.

To understand the volume and significance of the euro as a world currency, you can pay attention to the data on the interbank circulation of the euro. So for the year since May 2013, the euro rose to a level slightly above 30%. For comparison, the share of the US dollar is 42%.

Banknotes

One euro divided by one hundred cents. Eurozone cents do not have their own identifier, so the history of the euro currency identified them simply as hundredths of a euro. Sometimes for clarity, they are called Eurocent. Coins of denomination of 0.01 €, 0.02 €, 0.05 €, 0.1 €, 0.2 €, 0.5 € are issued. In addition, coins of 1 € and 2 € are minted.

It should be noted that not only the ECB, but also the National Banks of the EU countries can issue cash. If the banknotes are issued in a single format, then the history of the creation of euro coins allows each state to make an individual design, but only for reverse. The reverse of the coins is determined by the pattern with national motives and history, and on the front part the denomination and image are strictly declared. Some states simply do not mint unused moments of the lowest value at 1 and 2 euro cents. For example, in Austria prices are not adjusted and odnoksentikov demanded, however, in the rest of the EU, pricing is most often done in such a way as to completely eliminate the need for small denominations.

Regardless of the location and subordination of the mint to the minted coin, and what kind of pattern on it is on the reverse side, it still remains in use everywhere.

Euro banknotes have a single format, and therefore they are issued by all Central banks equally. Limited edition banknotes of 200 € and 500 €. This can be explained by the history of the growth of the euro, a short time after the appearance they became redundant in view of the inappropriateness of their use in cash. They are printed only by a limited number of banks, but such banknotes are recognized throughout the eurozone. The remaining banknotes (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 euros) are used everywhere in the eurozone states that recognized the euro as their legal tender.

All bills differ in design and color, size, starting from a bill of 1 € 120x62 mm, gradually increase to 160x82 mm for a bill of 500 €. The color gamut when listing the entire range of denominations is as follows: gray, red, blue, orange, green, tan, purple. Also, the design style changes, reflecting the history of the euro, and depicts: Antiquity, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo, Industrial Era, Modernity.

The final design has changed several times and is still replenished with some details. For example, according to the statement of the Central Bank of Bulgaria, the banknotes will now indicate the Cyrillic spelling “Euro”. In addition, banknotes that have lost their appearance and strength are replaced, and new security systems are introduced to prevent the spread of fakes.

Euro symbol (€)

The euro symbol and its appearance are somewhat overshadowed by ambiguities in the history of creation and adoption. According to the official version, the euro symbol was developed by a group of four experts. The option was chosen from many others obtained in the course of social surveys and proposals. The symbol is based on the letter of the Greek alphabet epsilon, which is credited with the symbolism of reliability and stability in combination with two parallel lines. It is frustrating that the names of the four experts to whom the creation of the symbol is attributed are not disclosed or published. At the same time, Arthur Eisenmenger disputes the right to authorship of the symbol, according to which he is the author of the symbol, and he is primarily a common symbol of the whole of Europe and its history.

The logo is standardized simultaneously with the emergence of the euro, has strict proportions and image rules that define all the characteristics, angles and shapes of the symbol. In this case, the exact image is actually saved only on banknotes and official symbols. In various fonts accessible to the wide user, the symbol is redrawn only in approximation. The letter “c” is taken as a basis with double strikethrough, though not always straight.

In addition to the symbol, banknotes contain a coded serial number, the first letter of which determines the country of issue.

Launch

The history of the euro currency began in 1999, when it appeared for cashless payments. Three years were required to prepare a plan and measures for the introduction of cash settlement and the issue of currency in the required amount. In 2002, two whole months were allocated (January and February), for which the population had to convert all cash in past national currencies into euros at the established rates. After that, only the euro became the main legal tender, and past settlement units lost such status in history.

Only 12 countries initially moved to the eurozone, as well as several countries where the euro naturally became a legalized means of payment simply due to the close connection of the local currency with the EU member states.

It is noteworthy that at the very beginning of the history of the creation of the euro, England and the kingdom of Denmark refused to switch to a single currency by default, trying to preserve their national banknotes. In Denmark, a referendum was held among the population, as a result of which the majority was against the introduction of the euro. In addition, through a referendum, the people did not allow Sweden to abandon its crown.

After 2002, new countries joined the eurozone, increasing the total number of participants in the history of the euro to 29, including those countries that are not officially members of the European Union, but use the euro. New eurozone members were added in 2007 (Slovenia), 2008 (Cyprus, Malta), 2009 (Slovakia), 2011 (Estonia), 2014 (Latvia), and finally, Lithuania joined in 2015.

In the future, the history of the spread of the euro will receive a boost only in 2019, this is due to the stringent conditions that apply to applicants. For several years, to be more precise, two, the country should be a member of EMR-2, and then only after checking for compliance with all Maastricht criteria. Currently, only Denmark is currently in EMR-2. Some countries of the European Union have not yet been established when the common currency will go down to the bottom of the euro and whether it will be introduced in principle.

The benefits of a single currency

The story of the creation of the euro has occurred spontaneously and not rashly. The basis was a lot of important problems that the euro is called to solve. But the single currency has both supporters and opponents. All advantages and positive aspects lie on the surface, because the euro copes with all the tasks. Opponents are convinced that combining so many economies with their own characteristics and atmosphere into a single monetary system will create negative consequences. However, all these problems are assumed in the course of further Euro history, arguing that this is due to the accumulation of various shortcomings of the single currency system and to EU relations.

Risk-free exchange operations

The most important advantage of the euro is the absolute leveling of exchange rates in many states and, accordingly, the risks that may be associated with this. More precisely, this is a reduction in the risks of investors who are going to distribute their funds to other countries in the eurozone.

Usually, in the presence of a large number of national currencies, a foreign investor, in addition to the risks associated directly with the subject of investment, can lose a significant part of the profit, or even completely, only due to unforeseen fluctuations in the exchange rate. In a situation where in the countries of interest to the inverter, only one single currency and one history of the euro exchange rate are in use, there are basically no such problems.

Given that in the European Union the economic environment of individual countries and the whole plow depends very much on the domestic export market, the euro becomes just a perfect option for solving a large number of problems that were previously.

Pessimists see the danger of this state of affairs in the long run. Their fears mainly affect the gradual and inevitable redistribution of markets as the euro develops, provided there are more liberal business conditions in some countries relative to others. They predict a gradual concentration of production and investment activity only in certain regions, while in the rest there will be a large outflow of capital and the natural curtailment of many social programs.

No conversion costs

The lack of exchange currencies in vast territories and in many countries at the same time also has a positive effect. Previously, commissions were charged from foreign exchange within the country for the work of export and import enterprises. The commissions alone are not significant, but the total benefit is felt. In the absence of commissions that are levied by banks throughout the eurozone already justifies the creation and further history of the euro, significant funds do not leave the real economy.

The transfer of funds, especially between member countries of the eurozone, is carried out at the same rates as within the country. This removes a significant burden of production costs that are located in different countries of the eurozone and also leaves significant amounts of funds in the economy. Commissions remain quite high only if online banking is used, as well as in France, where additional payments on international transfers are nevertheless introduced to bypass the requirements of the ECB.

Sustainable financial markets

A single currency system makes financial markets more attractive, increases their liquidity and flexibility in relation to almost all possible operations. Removing unnecessary financial burden on investors focused on financial instruments increases competitiveness, and subsequently positively affects the effectiveness of financial relationships. It is also important that the history of the growth of the euro, its reliability and the rules of circulation in the eurozone facilitate the content of the public debt of each country separately.

Price parity

What the main bet is made on is that the history of the euro currency finally eliminates the price difference for various goods, eliminates the very possibility of arbitration operations. Consequently, it will not be possible to make a profit only on the price difference of goods in different countries, speculative dealers will leave, free distribution routes for goods will open. This will best affect the consumer, because you can choose products by their quality and not worry about the fact that some of them have unreasonable margins.

Competitive refinancing

The transition to a single currency has a positive effect on the refinancing system. The history of the creation of the euro was not least developed precisely due to the fact that banks were free to obtain loans and refinancing abroad, without fear of risks associated with exchange rates and the behavior of National Banks. One of the biggest consequences is a natural decrease in the interest rate, because everything is tied to the competitive relationship of the Central Bank of the countries, and each of them strives to attract new customers in the banking sector.

Euro as peg currency

You can divide all countries into two categories according to the method of linking the local currency to the euro. The first category is the countries that participate in the Exchange Rate Mechanism (EMR-2), in the format of which there is a narrow corridor where the exchange rate should remain. The fulfillment of this rather simple condition for two years is a prerequisite for the country's entry into the eurozone and inscribing itself in the history of the euro. Currently, only Denmark is participating in EMR-2.

The second category of countries is all current members of the European Union, not included in the euro area, as well as other countries in the world that have historically developed a relationship between the national currency and the currencies of European countries. For example, the money of Bosnia, Bulgaria, and Estonia was tied to the German mark, while many African countries had a tough peg to the franc. After the start of the history of the euro, all these countries also switched to peg to it.

Euro as reserve currency

Even before the introduction of the euro, the German mark and French franc were valued and used as reserve currencies. After, this role passed to the euro, especially since the history of the euro growth was really turbulent and effective, while interest in the euro as a reserve currency only increased. At the moment, the euro has gained momentum and the measure of interest in it is not declining, because it is the second significant global reserve currency after the US dollar. The share of the euro in the reserve funds of the countries of the world for 2013 is 24.4%.

As the EU community had calculated, the history of world financial relations perceived the single euro currency perfectly. There are prospects, and huge advantages that are already appearing now. There are some concerns, however, most of them are based on fears and are situations that can easily be ignored.

Euro   (English Euro) - the official currency of 19 countries of the "Eurozone" (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Estonia). The euro is also the national currency of another 9 states, 7 of which are located in Europe. However, unlike participants in the eurozone, these countries cannot influence the monetary policy of the European Central Bank and send their representatives to its governing bodies. Thus, the euro is a single currency for more than 340 million Europeans. As of November 2013, there was 951 billion euros in cash, making this currency the holder of the highest total value of cash circulating around the world, ahead of the US dollar in this indicator.

1 euro is equal to 100 cents (or euro cents). Denominations of banknotes in circulation: 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10 and 5 euros. Coins: 2 and 1 euro, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 cent. The name of the currency comes from the word "Europe."

Eurocurrency is printed by central banks that are part of the European system of central banks. All issued banknotes have one standard design. The front side shows windows, gates, bridges - as symbols of openness and interconnection. They are made in the form of typical examples of the main styles of European architecture: classical, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo, “metal and glass”, modern. At the same time, euro banknotes differ in a color palette: 500 - purple, 200 - yellow, 100 - green, 50 - orange, 20 - blue, 10 red, and 5 - gray.

Unlike banknotes, coins have a common face only, on which the denomination is placed against the background of a symbolic map of Europe. The flip side is considered “national” - each issuing central bank has its own for each face value.

Despite the fact that officially non-cash euros were introduced on January 1, 1999, and cash were issued on January 1, 2002, the history of the single European currency is more ancient. Before the euro appeared, from 1979 to 1998, the European Currency System (ECU) was used in the European currency system, which was a conditional basket of national currency units of a number of countries. Subsequently, the ECU was exchanged for euros at a one-to-one exchange rate.

Officially trading in euros on the international currency market began on January 4, 1999. In order to save investors from currency risks, quotes of national currencies were fixed. Thus, the exchange rate of the German mark was 1.95583 per euro, the French franc - 6.55957, and the Italian lira - 1 936.21. At the same time, the initial exchange rate of the euro against the dollar was determined at about 1.17 dollars.

Illustration: European Central Bank

During 1999, the euro quotes steadily declined, eventually reaching the so-called parity - equal to 1 euro and 1 dollar. At the end of September 2000, the European Central Bank, the US Federal Reserve, the Bank of Japan, the Bank of England and a number of European banks jointly intervened in support of the single euro. Nevertheless, this did not prevent her from reaching an absolute historical minimum, which in October 2000 amounted to 0.8230 dollars per euro.

It was recognized that a further decrease in single currency quotes could harm the European economy. At the same time, by the end of 2000, in order to cope with the upcoming recession, the US Federal Reserve took a course on easing monetary policy, cutting, in particular, the discount rate to 2%. As interest in Europe turned out to be higher, the euro has become more attractive for investments than the dollar. In addition, in 2001, the American economy experienced a shock caused by the September 11 terrorist attack. By the end of the year, the euro was trading at 0.96 per dollar, and by July 2002 it again returned to parity. Finally, it became more expensive than the dollar after December 6 of that year. And in 2003, it began to grow steadily in price against the backdrop of the United States joining the Iraq war.

The course reached its initial value of 1.1736 on the first trading day on May 23, 2003, and its absolute maximum - 1.5990 - in 2008. This was made possible due to the global financial crisis, which this time arose in the financial system of the United States. Economists believe that the strengthening of the euro was mainly due to the weakness of the American economy, and not with the strength of the European. This assumption is also supported by the fact that the aggravation of problems in the eurozone subsequently led to a halt in the growth of currency quotes. For the summer of 2011, the euro is in the range of 1.41-1.45 dollars.

Nevertheless, during its existence, the euro confidently took the second place in the world in state reserves. This is due to the fact that, in total, the gross domestic product of countries in the eurozone exceeds even the US GDP, which ranks first in the world.

A pair of euro / dollar currencies is the most traded in the Forex market and financial derivatives - futures. Today, Europe represents a viable alternative to the United States for investment opportunities. Moreover, the choice of investors is influenced primarily by a comparison of macroeconomic indicators of two regions, such as inflation, prevailing interest rates, GDP, trade balance, etc.

At the same time, the biggest problem in the euro area remains the difference in the level of economy of the participating countries. The strongest include Germany, Italy, France. To those experiencing difficulties - Greece, Ireland and several others.

For Russian investors, the euro is traditionally interesting as an alternative to the US dollar. The European currency is used to diversify the risks associated with exchange rates, and as an independent direction of investments - at a time of rising quotes.

In addition, it should be borne in mind that it is more profitable to pay in debit or credit cards in countries participating in the euro area in this currency in order to avoid unnecessary conversion.

Euro icon.

On December 12, 1996, the symbol of the new currency was officially introduced to the world community. A year earlier, the European Council made the final decision on its name - EURO.

The history of the creation of the euro sign

The history of the euro begins in the mid 40s of the last century. We can say that European countries saw in the new universal currency a means of preserving peace on the continent. It was believed that strong financial, social and political relations would nullify the threat of war.

Such high expectations placed on the euro required a unique graphic expression. The European Commission approached this issue with all seriousness and ordered a competition consisting of several rounds.

This story was not without secrets. It is still a mystery who won the competition and the author of the world famous mark. It is only known for certain that the commission chose the winner from a variety of options - most likely, their number was 30. There are several versions regarding the author. Some believe that this is the chief designer of the European Community, Arthur Eisenmenger, who led the development of the EU flag symbol. Others believe that the author is Robert Kalina, chief designer of the Central Bank of Austria. Someone ascribes authorship not to a specific person, but to a whole group of developers.

What is noteworthy: the European Commission refrains from commenting. So the whole world knows the author, for example, the design of the bill itself, but not graphic sign author €.

The official description of the mark, prepared by the European Commission, describes the image as a combination of the following components:

- Greek epsilon as a reference to Greece - the cradle of European civilization;
  - the letter E is a symbol of Europe;
  - parallel lines crossing the sign and personifying the stability of the currency.

  In addition to the official interpretation, theories and discrepancies are multiplying. For example, if we consider the author of Arthur Eisenmenger, we can assume that the first letter of his surname is involved here. Two lines parallel to each other and crossing the arc of the sign make it look like the letter “Is” from the Old Slavonic alphabet.

Some inconveniences are due to the fact that euro symbol   - This is rather not a sign, but a logo created by the efforts of consultants for visual identification standards. That is, in all encodings and with any font, it should look the same. A sample is a very specific sign with fixed parameters. However, there are various spellings.